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Marson L, Piatt R, Cook JB, Thor KB. Neurokinin 2 receptor-mediated bladder and colorectal responses in aged spinal cord injured rats. Spinal Cord 2021; 59:1013-1017. [PMID: 34404911 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Animal proof of principle study. OBJECTIVES Bladder and bowel dysfunction are common after spinal cord injury (SCI) and in the elderly. Neurokinin 2 receptor agonists are known to produce on-demand urination and defecation in adult SCI rats. This study compared the ability of a neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2R) agonist to produce bladder and colorectal contractions in both young adult and aged SCI rats. SETTING Dignify Therapeutics and Integrated Laboratory Systems, Durham, NC USA. METHODS Bladder and colorectal pressure and voiding efficiency were measured in response to the NK2R agonist, [Lys5,Me,Leu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10) (LMN-NKA), in anesthetized animals. The potency and efficacy of LMN-NKA was examined in young adult and aged SCI (T3 or T9 transected) rats, with young adult and aged spinal intact rats included as controls. RESULTS LMN-NKA (3-300 μg/kg i.v.) produced dose-dependent increases in bladder and colorectal pressure in all anesthetized rats. No differences in the bladder or colorectal pressure responses or voiding efficiency were observed with age or after SCI. The level of SCI did not change the pharmacodynamic responses to the agonist. CONCLUSIONS An NK2R agonist produced similar responses in young adult and aged SCI rats, suggesting this class of agonists could be used as a potential therapy to induce on-demand urination and defecation in aged populations, with or without SCI.
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Fraser MO, Smith PP, Sullivan MP, Bjorling DE, Campeau L, Andersson KE, Yoshiyama M. Best practices for cystometric evaluation of lower urinary tract function in muriform rodents. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:1868-1884. [PMID: 32511810 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rodent cystometry has provided valuable insights into the impact of the disease, injury, and aging on the cellular and molecular pathways, neurologic processes, and biomechanics of lower urinary tract function. The purpose of this white paper is to highlight the benefits and shortcomings of different experimental methods and strategies and to provide guidance on the proper interpretation of results. METHODS Literature search, selection of articles, and conclusions based on discussions among a panel of workers in the field. RESULTS A range of cystometric tests and techniques used to explore biological phenomena relevant to the lower urinary tract are described, the advantages and disadvantages of various experimental conditions are discussed, and guidance on the practical aspects of experimental execution and proper interpretation of results are provided. CONCLUSIONS Cystometric evaluation of rodents comprises an extensive collection of functional tests that can be performed under a variety of experimental conditions. Decisions regarding which approaches to choose should be determined by the specific questions to be addressed and implementation of the test should follow standardized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Fraser
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Research and Development, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Phillip P Smith
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Medical Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lysanne Campeau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mitsuharu Yoshiyama
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Paquette JP, Yoo PB. Recruitment of unmyelinated C-fibers mediates the bladder-inhibitory effects of tibial nerve stimulation in a continuous-fill anesthetized rat model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F163-F171. [PMID: 31141398 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is considered a clinically effective therapy for treating overactive bladder, the mechanism by which overactive bladder symptoms are suppressed remains unclear. The goal of the present study was to better understand the role of specific neural inputs (i.e., fiber types) on the bladder-inhibitory effects of tibial nerve stimulation (TNS). In 24 urethane-anesthetized rats, a continuous suprapubic saline infusion model was used to achieve repeated filling and emptying of the bladder. A total of 4 TNS trials (pulse frequency: 5 Hz) were applied in randomized order, where each trial used different amplitude settings: 1) no stimulation (control), 2) Aβ-fiber activation, 3) Aδ-fiber activation, and 4) C-fiber activation. Each stimulation trial was 30 min in duration, with an intertrial washout period of 60-90 min. Our findings showed that TNS evoked statistically significant changes in bladder function (e.g., bladder capacity, residual volume, voiding efficiency, and basal pressure) only at stimulation amplitudes that electrically recruited unmyelinated C-fibers. In a subset of experiments, TNS also resulted in transient episodes of overflow incontinence. It is noted that changes in bladder function occurred only during the poststimulation period. The bladder-inhibitory effects of TNS in a continuous bladder filling model suggests that electrical recruitment of unmyelinated C-fibers has important functional significance. The implications of these findings in percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation therapy should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Paquette
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Paul B Yoo
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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4
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Liu YD, Zhang SC, Xue J, Wei ZQ, Shen BX, Ding LC. Caffeine improves bladder function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 38:81-86. [PMID: 30411811 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Liu
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
- The Third People's Hospital of Yancheng; Yancheng Jiangsu province China
| | - Si-Cong Zhang
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
| | - Zhong-Qing Wei
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
| | - Bai-Xin Shen
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
| | - Liu-Cheng Ding
- Department of Urology; the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu province China
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5
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Wang X, Cao N, Ni J, Si J, Gu B, Karl-Erik A. Effect of 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist ketanserin on micturition in male rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:196-201. [PMID: 30278246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of ketanserin on micturition mediated via the 5-HT2A receptor in the motoneuron nucleus of the Lumbosacral cord, as reflected in high frequency oscillations (HFOs) of intravesical pressure and the external urethral sphincter electromyogram (EUS-EMG) in anesthetized male rats. METHODS:: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Cystometry and EUS-EMG were performed in all rats under urethane anesthesia to examine the variations after successive intrathecal (i.t.) administration of various doses of ketanserin into the lumbosacral cord. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were made to observe the distribution of 5-HT2 A and -2C receptors in the lumbosacral cord motor neurons. RESULTS Compared to the controls, ketanserin-treated rats showed a declined trend of dose-dependent manner in the HFOs, in accordance with the variation of EUS-EMG, while decreased micturition volume, voiding efficiency, and increased post-void residual volume was only observed at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg. The effects of ketanserin on the HFO and EUS-EMG activity were partially or completely reversed by the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, DOI. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis showed that immunoreactivity of 5-HT2A receptor was higher than that of 5-HT2C, labeling in the lumbosacral cord motoneurons. CONCLUSIONS The intrathecally administrated 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin can weaken the EUS bursting activity, decrease HFOs, and reduce voiding efficiency as dose dependently. The effects of ketanserin on micturition may be mainly mediated via the 5-HT2A receptors in the motoneuron nucleus of the lumbosacral cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, China
| | - Nailong Cao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianshu Ni
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemin Si
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojun Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Andersson Karl-Erik
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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Tu H, Cao N, Gu B, Si J, Chen Z, Andersson KE. Serotonin (5-HT)2A/2C receptor agonist (2,5-dimethoxy-4-idophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) improves voiding efficiency in the diabetic rat. BJU Int 2015; 116:147-55. [PMID: 25822577 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Tu
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiangsu Province China
- School of Medicine; Soochow University; Suzhou City Jiangsu Province China
| | - Nailong Cao
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiangsu Province China
| | - Baojun Gu
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jiemin Si
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiangsu Province China
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Winston Salem NC USA
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Gang W, Hongjian T, Jasheng C, Jiemin S, Zhong C, Yuemin X, Baojun G, Andersson KE. The effect of the 5-HT7 serotonin receptor agonist, LP44, on micturition in rats with chronic spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:1165-70. [PMID: 23861341 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To better understand the effects of the selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist 4-[2-(Methylthio)phenyl]-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide hydrochloride (LP44) on micturition in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-275 g were used. SCI was produced in 8 of the 16 rats by transection at the T10 level; cystometric study occurred 8-12 weeks post-transection. Intravesical pressure was monitored in urethane-anesthetized animals via a transvesical catheter. The selective 5-HT7 antagonist (R)-3-[2-[2-(4-Methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl] phenol hydrochloride (SB-269970) was administered after each LP44 dose-response curve (all drugs were administered intravenously, i.v). RESULTS Compared to controls, SCI rats had a higher bladder capacity and residual volume, and a lower voiding efficiency. In SCI rats, LP44 (0.003-0.3 mg/kg, i.v) induced significant dose-dependent increases in micturition volume, significant dose-dependent decreases in residual volume, resulting in significant increases in voiding efficiency. CMG measurements showed a dose-dependent increase of the high-frequency oscillation (HFO) activity, including the number of small oscillation per voiding. This was correlated with the improved voiding efficiency. SB-269970 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v) partially or completely reversed all LP44-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS HFOs seems to be correlated with external urethral sphincter (EUS) bursting activity during voiding. Both the bladder voiding efficiency and the periodic EUS activity were decreased in SCI rats. 5-HT7 receptor agonist can enhance HFO activity, thereby improving voiding efficiency. Whether or not these results may have implications for the future treatment of voiding dysfunction in SCI patients remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Gang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Chen J, Gu B, Wu G, Tu H, Si J, Xu Y, Andersson KE. The Effect of the 5-HT
2A/2C
Receptor Agonist DOI on Micturition in Rats with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Urol 2013; 189:1982-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Baojun Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hongjian Tu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jieming Si
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yuemin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine (KEA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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9
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Gu B, Wu G, Si J, Xu Y, Andersson KE. Improving voiding efficiency in the diabetic rat by a 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 31:168-73. [PMID: 21780177 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serotonin affects micturition in the normal rat through actions not only on ascending and descending spinal pathways and supraspinal centers but also on the lumbosacral spinal cord level. The selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT((R)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), reversed detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) in the spinal cord injury (SCI) rat. Rats with experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) have been shown to have both bladder and urethral dysfunction during reflex voiding. We therefore examined the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on micturition in DM rats. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. DM was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) and a cystometric study was performed 8 weeks post-injection. External urethral sphincter electromyography (EUS-EMG) was also measured. The 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635(N-tert-butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide) was administered after each 8-OH-DPAT dose-response. RESULTS Compared to controls, DM rats had a higher bladder capacity, residual volume, and a lower voiding efficiency. In DM rats, 8-OH-DPAT (3-1,000 µg/kg, i.v.) induced significant dose-dependent increases in micturition volume, and decreases in residual volume, resulting in increases in voiding efficiency. During the micturition, there was a dose-dependent increased phasic EUS activity correlated with the improved voiding efficiency. WAY-100635 (300 µg/kg, i.v.) reversed the 8-OH-DPAT-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS Both the bladder voiding efficiency and the periodic EUS activity were decreased in DM rats. 5-HT1A receptor agonism promoted periodic EUS activity, thereby improving voiding efficiency. Whether or not these results may have implications for the future treatment of voiding dysfunction in DM patients remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Fraser MO. New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-011-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Thor KB, de Groat WC. Neural control of the female urethral and anal rhabdosphincters and pelvic floor muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R416-38. [PMID: 20484700 PMCID: PMC2928615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The urethral rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles are important in maintenance of urinary continence and in preventing descent of pelvic organs [i.e., pelvic organ prolapse (POP)]. Despite its clinical importance and complexity, a comprehensive review of neural control of the rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles is lacking. The present review places historical and recent basic science findings on neural control into the context of functional anatomy of the pelvic muscles and their coordination with visceral function and correlates basic science findings with clinical findings when possible. This review briefly describes the striated muscles of the pelvis and then provides details on the peripheral innervation and, in particular, the contributions of the pudendal and levator ani nerves to the function of the various pelvic muscles. The locations and unique phenotypic characteristics of rhabdosphincter motor neurons located in Onuf's nucleus, and levator ani motor neurons located diffusely in the sacral ventral horn, are provided along with the locations and phenotypes of primary afferent neurons that convey sensory information from these muscles. Spinal and supraspinal pathways mediating excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons are described; the relative contributions of the nerves to urethral function and their involvement in POP and incontinence are discussed. Finally, a detailed summary of the neurochemical anatomy of Onuf's nucleus and the pharmacological control of the rhabdosphincter are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Thor
- Urogenix, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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12
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Nakayama J, Takao T, Kiuchi H, Yamamoto K, Fukuhara S, Miyagawa Y, Aoki M, Iwatsuki K, Yoshimine T, Ueno M, Yamashita T, Nonomura N, Tsujimura A, Okuyama A. Olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury improves voiding efficiency by suppressing detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in rats. J Urol 2010; 184:775-82. [PMID: 20639055 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several recent studies showed that olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury promotes extensive regeneration of the injured spinal cord. We examined the efficacy of olfactory mucosal transplantation for bladder dysfunction after spinal cord injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In adult female rats the Th9-10 spinal cord was completely transected, followed by olfactory mucosal transplantation or gelatin sponge filling as the control. Each group was examined by cystometrogram and external urethral sphincter electromyogram. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and growth associated protein 43 double positive expression in the L6/S1 dorsal horn was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Transplant sites were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against neurofilament M and neuronal class III beta-tubulin. RESULTS On cystometrogram voiding efficiency was significantly higher in the transplantation group than in controls. On external urethral sphincter electromyogram with simultaneous cystometrogram the transplantation group showed a larger ratio of interburst silent periods to burst activity duration and a greater number of high frequency oscillations. In the transplantation group calcitonin gene-related peptide and growth associated protein 43 double positive expression in the L6/S1 dorsal horn was less dense than in controls. The transplantation group showed strong neurofilament M and neuronal class III beta-tubulin expression at the transplant site. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory mucosal transplantation after spinal cord injury weakened external urethral sphincter excessive bursting and increased the urethral opening to improve voiding efficiency. Olfactory mucosal transplantation may modify emergence of the spinal micturition reflex after spinal cord injury. Transplantation resulted in new axons growing at the transplant site, implying the possible existence of interneuron bridging across the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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13
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Zhang X, Douglas KL, Jin H, Eldaif BM, Nassar R, Fraser MO, Dolber PC. Sprouting of substance P-expressing primary afferent central terminals and spinal micturition reflex NK1 receptor dependence after spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R2084-96. [PMID: 18945947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90653.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary afferent neurotransmitter triggering the spinal micturition reflex after complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat is unknown. Substance P detected immunohistochemically in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus was significantly higher in 12 SCI rats than in 12 spinally intact rats (P = 0.008), suggesting substance P as a plausible candidate for the primary afferent neurotransmitter. The effects of the tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist L-733060 on the spinal micturition reflex were then determined by performing conscious cystometry in an additional 14 intact rats and 14 SCI rats with L-733060 (0.1-100 microg) administered intrathecally at L6-S1. L-733060 was without effect in intact rats, but blocked the spinal micturition reflex in 10 of 14 SCI rats and increased the intermicturition interval in 2 of 4 others at doses ranging from 10 to 100 microg. Both phasic and nonphasic voiding contractions, differentiated according to the presence of phasic external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity, were present in most SCI rats. Both types of contractions were blocked by high doses of L-733060. Interestingly, there was a relative decline in phasic voiding contractions at high doses as well as a decline in contraction amplitude in nonphasic voiding contractions. In other respects, cystometric variables were largely unaffected in either spinally intact or SCI rats. L-733060 did not affect tonic EUS activity at any dose except when the spinal micturition reflex was blocked and tonic activity was consequently lost. These experiments show that tachykinin action at spinal NK1 receptors plays a major role in the spinal micturition reflex in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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14
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Lipke MC, Ha SP, Fischer CD, Rydberg J, Bonsib SM, Sundaram CP. Pathologic Characteristics of Exophytic Renal Masses. J Endourol 2007; 21:1489-91. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2007.9874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Lipke
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sung P. Ha
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Jonas Rydberg
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen M. Bonsib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chandru P. Sundaram
- Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Neubert JK, Rossi HL, Pogar J, Jenkins AC, Caudle RM. Effects of mu- and kappa-2 opioid receptor agonists on pain and rearing behaviors. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:49. [PMID: 17883847 PMCID: PMC2045099 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of pain involves a balance between inhibition of pain and minimization of side effects; therefore, in developing new analgesic compounds, one must consider the effects of treatment on both pain processing and behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the mu and kappa-2 opioid receptor agonists on general and pain behavioral outcomes. METHODS As a general behavioral assessment, we modified the cylinder rearing assay and recorded the number and duration of rearing events. Thermal sensitivity was evaluated using either a reflexive measure of hindpaw withdrawal latency to a radiant heat source or using an orofacial operant thermal assay. Acetic acid-induced visceral pain and capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammatory pain were used as painful stimuli. The mu-opioid receptor agonist, morphine or the kappa-2 receptor agonist GR89696 was administered 30 min prior to testing. A general linear model repeated measures analysis was completed for baseline session comparisons and an analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of treatment on each outcome measure (SPSS Inc). When significant differences were found, post-hoc comparisons were made using the Tukey honestly significant difference test. *P < 0.05 was considered significant in all instances. RESULTS We found that morphine and GR89,696 dose-dependently decreased the number of reaching events and rearing duration. Rearing behavior was not affected at 0.5 mg/kg for morphine, 1.25 x 10-4 mg/kg for GR89,696. Hindpaw thermal sensitivity was significantly increased only at the highest doses for each drug. At the highest dose that did not significantly influence rearing behavior, we found that visceral and neurogenic inflammatory pain was not affected following GR89,696 administration and morphine was only partially effective for blocking visceral pain. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that high levels of the opioids produced significant untoward effects and made distinguishing an analgesic versus a more general effect more difficult. Quantification of rearing behavior in conjunction with standard analgesic assays can help in gaining a better appreciation of true analgesic efficacy of experimental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Neubert
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather L Rossi
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Pogar
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alan C Jenkins
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert M Caudle
- Department of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Dolber PC, Gu B, Zhang X, Fraser MO, Thor KB, Reiter JP. Activation of the external urethral sphincter central pattern generator by a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist in rats with chronic spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1699-706. [PMID: 17204596 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00142.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that treatment with the 5-HT(1A/7) receptor agonist [(R)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-di-n-propylamino]tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) increases bladder capacity in chloralose-anesthetized female cats with chronic spinal cord injury. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on bladder capacity and external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity in urethane-anesthetized female rats (initial body mass 175-200 g) with chronic spinal cord injury (transsection at T10). Cystometric study took place 8-12 wk posttranssection. Intravesical pressure was monitored in urethane-anesthetized rats with a transvesical catheter, and EUS activity was assessed electromyographically. Spinal cord injury disrupts phasic activity of the EUS, resulting in decreased voiding efficiency and increased residual volume. 8-OH-DPAT induced a dose-dependent decrease in bladder capacity (the opposite of its effect in chronic spinal cord-injured cats) with an increase in micturition volume and decrease in residual volume resulting from improvement in voiding efficiency. The unexpected improvement in voiding efficiency can be explained by the 8-OH-DPAT-induced emergence of phasic EUS relaxation. Phasic EUS relaxation was also altered by 8-OH-DPAT in spinally intact rats, whereas the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-phenylpropanamide (WAY-100635), on its own, was without effect. It remains to be determined when phasic relaxation is restored after spinal cord injury, and indeed whether it is ever truly lost or is only temporarily separated from excitatory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dolber
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Abstract
This paper is the 27th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2004 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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18
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Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Dicarlo SE, Collins HL, Keast JR. Enkephalin-immunoreactive interneurons extensively innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons regulating the pelvic viscera. J Comp Neurol 2005; 488:278-89. [PMID: 15952166 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive (IR) axons occur in regions containing spinal autonomic neurons and endogenous opiates contribute to spinal regulation of bladder function. To identify possible spinal sites of opiate action, we used immunocytochemistry for ENK with retrograde tracing from the major pelvic ganglion (MPG), a key location for postganglionic neurons controlling pelvic viscera, with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) or CTB-horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP). We compared the relationship of ENK-IR axons with sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) projecting to the MPG between intact spinal cords and cords with 2- or 11-week complete transections between thoracic segments 4 and 5. By light microscopy, sections of intact cord showed dense networks of ENK-IR axons surrounding CTB-IR SPNs in the intermediolateral cell column (IML), intercalated nucleus, and central autonomic area of lower thoracic and upper lumbar cord. This staining pattern was similar in rats with 2- or 11-week transections. Ultrastructurally, ENK-IR axons formed synapses on SPNs in all three autonomic subnuclei of intact cord. In the IML, ENK-IR varicosities contributed 52% of the synapses on the somata of MPG-projecting SPNs. In 2-week transected cord, synapses from ENK-IR axons persisted on SPNs and the proportion of input to IML SPNs had increased to 67%, probably reflecting loss of supraspinal input. These results suggest that endogenous opioids could play a major role in controlling sympathetic outflow to the bladder through a direct action on SPNs. The persistence of the dense ENK innervation after complete cord transection indicates that the ENK-IR input to SPNs arises predominantly from intraspinal sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Cruz Y, Downie JW. Sexually dimorphic micturition in rats: relationship of perineal muscle activity to voiding pattern. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1307-18. [PMID: 15994373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00088.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we examined the possibility that striated muscle activity may underlie sexually dimorphic micturition in rats. Micturition dynamics, the gross anatomy of the external urethral sphincter, and the participation of the striated perineal muscles in micturition were compared in urethane-anesthetized adult male and female rats. Bladder contraction characteristics, particularly the magnitude of bladder high-frequency pressure waves during voiding, differed between sexes. Dissections indicated that the sphincter was more extensive and thicker in males than in females. Electromyography showed that in both sexes the sphincter discharged in bursts that correlated with the rising phase of high-frequency bladder pressure oscillations. Regional differences in discharge pattern were seen in the sphincters of males, with the proximal part of the sphincter showing components activated during bladder filling. Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, and cremaster muscles also were activated during bladder contraction in males. In both sexes transection of the motor branch of the lumbosacral plexus eliminated the bladder high-frequency oscillations and reduced voided volume. Neurectomy did not affect bladder pressure but reduced voiding efficiency by 45% in males. In females the bladder pressure was dramatically decreased, but voiding efficiency only decreased by 24%. Our findings suggest that, in rats, striated perineal muscles contribute to the sexually dimorphic micturition. Activity of the dimorphic perineal muscles may regulate genital and urinary urethra expulsive functions, helping to expel seminal plug and fluids through the long urethra in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Uiversity, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Matsumoto S, Levendusky MC, Longhurst PA, Levin RM, Millington WR. Activation of mu opioid receptors in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray inhibits reflex micturition in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363:116-9. [PMID: 15172097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that morphine and other opiates cause urinary retention by activating mu opioid receptors in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) region. Selective mu, delta and kappa receptor agonists were microinjected into the PAG of urethane-anesthetized rats and the amplitude and incidence of bladder contractions were recorded during continuous saline infusion. Arterial pressure was monitored through a femoral artery catheter. Microinjection of the mu receptor agonist DAMGO into the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) suppressed volume-evoked bladder contractions completely. Bladder contractions ceased within 5 min of DAMGO injection and remained essentially undetectable for the rest of the 20 min recording period. Microinjection of the delta receptor agonist DPDPE into the vlPAG did not significantly affect either the amplitude of bladder contractions or the time interval separating contractions. The kappa receptor agonist U-69593 caused no discernible change in amplitude but increased the interval between bladder contractions significantly. Microinjection of DAMGO, DPDPE or U-69593 into the lateral or dorsolateral PAG columns was ineffective. DAMGO injection into the vlPAG increased arterial pressure whereas DPDPE and U-69593 produced a small but significant depressor response. These data support the hypothesis that mu and kappa receptors in the vlPAG participate in the micturition reflex.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravesical
- Anesthetics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacology
- Female
- Microinjections
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Narcotics/pharmacology
- Periaqueductal Gray/drug effects
- Periaqueductal Gray/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reflex/drug effects
- Reflex/physiology
- Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage
- Urinary Bladder/innervation
- Urinary Bladder/physiopathology
- Urination/drug effects
- Urination/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Matsumoto
- Department of Basic and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy, Union University, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3492, USA
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