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Tian S, Wang Y, Wan J, Yang M, Fu Z. Co-stimulators CD40-CD40L, a potential immune-therapy target for atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37718. [PMID: 38579073 PMCID: PMC10994492 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) a crucial co-stimulatory signal for activating adaptive immune cells, has a noteworthy role in atherosclerosis. It is well-known that atherosclerosis is linked to immune inflammation in blood vessels. In atherosclerotic lesions, there is a multitude of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and collagen, as well as smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, particularly the binding of CD40 and CD40L. Therefore, research on inhibiting the CD40-CD40L system to prevent atherosclerosis has been ongoing for more than 30 years. However, it's essential to note that long-term direct suppression of CD40 or CD40L could potentially result in immunosuppression, emphasizing the critical role of the CD40-CD40L system in atherosclerosis. Thus, specifically targeting the CD40-CD40L interaction on particular cell types or their downstream signaling pathways may be a robust strategy for mitigating atherosclerosis, reducing potential side effects. This review aims to summarize the potential utility of the CD40-CD40L system as a viable therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Tian
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Nursing Teaching and Research Office, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
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Cassano A, Chong AS, Alegre ML. Tregs in transplantation tolerance: role and therapeutic potential. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1217065. [PMID: 38993904 PMCID: PMC11235334 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1217065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for preventing autoimmunity, and they play a role in cancer and transplantation settings by restraining immune responses. In this review, we describe evidence for the importance of Tregs in the induction versus maintenance of transplantation tolerance, discussing insights into mechanisms of Treg control of the alloimmune response. Further, we address the therapeutic potential of Tregs as a clinical intervention after transplantation, highlighting engineered CAR-Tregs as well as expansion of donor and host Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cassano
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Perrin S, Magill M. The Inhibition of CD40/CD154 Costimulatory Signaling in the Prevention of Renal Transplant Rejection in Nonhuman Primates: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861471. [PMID: 35464470 PMCID: PMC9022482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of allograft transplant rejection by inhibition of the CD40/CD40L costimulatory pathway has been described in several species. We searched pubmed for studies reporting the prevention of kidney transplant rejection in nonhuman primates utilizing either anti CD40 or anti CD40L (CD154) treatment. Inclusion of data required treatment with anti CD40 or anti CD154 as monotherapy treatment arms, full text available, studies conducted in nonhuman primate species, the transplant was renal transplantation, sufficient duration of treatment to assess long term rejection, and the reporting of individual graft survival or survival duration. Eleven publications were included in the study. Rejection free survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) life test methods to estimate the survival functions. The 95% CI for the medians was also calculated. A log-rank test was used to test the equality of the survival curves between control and treatment arms (CD40 and CD154). The hazard ratio for CD154 compared to CD40 and 95% CI was calculated using a Cox proportional-hazards model including treatment as the covariate to assess the magnitude of the treatment effect. Both anti CD40 and anti CD154 treatments prevented acute and long term graft rejection. The median (95% CI) rejection free survival was 131 days (84,169 days) in the anti CD40 treated animals and 352 days (173,710 days) in the anti CD154 treated animals. Median survival in the untreated animals was 6 days. The inhibition of transplant rejection was more durable in the anti CD154 group compared to the anti CD40 group after cessation of treatment. The median (95% CI) rejection free survival after cessation of treatment was 60 days (21,80 days) in the anti CD40 treated animals and 230 days (84,552 days) in the anti CD154 treated animals.
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Young JS, Yin D, Vannier AGL, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Equal Expansion of Endogenous Transplant-Specific Regulatory T Cell and Recruitment Into the Allograft During Rejection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1385. [PMID: 29973932 PMCID: PMC6020780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in the definition of a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in facilitating experimental transplantation tolerance, and ongoing clinical trials for Treg-based therapies, critical issues related to the optimum dosage, antigen-specificity, and Treg-friendly adjunct immunosuppressants remain incompletely resolved. In this study, we used a tractable approach of MHC tetramers and flow cytometry to define the fate of conventional (Tconvs) and Tregs CD4+ T cells that recognize donor 2W antigens presented by I-Ab on donor and recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a mouse cardiac allograft transplant model. Our study shows that these endogenous, donor-reactive Tregs comparably accumulate in the spleens of recipients undergoing acute rejection or exhibiting costimulation blockade-induced tolerance. Importantly, this expansion was not detected when analyzing bulk splenic Tregs. Systemically, the distinguishing feature between tolerance and rejection was the inhibition of donor-reactive conventional T cell (Tconv) expansion in tolerance, translating into increased percentages of splenic FoxP3+ Tregs within the 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cell subset compared to rejection (~35 vs. <5% in tolerance vs. rejection). We further observed that continuous administration of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, or CTLA4-Ig did not facilitate donor-specific Treg expansion, while all three drugs inhibited Tconv expansion. Finally, donor-specific Tregs accumulated comparably in rejecting tolerant allografts, whereas tolerant grafts harbored <10% of the donor-specific Tconv numbers observed in rejecting allografts. Thus, ~80% of 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cells in tolerant allografts expressed FoxP3+ compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. A similar, albeit lesser, enrichment was observed with bulk graft-infiltrating CD4+ cells, where ~30% were FoxP3+ in tolerant allografts, compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. Finally, we assessed that the phenotype of 2W:I-Ab Tregs and observed that the percentages of cells expressing neuropilin-1 and CD73 were significantly higher in tolerance compared to rejection, suggesting that these Tregs may be functionally distinct. Collectively, the analysis of donor-reactive, but not of bulk, Tconvs and Tregs reveal a systemic signature of tolerance that is stable and congruent with the signature within tolerant allografts. Our data also underscore the importance of limiting Tconv expansion for high donor-specific Tregs:Tconv ratios to be successfully attained in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Young
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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5
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The Costimulatory Pathways and T Regulatory Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Strong Arm in the Inflammatory Response? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051283. [PMID: 29693595 PMCID: PMC5983665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules have been identified as crucial regulators in the inflammatory response in various immunologic disease models. These molecules are classified into four different families depending on their structure. Here, we will focus on various ischemia studies that use costimulatory molecules as a target to reduce the inherent inflammatory status. Furthermore, we will discuss the relevant role of T regulatory cells in these inflammatory mechanisms and the costimulatory pathways in which they are involved.
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6
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Miyairi S, Hirai T, Ishii R, Okumi M, Nunoda S, Yamazaki K, Ishii Y, Tanabe K. Donor bone marrow cells are essential for iNKT cell-mediated Foxp3+ Treg cell expansion in a murine model of transplantation tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:734-742. [PMID: 28127757 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chimerism induction is the most reliable method for establishing transplantation tolerance. We previously described a novel treatment using a suboptimal dose of anti-CD40 ligand (anti-CD40L) and liposomal formulation of a ligand for invariant natural killer T cells administered to sub-lethally irradiated recipient mice after donor bone marrow cell (BMC) transfer. Recipient mice treated with this regimen showed expansion of a Foxp3-positive regulatory T(Treg) cell phenotype, and formation of mixed chimera. However, the mechanism of expansion and bioactivity of Treg cells remains unclear. Here, we examine the role of donor BMCs in the expansion of bioactive Treg cells. The mouse model was transplanted with a heart allograft the day after treatment. The results showed that transfer of spleen cells in place of BMCs failed to deplete host interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, expand host Ki67+ CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, and prolong graft survival. Severe combined immunodeficiency mice who received Treg cells obtained from BMC-recipients accepted skin grafts in an allo-specific manner. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which were a copious cell subset in BMCs, enhanced the Ki67 expression of Treg cells. This suggests that donor BMCs are indispensable for the expansion of host bioactive Treg cells in our novel treatment for transplant tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihito Hirai
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Ishii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Okumi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nunoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishii
- Cluster for Industry Partnerships (CIP), RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Yeh H, Moore DJ, Markmann JF, Kim JI. Mechanisms of regulatory T cell counter-regulation by innate immunity. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2013; 27:61-4. [PMID: 23474287 PMCID: PMC3637936 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant advances in the field of immunology in the last decade is delineation of the pivotal role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the maintenance of self-tolerance. While Tregs are just now being applied therapeutically in early phase clinical trials, data gleaned from basic and translational studies to-date suggest enormous potential to intervene in human disease. Data from our work and the work of others suggest that the innate immune system plays an important role in the differentiation and function of Tregs, largely through the production of cytokines but also through expression of cell surface ligands. These molecules are expressed differentially depending on whether the stimulus includes trauma, ischemia/necrosis, and microbial infection, and have opposing effects on Tregs, in contrast to those associated with dendritic cell maturation and somatic cell apoptosis, which promote Treg differentiation and function. We refer to the former process as Treg counter-regulation. Since the transplantation procedure involves surgical trauma, organ ischemia, and exposure to environmental microbes, Treg counter-regulation represents a key area of intervention to improve strategies for promoting allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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8
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Moraes-Vieira PMM, Bassi EJ, Larocca RA, Castoldi A, Burghos M, Lepique AP, Quintana FJ, Araujo RC, Basso AS, Strom TB, Câmara NOS. Leptin deficiency modulates allograft survival by favoring a Th2 and a regulatory immune profile. [corrected]. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:36-44. [PMID: 23016759 PMCID: PMC3816358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leptin, an adipose-secreted hormone, links metabolism and immunity. Our aim was to determine whether leptin affects the alloimmune response. We used an allogeneic skin transplant model as a means to analyze the allograft immune response in Lep(ob/ob) and wild-type mice. Leptin deficiency results in an increased frequency of Treg and Th2 cells and a prolonged graft survival. These effects of leptin deficiency indicate the importance of leptin and obesity in modulating the allograft immune responses. Our data suggest a possible explanation for the increased susceptibility of hyperleptinemic obese patients to acute and chronic graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. M. Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E. J. Bassi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R. A. Larocca
- Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Medical Deaconess Center, Department of Medicine; Transplant Institute, Boston, MA
| | - A. Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Burghos
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A. P. Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F. J. Quintana
- Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R. C. Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. S. Basso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T. B. Strom
- Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Medical Deaconess Center, Department of Medicine; Transplant Institute, Boston, MA
| | - N. O. S. Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author: Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara,
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9
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Immunomodulatory Effect of Nuclear Factor-κB Inhibition by Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin in Combination With Donor-Specific Blood Transfusion. Transplantation 2012; 93:777-86. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318248ca5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Innate and adaptive immune responses are tolerized in chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning. Transplantation 2012; 93:469-76. [PMID: 22228418 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318242bddf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed chimerism is an effective approach for tolerance induction in transplantation. Strategies to achieve mixed chimerism with relatively low toxicity have significantly expanded the clinical use of chimerism. METHODS Allogeneic bone marrow transplants were performed between B6 (H2(b)) and BALB/c (H2(d)) mice. Recipient B6 mice were nonmyeloablatively conditioned with anti-αβ-T-cell receptor, anti-CD154, or rapamycin alone or in different combinations. A total of 15 × 10(6) BALB/c bone marrow cells were transplanted after varying doses of cGy of total body irradiation. RESULTS Pretreatment of recipients with anti-CD154 and rapamycin with or without T-cell lymphodepletion reduced the total body irradiation requirement to 100 cGy for establishing stable mixed chimerism. The mixed chimeras accepted donor islet allografts long term. Lymphocytes from mixed chimeras did not respond to host or donor antigens, yet were reactive to major histocompatibility complex-disparate third-party alloantigens, demonstrating functional donor-specific T-cell tolerance. No antibodies against donor and host were detected in mixed chimeras, suggesting humoral tolerance. Mixed chimeras showed no cytotoxicity to donor cells, but a similar rapid killing rate for major histocompatibility complex disparate third-party B10.BR cells compared with T-cell-deficient and wild-type controls in in vivo cytotoxicity assays, suggesting donor-specific tolerance in the innate immune cells was achieved in mixed chimeras. CONCLUSIONS Mixed chimeras prepared with low-intensity nonmyeloablative conditioning exhibit systemic tolerance in innate immunity and tolerance in adaptive T- and B-cell immune responses.
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Berglund D, Korsgren O, Lorant T, Schneider K, Tufveson G, Carlsson B. Isolation, expansion and functional assessment of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and Tr1 cells from uremic patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 26:27-33. [PMID: 21958749 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunosuppressive properties of regulatory T cells have emerged as an attractive tool for the development of immunotherapies in various disease contexts, e.g. to treat transplantation induced immune reactions. This paper focuses on the process of obtaining and functionally characterizing CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and Tr1 cells from uremic patients awaiting kidney transplantation. METHODS From October 2010 to March 2011 uremic patients awaiting living donor kidney transplantation, and their corresponding kidney donors, were enrolled in the study. A total of seven pairs were included. Isolation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was performed by magnetic activated cell sorting of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the uremic patients. Donor specific Tr1 cells were differentiated by repetitive stimulation of immature CD4+ T cells with immature dendritic cells, with the T cells coming from the future kidney recipients and the dendritic cells from the corresponding kidney donors. Cells were then expanded and functionally characterized by the one-way mixed leukocyte reaction and assessment of IL-10 production. Phenotypic analysis was performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The fraction of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells after expansion varied from 39.1 to 50.4% and the cells retained their ability to substantially suppress the mixed leukocyte reaction in all but one patient (3.8-19.2% of the baseline stimulated leukocyte activity, p<0.05). Tr1 cells were successfully differentiated from all but one patient and produced high levels of IL-10 when stimulated with immature dendritic cells (1,275-11,038% of the baseline IL-10 secretion, p<0.05). CONCLUSION It is practically feasible to obtain and subsequently expand CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and Tr1 cells from uremic patients without loss of function as assessed by in vitro analyses. This forms a base for adoptive regulatory T cell therapy in the setting of living donor kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berglund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Transplantation Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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12
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Li W, Carlson TL, Green WR. Stimulation-dependent induction of CD154 on a subset of CD4+ FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1205-10. [PMID: 21496498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD40-ligand/CD154 is predominantly expressed on activated CD4 T cells and plays a central role in regulating CD4 T-cell-dependent responses. To define the relative abilities of CD4 T-cell functional subsets in the induction of CD154--specifically FoxP3- effector, versus FoxP3+ regulatory, CD4 T cells--multiple CD4 T cell preparations were isolated from B6 and B6.FoxP3-GFP mice and stimulated in vitro to examine the kinetics of stimulation-dependent CD154 expression. CD154 was induced in 40-60% of total CD4 T cells in various cell preparations. However, despite similar kinetics of CD154-induced expression, the average percentage of CD154 expression among CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells was only about 4-9%. Such differential, stimulation-dependent CD154 induction by total CD4+ T cells versus CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells was consistent, despite multiple stimulation conditions utilizing a variety of cell preparations of different composition. Similar induction of CD154 occurred irrespective of whether the CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells were first sorted to 98% purity and stimulated in vitro alone, or stimulated as non-purified cells in the presence of CD4+ FoxP3- T effector cells, suggesting that CD154 induction by CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells is regulated by cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Differential CD154 induction may be a key factor in determining the distinguishable functions of FoxP3- T-effector, versus FoxP3+ Treg, CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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13
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Li W, Carlson TL, Green WR. Stimulation-dependent induction of CD154 on a subset of CD4+ FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011. [PMID: 21496498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.021]available] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD40-ligand/CD154 is predominantly expressed on activated CD4 T cells and plays a central role in regulating CD4 T-cell-dependent responses. To define the relative abilities of CD4 T-cell functional subsets in the induction of CD154--specifically FoxP3- effector, versus FoxP3+ regulatory, CD4 T cells--multiple CD4 T cell preparations were isolated from B6 and B6.FoxP3-GFP mice and stimulated in vitro to examine the kinetics of stimulation-dependent CD154 expression. CD154 was induced in 40-60% of total CD4 T cells in various cell preparations. However, despite similar kinetics of CD154-induced expression, the average percentage of CD154 expression among CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells was only about 4-9%. Such differential, stimulation-dependent CD154 induction by total CD4+ T cells versus CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells was consistent, despite multiple stimulation conditions utilizing a variety of cell preparations of different composition. Similar induction of CD154 occurred irrespective of whether the CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells were first sorted to 98% purity and stimulated in vitro alone, or stimulated as non-purified cells in the presence of CD4+ FoxP3- T effector cells, suggesting that CD154 induction by CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg cells is regulated by cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Differential CD154 induction may be a key factor in determining the distinguishable functions of FoxP3- T-effector, versus FoxP3+ Treg, CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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14
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Gorantla VS, Schneeberger S, Brandacher G, Sucher R, Zhang D, Lee WPA, Zheng XX. T regulatory cells and transplantation tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2010; 24:147-59. [PMID: 20541385 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of successful immunosuppression protocols and tremendous improvement in short-term graft survival rates, the problem of chronic graft loss remains the bane of clinical transplantation. The induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance is the "Holy Grail" of transplantation. The recent identification and characterization of regulatory T cells has opened up exciting opportunities for tolerance induction, immunotherapy, and immunomodulation in transplantation. This review focuses on current understanding of regulatory T cells and their role in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Gorantla
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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15
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Muller YD, Mai G, Morel P, Serre-Beinier V, Gonelle-Gispert C, Yung GP, Ehirchiou D, Wyss JC, Bigenzahn S, Irla M, Heusser C, Golshayan D, Seebach JD, Wekerle T, Bühler LH. Anti-CD154 mAb and rapamycin induce T regulatory cell mediated tolerance in rat-to-mouse islet transplantation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10352. [PMID: 20436684 PMCID: PMC2859949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-CD154 (MR1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rapamycin (RAPA) treatment both improve survival of rat-to-mouse islet xenograft. The present study investigated the effect of combined RAPA/MR1 treatment on rat-to-mouse islet xenograft survival and analyzed the role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in the induction and maintenance of the ensuing tolerance. Methodology/Principal Findings C57BL/6 mice were treated with MR1/RAPA and received additional monoclonal anti-IL2 mAb or anti CD25 mAb either early (0–28 d) or late (100–128 d) post-transplantation. Treg were characterised in the blood, spleen, draining lymph nodes and within the graft of tolerant and rejecting mice by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Fourteen days of RAPA/MR1 combination therapy allowed indefinite islet graft survival in >80% of the mice. Additional administration of anti-IL-2 mAb or depleting anti-CD25 mAb at the time of transplantation resulted in rejection (100% and 89% respectively), whereas administration at 100 days post transplantation lead to lower rejection rates (25% and 40% respectively). Tolerant mice showed an increase of Treg within the graft and in draining lymph nodes early post transplantation, whereas 100 days post transplantation no significant increase of Treg was observed. Rejecting mice showed a transient increase of Treg in the xenograft and secondary lymphoid organs, which disappeared within 7 days after rejection. Conclusions/Significances These results suggest a critical role for Treg in the induction phase of tolerance early after islet xenotransplantation. These encouraging data support the need of developing further Treg therapy for overcoming the species barrier in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D Muller
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Becker C, Hoschützky H, Rist W, Lenter M, Schneider FJ, Jonuleit H. Generation of monoclonal antibodies against human regulatory T cells. J Immunol Methods 2010; 353:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Shah PD, West EE, Whitlock AB, Orens JB, McDyer JF. CD154 deficiency uncouples allograft CD8+ T-cell effector function from proliferation and inhibits murine airway obliteration. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2697-706. [PMID: 20021479 PMCID: PMC3827910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) limits the long-term success of lung transplantation, while T-cell effector mechanisms in this process remain incompletely understood. Using the murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model of obliterative airway disease (OAD) to characterize airway allograft rejection, we previously reported an important role for CD8(+) T cells in OAD. Herein, we studied the role of CD154/CD40 costimulation in the regulation of allospecific CD8(+) T cells, as airway rejection has been reported to be CD154-dependent. Airway allografts from CD154(-/-) recipients had significantly lower day 28 OAD scores compared to wild-type (WT) recipients, and adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells from WT recipients, but not CD154(-/-) recipients, were capable of airway rejection in fresh CD154(-/-) allograft recipients. Intragraft CD8(+) T cells from CD154(-/-) mice showed similar expression of the surface markers CD69, CD62L(low) CD44(high) and PD-1, but markedly impaired IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secretion and granzyme B expression versus WT controls. Unexpectedly, intragraft and systemic CD8(+) T cells from CD154(-/-) recipients demonstrated robust in vivo expansion similar to WT recipients, consistent with an uncoupling of proliferation from effector function. Together, these data suggest that a lack of CD154/CD40 costimulation results in ineffective allospecific priming of CD8(+) T cells required for murine OAD.
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Heterosexual and homosexual partners practising unprotected sex may develop allogeneic immunity and to a lesser extent tolerance. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7938. [PMID: 19956755 PMCID: PMC2775923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest that allogeneic immunity may inhibit HIV-1 transmission from mother to baby and is less frequent in multiparous than uniparous women. Alloimmune responses may also be elicited during unprotected heterosexual intercourse, which is associated ex vivo with resistance to HIV infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The investigation was carried out in well-defined heterosexual and homosexual monogamous partners, practising unprotected sex and a heterosexual cohort practising protected sex. Allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferative responses were elicited by stimulating PBMC with the partners' irradiated monocytes and compared with 3(rd) party unrelated monocytes, using the CFSE method. Significant increase in allogeneic proliferative responses was found in the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to the partners' irradiated monocytes, as compared with 3(rd) party unrelated monocytes (p<or=0.001). However, a significant decrease in proliferative responses, especially of CD8(+) T cells to the partners' compared with 3(rd) party monocytes was consistent with tolerization, in both the heterosexual and homosexual partners (p<0.01). Examination of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells by flow cytometry revealed a significantly greater proportion of these cells in the homosexual than heterosexual partners practising unprotected sex (p<0.05). Ex vivo studies of infectivity of PBMC with HIV-1 showed significantly greater inhibition of infectivity of PBMC from heterosexual subjects practising unprotected compared with those practising protected sex (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Both heterosexual and homosexual monogamous partners practising unprotected sex develop allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferative responses to the partners' unmatched cells and a minority may be tolerized. However, a greater proportion of homosexual rather than heterosexual partners developed CD4(+)CD25FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. These results, in addition to finding greater inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity in PBMC ex vivo in heterosexual partners practising unprotected, compared with those practising protected sex, suggest that allogeneic immunity may play a significant role in the immuno-pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
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Qu Y, Zhao Y. Regulatory CD4+CD25+T-cells are Controlled by Multiple Pathways at Multiple Levels. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 26:145-60. [PMID: 17558742 DOI: 10.1080/08830180701365917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) are an important subset of T-cells that functions to negatively control immune responses to self or non-self antigens. Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells leads to the occurrence of lymphoproliferative autoimmune diseases in animals and humans. Therefore, CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells must be tightly regulated in the physiologic situation. In this article, we try to summarize the regulating pathways of the development, survival, and function of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells at multiple levels and multiple pathways, including the dendritic cells, costimulatory signals, cytokines, as well as intracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Elgueta R, Benson MJ, de Vries VC, Wasiuk A, Guo Y, Noelle RJ. Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:152-72. [PMID: 19426221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1029] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY During the generation of a successful adaptive immune response, multiple molecular signals are required. A primary signal is the binding of cognate antigen to an antigen receptor expressed by T and B lymphocytes. Multiple secondary signals involve the engagement of costimulatory molecules expressed by T and B lymphocytes with their respective ligands. Because of its essential role in immunity, one of the best characterized of the costimulatory molecules is the receptor CD40. This receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is expressed by B cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, as well as non-immune cells and tumors. CD40 binds its ligand CD40L, which is transiently expressed on T cells and other non-immune cells under inflammatory conditions. A wide spectrum of molecular and cellular processes is regulated by CD40 engagement including the initiation and progression of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the downstream signaling pathways initiated by CD40 and overview how CD40 engagement or antagonism modulates humoral and cellular immunity. Lastly, we discuss the role of CD40 as a target in harnessing anti-tumor immunity. This review underscores the essential role CD40 plays in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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21
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Lanschuetzer CM, Olasz EB, Lazarova Z, Yancey KB. Transient anti-CD40L co-stimulation blockade prevents immune responses against human bullous pemphigoid antigen 2: implications for gene therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1203-7. [PMID: 19037236 PMCID: PMC2681490 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin grafts from mice expressing human bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (hBPAG2) in epidermal basement membrane elicit hBPAG2-specific IgG and graft loss in wild-type (Wt) recipients. Graft loss was dependent on CD4+ T cells and correlated with the production and tissue deposition of hBPAG2-specific IgG. To explore the role of CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction in this model, Wt mice grafted with transgenic (Tg) skin were treated with hamster anti-CD40L mAb MR1. In contrast to grafted Wt mice treated with equivalent doses of control IgG, 22 of 23 MR1-treated Wt mice did not develop hBPAG2-specific IgG or graft loss for >or=60 days. MR1-treated mice also accepted a second Tg skin graft without durable production of hBPAG2-specific IgG or graft loss. Moreover, splenocytes and enriched CD4+ T cells from MR1-treated graft recipients transferred un- or hyporesponsiveness to hBPAG2 to other mice and demonstrated a dominant tolerant effect over cotransferred naive splenocytes following adoptive transfer to Rag2-/- mice. Successful inhibition of hBPAG2-specific IgG production and Tg graft loss following CD40:CD40L co-stimulatory blockade in this model provides opportunities to study mechanisms of peripheral tolerance and generate antigen-specific regulatory CD4+ cells-issues of relevance to patients with pemphigoid as well as individuals undergoing gene replacement therapy for epidermolyis bullosa.
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Abstract
Immune system regulation is of paramount importance to host survival. In settings of autoimmunity and alloimmunity, control is lost, resulting in injury to vital organs and tissues. Naturally occurring, thymic-derived T regulatory (Treg) cells that express CD4, CD25, and the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) are potent suppressors of these adverse immune responses. Preclinical studies have shown that either freshly isolated or ex vivo expanded Treg cells can prevent both local and systemic organ and tissue destruction. Although promising, human Treg cell infusion therapy has heretofore been difficult to implement in the clinic, and relatively few clinical trials have been initiated. This review will focus on the preclinical models that provide the rationale for current trials and it will address both the challenges and opportunities in human Treg cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Riley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Trzonkowski P, Szaryńska M, Myśliwska J, Myśliwski A. Ex vivo expansion of CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells for immunosuppressive therapy. Cytometry A 2009; 75:175-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nagahama K, Fehervari Z, Oida T, Yamaguchi T, Ogawa O, Sakaguchi S. Differential control of allo-antigen-specific regulatory T cells and effector T cells by anti-CD4 and other agents in establishing transplantation tolerance. Int Immunol 2009; 21:379-91. [PMID: 19228878 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific graft tolerance can be established by a combination of allo-antigen exposure and manipulation of T cell function, for example by donor-specific transfusion (DST) under the cover of a non-depleting anti-CD4 mAb. Yet, the cellular basis of this graft tolerance is still obscure. This report shows that T cell-deficient BALB/c nude mice reconstituted with naive unfractionated T cells are specifically tolerized to DBA/2 skin grafts by DST and anti-CD4 mAb treatment, whereas those transferred with T cell suspensions depleted of all Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) are not. The treatment inhibits Mls-1(a) allo-antigen-specific expansion of CD4(+) non-Tregs expressing Vbeta6 TCR subfamily but leaves the expansion of Vbeta6-expressing Tregs unaffected, allowing the latter to selectively expand and establish donor-specific tolerance. Furthermore, anti-CD4 mAb inhibits in vitro the selective expansion of allo-antigen-specific CD4(+) non-Tregs but not natural Tregs, as observed with in vitro anti-CD154 [CD40 ligand (CD40L)] mAb or rapamycin treatment. The results collectively indicate that the differential effect of biologicals and pharmacological substances on the expansion of allo-antigen-specific Tregs and effector T cells and resulting dominance of the former can be a key general mechanism underlying dominant transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Nagahama
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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25
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Xia G, Shah M, Luo X. Prevention of allograft rejection by amplification of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Transl Res 2009; 153:60-70. [PMID: 19138650 PMCID: PMC3408234 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were identified originally as potent suppressors of autoimmunity and were later termed "natural regulatory T cells" or nTreg cells. Subsequently, a transcription factor called forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) was identified to be a critical regulator for Treg differentiation and function. Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells have been increasingly documented to suppress allograft rejection and to mediate allograft tolerance in transplantation. In this article, the authors review current approaches for amplification of allo-specific Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells for prevention of allograft rejection and induction of allo-specific transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Xia
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Il 60611, USA
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26
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FoxP3 Positive T Cells in Graft Biopsies From Living Donor Kidney Transplants After Donor-Specific Transfusions. Transplantation 2009; 87:138-42. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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The significantly enhanced frequency of functional CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in therapeutic dose aspirin-treated mice. Transpl Immunol 2009; 20:253-60. [PMID: 19146957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, produced in the thymus or periphery as a functionally mature T cell subpopulation, play pivotal roles in maintenance of self-tolerance and negative regulation of immune responses. Aspirin (ASA) is widely used to reduce pain, the risk of cardiovascular diseases and allo-graft rejection. However, the effect of ASA on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells has yet to be determined. The frequency, phenotype and immunosuppressive function of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells were detected in BALB/c mice treated with low or high doses of ASA for 4 weeks. ASA significantly decreased the percentage and number of CD4(+) T cells in the periphery, while ASA remarkably increased the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in CD4(+)T cells. The total cell numbers of thymocytes were significantly decreased in ASA-treated mice, but the number of CD4(+) CD25(+)Fxop3(+) cells and its ratio in CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes were markedly enhanced in the thymi of ASA-treated mice. The phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells, including the expressions of CD44, CD45RB, CD62L, CD69, GITR and CTLA-4, did not show detectable changes in ASA-treated mice. CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells in ASA-treated mice exhibited unimpaired immunosuppressive function on CD4(+)CD25(-) T effector cells. ASA significantly enhanced the frequency of functional CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in mice in a therapeutic dose range. The different effects of ASA on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells may potentially make hosts susceptible to tolerance induction which would be beneficial for tolerance induction in patients with autoimmune diseases or allo-grafts. This study may have potential impacts in the clinical application of ASA.
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28
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Zhang B, Zhang A, Qu Y, Liu J, Niu Z, Zhao Y. Development of mouse CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in xenogeneic pig thymic grafts. Transpl Immunol 2009; 20:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Gondek DC, Devries V, Nowak EC, Lu LF, Bennett KA, Scott ZA, Noelle RJ. Transplantation survival is maintained by granzyme B+ regulatory cells and adaptive regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4752-60. [PMID: 18802078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GZB) has been implicated as an effector mechanism in regulatory T cells (T(reg)) suppression. In a model of T(reg)-dependent graft tolerance, it is shown that GZB- deficient mice are unable to establish long-term tolerance. Moreover, mice overexpressing the inhibitor of GZB, serine protease inhibitor 6, are also resistant to tolerization to alloantigen. Graft survival was shorter in bone marrow-mixed chimeras reconstituted with GZB-deficient T(reg) as compared with wild-type T(reg). Whereas there was no difference in graft survival in mixed chimeras reconstituted with wild-type, perforin-deficient, or Fas ligand-deficient T(reg). Finally, data also show that if alloreactive effectors cannot express FoxP3 and be induced to convert in the presence of competent T(reg), then graft tolerance is lost. Our data are the first in vivo data to implicate GZB expression by T(reg) in sustaining long-lived graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gondek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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30
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Umbilical cord blood regulatory T-cell expansion and functional effects of tumor necrosis factor receptor family members OX40 and 4-1BB expressed on artificial antigen-presenting cells. Blood 2008; 112:2847-57. [PMID: 18645038 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that human umbilical cord blood (UCB) regulatory T cells (Tregs) could be expanded approximately 100-fold using anti-CD3/28 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-coated beads to provide T-cell receptor and costimulatory signals. Because Treg numbers from a single UCB unit are limited, we explored the use of cell-based artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) preloaded with anti-CD3/28 mAbs to achieve higher levels of Treg expansion. Compared with beads, aAPCs had similar expansion properties while significantly increasing transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) secretion and the potency of Treg suppressor function. aAPCs modified to coexpress OX40L or 4-1BBL expanded UCB Tregs to a significantly greater extent than bead- or nonmodified aAPC cultures, reaching mean expansion levels exceeding 1250-fold. Despite the high expansion and in contrast to studies using other Treg sources, neither OX40 nor 4-1BB signaling of UCB Tregs reduced in vitro suppression. UCB Tregs expanded with 4-1BBL expressing aAPCs had decreased levels of proapoptotic bim. UCB Tregs expanded with nonmodified or modified aAPCs versus beads resulted in higher survival associated with increased Treg persistence in a xeno-geneic graft-versus-host disease lethality model. These data offer a novel approach for UCB Treg expansion using aAPCs, including those coexpressing OX40L or 4-1BBL.
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31
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Degauque N, Mariat C, Kenny J, Zhang D, Gao W, Vu MD, Alexopoulos S, Oukka M, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH, Kuchroo V, Zheng XX, Strom TB. Immunostimulatory Tim-1-specific antibody deprograms Tregs and prevents transplant tolerance in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:735-41. [PMID: 18079964 DOI: 10.1172/jci32562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig mucin (Tim) molecules modulate CD4(+) T cell responses. In keeping with the view that Tim-1 generates a stimulatory signal for CD4(+) T cell activation, we hypothesized that an agonist Tim-1-specific mAb would intensify the CD4(+) T cell-dependant allograft response. Unexpectedly, we determined that a particular Tim-1-specific mAb exerted reciprocal effects upon the commitment of alloactivated T cells to regulatory and effector phenotypes. Commitment to the Th1 and Th17 phenotypes was fostered, whereas commitment to the Treg phenotype was hindered. Moreover, ligation of Tim-1 in vitro effectively deprogrammed Tregs and thus produced Tregs unable to control T cell responses. Overall, the effects of the agonist Tim-1-specific mAb on the allograft response stemmed from enhanced expansion and survival of T effector cells; a capacity to deprogram natural Tregs; and inhibition of the conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells into Tregs. The reciprocal effects of agonist Tim-1-specific mAbs upon effector T cells and Tregs serve to prevent allogeneic transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Depletion of LAG-3 positive cells in cardiac allograft reveals their role in rejection and tolerance. Transplantation 2008; 84:1500-6. [PMID: 18091527 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000282865.84743.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte-activated gene-3 (LAG-3, CD223) is upregulated during the early stages of T-cell activation and could be the target of cytotoxic antibodies for induction therapy in transplantation. METHODS Fully vascularized heterotopic allogeneic heart transplantation was performed in rats across a full major histocompatibility complex-mismatch barrier (LEW.1W into LEW.1A). Recipients received two injections (day 0 and 3) of cytotoxic antibodies directed to the extra-loop of LAG-3 immunoglobulin (Ig)-like N-terminal domain or control antibodies. RESULTS LAG-3 mRNA transcripts accumulated in cardiac allografts undergoing rejection, but not in peripheral lymphoid organs. Administration of anti-LAG-3 antibodies on the day of transplantation did not modify alloreactivity of T lymphocytes from the spleen and did not change the alloantibody response. However, it inhibited graft infiltration by effector mononuclear cells, reduced intragraft levels of interferon-gamma mRNA and prolonged allograft survival from 6 days in controls to a median of 27 days. Anti-LAG-3 antibodies were also active in prolonging survival when administered in a delayed manner, after rejection onset. LAG-3 being also expressed by activated regulatory T (Treg) cells, we tested the effect of anti-LAG-3 antibodies on graft acceptance after donor blood transfusions, a Treg-dependent tolerance induction model. We found that tolerance induction was prevented by anti-LAG-3 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Targeting LAG-3-positive cells with cytotoxic antibodies is immunosuppressive in transplantation by depleting effectors T cells and therefore may represent a treatment for rejection episodes focused only on pathogenic cells. However, it might not be compatible with tolerance-induction strategies.
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Wang R, Wang J, Han G, Song L, Chen G, Xu R, Yu M, Qian J, Shen B, Li Y. Mechanisms underlying B-cell tolerance induction by antigen-immunoglobulin G gene transfer. J Int Med Res 2007; 35:781-9. [PMID: 18034991 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the mechanisms underlying tolerance induction in diabetes have mainly focused on T cells, however B cells also have an important role in diabetes. Based on our previous studies that splenocytes, transduced with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 fused to immunoglobulin (Ig) G carrier, reduced antibody-mediated response in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, here we examined the mechanisms underlying B-cell tolerance in this system. We found that GAD-IgG-transduced splenocytes did not reduce CD40 expression on B-cells in NOD mice, but they did downregulate CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression. Furthermore, anti-CD40L injection reduced autoantibody levels in NOD mice and in vitro experiments demonstrated that CD40L blockade reduced the antigenpresenting capability of B-cells. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that downregulation of CD40L may be one mechanism underlying the induction of B-cell tolerance in GAD-IgG-treated NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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34
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Abstract
In 1943, Gibson and Medawar opened the modern era of transplantation research with a paper on the problem of skin allograft rejection. Ten years later Billingham, Brent and Medawar demonstrated that it was possible to induce selective immune acceptance of skin grafts in mice, a state of tolerance. After over six decades, however, the precise mechanism of skin allograft rejection remains still ill-defined. Furthermore, it has not been possible to achieve reliably clinical tolerance allowing the widespread application of skin allotransplantation techniques. The first successful applications of skin allotransplantation have included the hand and face. However, complications from the chronic immunosuppression regimens limit the application of these techniques. Induction of tolerance to skin (and the other tissues in the allograft) would be the most effective way to overcome all these difficulties, but this is yet to be achieved reliably, stimulating some to look for other ways to surmount the current limitations. This paper summarizes alternatives to enlarge the scope of skin allotransplantation techniques, current understanding of mechanisms of skin rejection, and the utility and limitations of animal models used to study skin rejection and tolerance induction. Finally, manipulation strategies to achieve skin tolerance are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Horner
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Kang HG, Zhang D, Degauque N, Mariat C, Alexopoulos S, Zheng XX. Effects of cyclosporine on transplant tolerance: the role of IL-2. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1907-16. [PMID: 17617853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allograft(dagger) transplant outcome, rejection or tolerance, depends upon striking a balance between the pertinent cytopathic and regulatory T cells. The drug cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressive agent among transplant recipients. Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclosporine blocks apoptosis of activated T cells and the ability of costimulation blockade based regimens to create peripheral transplant tolerance. We now test the hypothesis that the mechanism by which cyclosporine blocks tolerance induction is IL-2 dependent, and linked to a detrimental effect upon T(reg) function. Our study demonstrates that cyclosporine blocks IL-2 gene expression and activation induced cell death (AICD) of alloreactive T effector cells. We also show that cyclosporine abolishes the beneficial effects of a donor specific transfusion (DST) plus anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (alpha CD154) regimen on enhanced T(regs) function and allograft tolerance induction. Interestingly, provision of IL-2/Fc, a long-lived form of IL-2, completely reverses the detrimental effects of this adjunctive cyclosporine treatment on AICD of alloreactive T effectors, T(regs) function and tolerance induction. Furthermore, in a MHC mismatched islet allograft model, the combination of cyclosporine with IL-2/Fc permitted long-term allograft survival and induced alloantigen specific allograft tolerance. The combination of IL-2/Fc and cyclosporine treatment may provide a new clinical strategy to promote transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Kang
- Harvard Medical School, Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Xu H, Chilton PM, Huang Y, Schanie CL, Yan J, Ildstad ST. Addition of Cyclophosphamide to T-cell Depletion–Based Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Allows Donor T-cell Engraftment and Clonal Deletion of Alloreactive Host T-cells After Bone Marrow Transplantation. Transplantation 2007; 83:954-63. [PMID: 17460568 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000258679.18684.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow (BM) chimerism has been shown to have a beneficial effect on allograft survival. We recently found that production of donor T-cells was highly correlated with induction of tolerance in minimally conditioned chimeras. In the present studies, we demonstrate that nonmyeloablative conditioning and BM cell infusion modulate innate and adaptive host immune responses. METHODS Chimeras were generated by bone marrow transplantation (B10.BR to B10). Recipients were preconditioned with T-cell depleting antibodies and total body irradiation with or without cyclophosphamide. Donor-specific tolerance was tested by skin grafting. RESULTS Transfer of tolerant splenocytes to immunocompetent secondary recipients did not transfer tolerance, nor did infusion of tolerant CD4+/CD25+ T-cells into chimeras without donor T-cell production, demonstrating that linked suppression is an unlikely mechanism in tolerance induction in the context of BM cell infusion. The addition of a single dose of cyclophosphamide to the conditioning enhanced engraftment and tolerance. This was associated with production of donor T-cells and effective clonal deletion, and a significant reduction in activated recipient plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and natural killer (NK) cells. Chimeras without donor T-cell production that eventually lost their chimerism did not generate an antidonor humoral response, whereas unconditioned controls infused with similar numbers of BM cells did, indicating that infusion of donor BM cells into conditioned recipients induced immune deviation for adaptive B-cell immunity, preventing sensitization to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloantigens. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that recipient T-cells, pDC, and NK cells contribute to the host barrier for establishing chimerism, implicate deletional tolerance as the mechanism for total body irradiation-based nonmyeloablative conditioning for BM transplantation, and show a beneficial effect of BM cells in preventing sensitization to MHC alloantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202-1760, USA
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Bushell A, Wood K. GITR ligation blocks allograft protection by induced CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells without enhancing effector T-cell function. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:759-68. [PMID: 17391121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The induction of operational tolerance prior to transplant could provide a solution to the complications of current immunosuppression in transplantation. In rodents, operational tolerance frequently correlates with the presence of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) but their function is usually demonstrated by adoptive transfer into lymphopenic hosts leading some to question their relevance to normal immunocompetent recipients. The role of these cells in primary transplant recipients has been explored using anti-CD25 antibody but specific targeting of Treg is not possible since CD25 is also up-regulated on activated effector T cells. To overcome this limitation we targeted the Treg associated molecule GITR in tolerized primary transplant recipients. This reverses regulation resulting in acute allograft rejection. This is not due to co-stimulation of effector cells since rejection mediated by isolated populations of CD4(+)CD25(-) or CD8(+)CD25(-) T cells transferred into Rag(-/-) mice was not enhanced by anti-GITR antibody. Furthermore, GITR cross-linking does not provide co-stimulation for in vitro proliferation of the same CD4(+)CD25(-) or CD8(+)CD25(-) T-cell populations in response donor-strain APC. Thus, CD4(+)CD25(+)GITR(+) Treg play an essential role in early graft protection in primary transplant recipients following tolerance induction providing further support for protocols that might generate similar populations in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bushell
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Xia G, He J, Zhang Z, Leventhal JR. Targeting Acute Allograft Rejection by Immunotherapy With Ex Vivo-Expanded Natural CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells. Transplantation 2006; 82:1749-55. [PMID: 17198271 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000250731.44913.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural CD4CD25 regulatory T (Treg) cells have been implicated in suppressing alloreactivity in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that immunotherapy using ex vivo-expanded natural Treg could prevent acute allograft rejection in mice. METHODS Natural CD4+ CD25+ Treg were freshly purified from naive mice via automated magnetic cell sorter and expanded ex vivo by anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-coated Dynabeads. Suppression was assayed in vitro by mixed lymphocyte reaction and in vivo by targeting cardiac allograft rejection. Survival of Treg or effector T (Teff) cells after adoptive transfer in vivo was tracked by flow cytometry and all allografts were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS By day nine in culture, 26.6+/-5.3-fold of expansion was achieved by co-culture of fresh natural Treg with anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-coated Dynabeads and interleukin-2. Ex vivo-expanded Treg exerted stronger suppression than fresh ones towards alloantigens in vitro and prevented CD4 Teff-mediated but only delayed CD4+/CD8+ Teff-mediated heart allograft rejection in Rag-/- mice. Long-term surviving allografts showed no signs of acute or chronic rejection with graft-infiltrating Treg expressing CD25 and FoxP3. Infused Treg persisted and expanded long-term in vivo and trafficked through the peripheral lymphoid tissues. CD25 expression was dynamic in vivo: maintained CD25 expression on Treg was indicative for the preservation of allosuppression, while significantly enhanced CD25 expression on CD4+ effector T cells was most likely associated with T-cell expansion and graft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic use of ex vivo-expanded natural CD4+ CD25+ Treg may be a feasible and nontoxic modality for controlling allograft rejection or perhaps inducing allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Xia
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Yamazaki S, Inaba K, Tarbell KV, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells expand antigen-specific Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells including suppressors of alloreactivity. Immunol Rev 2006; 212:314-29. [PMID: 16903923 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymic derived naturally occurring CD25+ CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses, including transplantation. Here we discuss the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) to expand antigen-specific Tregs, particularly polyclonal Tregs directed to alloantigens. Initial studies have shown that mature DCs are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for expanding antigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs from TCR transgenic mice. When triggered by specific antigen, these Tregs act back on immature DCs to block the upregulation of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. More recently, DCs have been used to expand alloantigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs from the polyclonal repertoire in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Allogeneic DCs are much more effective than allogeneic spleen cells for expanding CD25+ CD4+ Tregs. The DC-expanded Tregs continue to express high levels of Foxp3, even without supplemental IL-2, whereas spleen cells poorly sustain Foxp3 expression. When suppressive activity is tested, relatively small numbers of DC-expanded CD25+ CD4+ Tregs exert antigen-specific suppression in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), blocking immune responses to the original stimulating strain 10 times more effectively than to third party stimulating cells. DC-expanded Tregs also retard graft versus host disease (GVHD) across full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers. In vitro and in vivo, the alloantigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs are much more effective suppressors of transplantation reactions than polyclonal populations. We suggest that the expansion of Tregs from a polyclonal repertoire via antigen-presenting DCs will provide a means for antigen-specific control of unwanted immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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40
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Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, Scott ZA, Coyle AJ, Reed JL, Van Snick J, Strom TB, Zheng XX, Noelle RJ. Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance. Nature 2006; 442:997-1002. [PMID: 16921386 DOI: 10.1038/nature05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the proinflammatory role of mast cells in allergic disorders, the results obtained in this study establish that mast cells are essential in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (T(Reg))-cell-dependent peripheral tolerance. Here we confirm that tolerant allografts, which are sustained owing to the immunosuppressive effects of T(Reg) cells, acquire a unique genetic signature dominated by the expression of mast-cell-gene products. We also show that mast cells are crucial for allograft tolerance, through the inability to induce tolerance in mast-cell-deficient mice. High levels of interleukin (IL)-9--a mast cell growth and activation factor--are produced by activated T(Reg) cells, and IL-9 production seems important in mast cell recruitment to, and activation in, tolerant tissue. Our data indicate that IL-9 represents the functional link through which activated T(Reg) cells recruit and activate mast cells to mediate regional immune suppression, because neutralization of IL-9 greatly accelerates allograft rejection in tolerant mice. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis clearly demonstrates the existence of this novel T(Reg)-IL-9-mast cell relationship within tolerant allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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41
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Monk NJ, Hargreaves REG, Simpson E, Dyson JP, Jurcevic S. Transplant tolerance: models, concepts and facts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:295-304. [PMID: 16501935 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, our understanding of immunological tolerance to self-antigens is incomplete, and the goal of achieving tolerance to allogeneic transplanted tissue remains elusive. Currently, it is generally believed that the blockade of T cell co-stimulation offers considerable potential for achieving tolerance in the clinical setting. However, the recent finding that CD154-specific antibody may act through the depletion of activated T cells rather than co-stimulation blockade alone highlights the need for a re-evaluation of published data and the role of co-stimulation blockade in transplant tolerance. Activated T cells are programmed to die unless they receive sufficient survival signals in the form of inflammatory and lymphotropic cytokines produced by activated antigen-presenting cells or the T cells themselves. In conditions where the threshold for surviving activation is not reached, for example when a small number of responder T cells are activated in the absence of substantial injury or inflammation, the ensuing death of all activated T cells can result in deletional tolerance. Therefore, we propose that tolerance represents a failure of T cells to survive activation and develop into memory cells. This concept is likely to apply in the transplant setting, where the strength of the alloresponse depends on both the number/phenotype of the recipients' alloreactive T cells and immunogenicity of the transplanted tissue. Hence, in some rodent donor-recipient strain combinations that instigate a weak alloresponse, many treatments that only modestly decrease the alloresponse can achieve tolerance. In contrast, clinical transplantation is characterised by a strong alloresponse and highly immunogenic allografts, and thus, most treatments fail to control allograft rejection, and tolerance is difficult to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Monk
- Department of Nephrology & Transplantation, King's College, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School, 5th Floor TGH, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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42
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Mariat C, Sánchez-Fueyo A, Alexopoulos SP, Kenny J, Strom TB, Zheng XX. Regulation of T cell dependent immune responses by TIM family members. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 360:1681-5. [PMID: 16147532 PMCID: PMC1569540 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) proteins are type I membrane glycoproteins expressed on T cells and containing common structural motifs. While our understanding on the distribution and functions of TIM family members is still incomplete, data from several recent reports indicate that these proteins, together with T cell receptor and costimulatory signals, regulate the expansion and effector functions of T helper cells. In the current review, we provide evidences indicating that TIM-3 is capable of modulating the function of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells and inhibiting aggressive Th1 mediated auto- and allo-immune responses. Similarly, additional data suggest that TIM-2 molecules function by negatively regulating Th2 immune responses. In contrast, TIM-1 appears to be an activation molecule for all T cells, although the mechanisms through which TIM-1 activates T cells remain to be elicited.
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43
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Blazar BR, Murphy WJ. Bone marrow transplantation and approaches to avoid graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1747-67. [PMID: 16147539 PMCID: PMC1569546 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers promise for the treatment of haematological and immune disorders, solid tumours, and as a tolerance inducing regimen for organ transplantation. Allogeneic HSCTs engraftment requires immunosuppression and the anti-tumour effects are dependent upon the immune effector cells that are contained within or generated from the donor graft. However, significant toxicities currently limit its efficacy. These problems include: (i) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in which donor T cells attack the recipient resulting in multi-organ attack and morbidity, (ii) a profound period of immune deficiency following HSCT, and (iii) donor graft rejection. Currently available methods to prevent or treat GVHD with systemic immunosuppression can lead to impaired immune recovery, increased opportunistic infections, and higher relapse rates. This review will provide an overview of GVHD pathophysiology and discuss the roles of various cells, pathways, and factors in the GVHD generation process and in the preservation of graft-versus-tumour effects. Variables that need to be taken into consideration in attempting to extrapolate preclinical results to the clinical paradigm will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, MMC 109, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
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44
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Quezada SA, Bennett K, Blazar BR, Rudensky AY, Sakaguchi S, Noelle RJ. Analysis of the underlying cellular mechanisms of anti-CD154-induced graft tolerance: the interplay of clonal anergy and immune regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:771-9. [PMID: 16002673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been shown that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) contribute to long-term graft acceptance, their impact on the effector compartment and the mechanism by which they exert suppression in vivo remain unresolved. Using a CD4(+) TCR transgenic model for graft tolerance, we have unveiled the independent contributions of anergy and active suppression to the fate of immune and tolerant alloreactive T cells in vivo. First, it is shown that anti-CD154-induced tolerance resulted in the abortive expansion of the alloreactive, effector T cell pool. Second, commensurate with reduced expansion, there was a loss of cytokine production, activation marker expression, and absence of memory T cell markers. All these parameters defined the tolerant alloreactive T cells and correlated with the inability to mediate graft rejection. Third, the tolerant alloreactive T cell phenotype that is induced by CD154 was reversed by the in vivo depletion of T(reg). Reversal of the tolerant phenotype was followed by rapid rejection of the allograft. Fourth, in addition to T(reg) depletion, costimulation of the tolerant alloreactive T cells or activation of the APC compartment also reverted alloreactive T cell tolerance and restored an activated phenotype. Finally, it is shown that the suppression is long-lived, and in the absence of anti-CD154 and donor-specific transfusion, these T(reg) can chronically suppress effector cell responses, allowing long-lived graft acceptance.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/toxicity
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/toxicity
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Quezada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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45
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Chen W, Zhou D, Torrealba JR, Waddell TK, Grant D, Zhang L. Donor Lymphocyte Infusion Induces Long-Term Donor-Specific Cardiac Xenograft Survival through Activation of Recipient Double-Negative Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3409-16. [PMID: 16116235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pretransplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) can enhance xenograft survival. However, the mechanism by which DLI induces xenograft survival remains obscure. Using T cell subset-deficient mice as recipients we show that CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells are necessary to mediate the rejection of concordant cardiac xenografts. Adoptive transfer of naive CD4+ T cells induces rejection of accepted cardiac xenografts in CD4-/- mice. This rejection can be prevented by pretransplant DLI in the absence of any other treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DLI activates alphabeta-TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) regulatory T (Treg) cells in xenograft recipients, and that DLI-activated DN Treg cells can inhibit the proliferation of donor-specific xenoreactive CD4+ T cells in vitro. More importantly, adoptive transfer of DLI-activated DN Treg cells from xenograft recipients can suppress the proliferation of xenoreactive CD4+ T cells and their ability to produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma in vivo. Adoptive transfer of DLI-activated DN Treg cells also prevents CD4+ T cell-mediated cardiac xenograft rejection in an Ag-specific fashion. These data provide direct evidence that DLI can activate recipient DN Treg cells, which can induce donor-specific long-term cardiac xenograft survival by suppressing the proliferation and function of donor-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Multi Organ Transplantation Program, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Gillan V, Devaney E. Regulatory T cells modulate Th2 responses induced by Brugia pahangi third-stage larvae. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4034-42. [PMID: 15972491 PMCID: PMC1168597 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4034-4042.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with Brugia pahangi third-stage larvae (L3) results in the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 with a resultant down-regulation in Th1 responses. Previously, this was thought to reflect a skewing of immune responses towards a Th2 phenotype by the infective stage of the parasite. In this study, we show that exposure to the L3 of Brugia also induces the expansion of a population of CD4 cells that express CD25 and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 in an IL-4-independent fashion. By quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we show that the CD25+ population is highly enriched in mRNA for the Foxp3 transcription factor and that these cells express significantly more IL-10 mRNA than the CD25- population, suggesting a likely regulatory phenotype. The functional capacity of these cells was demonstrated using a neutralizing CD25 monoclonal antibody (MAb). Mice treated with this MAb demonstrated elevated levels of antigen (Ag)-specific proliferation in vitro, and levels of Ag-specific Th2 cytokines were significantly increased. These results suggest a complex network of regulation in L3-infected mice with Th2 cells limiting the Th1 response, while T-regulatory cells modulate Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gillan
- Parasitology Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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47
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Lee I, Wang L, Wells AD, Dorf ME, Ozkaynak E, Hancock WW. Recruitment of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells mediating allograft tolerance depends on the CCR4 chemokine receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1037-44. [PMID: 15809349 PMCID: PMC2213137 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although certain chemokines and their receptors guide homeostatic recirculation of T cells and others promote recruitment of activated T cells to inflammatory sites, little is known of the mechanisms underlying a third function, migration of Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells to sites where they maintain unresponsiveness. We studied how T reg cells are recruited to cardiac allografts in recipients tolerized with CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus donor-specific transfusion (DST). Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that intragraft Foxp3 levels in tolerized recipients were ∼100-fold higher than rejecting allografts or allografts associated with other therapies inducing prolonged survival but not tolerance. Foxp3+ cells were essential for tolerance because pretransplant thymectomy or peritransplant depletion of CD25+ cells prevented long-term survival, as did CD25 mAb therapy in well-functioning allografts after CD154/DST therapy. Analysis of multiple chemokine pathways showed that tolerance was accompanied by intragraft up-regulation of CCR4 and one of its ligands, macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22), and that tolerance induction could not be achieved in CCR4−/− recipients. We conclude that Foxp3 expression is specifically up-regulated within allografts of mice displaying donor-specific tolerance, that recruitment of Foxp3-expressing T reg cells to an allograft tissue is dependent on the chemokine receptor, CCR4, and that, in the absence of such recruitment, tolerizing strategies such as CD154 mAb therapy are ineffectual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Allen SD, Rawale SV, Whitacre CC, Kaumaya PTP. Therapeutic peptidomimetic strategies for autoimmune diseases: costimulation blockade*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:591-604. [PMID: 15885118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognate interactions between immune effector cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) govern immune responses. Specific signals occur between the T-cell receptor peptide and APCs and nonspecific signals between pairs of costimulatory molecules. Costimulation signals are required for full T-cell activation and are assumed to regulate T-cell responses as well as other aspects of the immune system. As new discoveries are made, it is becoming clear how important these costimulation interactions are for immune responses. Costimulation requirements for T-cell regulation have been extensively studied as a way to control many autoimmune diseases and downregulate inflammatory reactions. The CD28:B7 and the CD40:CD40L families of molecules are considered to be critical costimulatory molecules and have been studied extensively. Blocking the interaction between these molecules results in a state of immune unresponsiveness termed 'anergy'. Several different strategies for blockade of these interactions are explored including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Fab fragments, chimeric, and/or fusion proteins. We developed novel, immune-specific approaches that interfere with these interactions. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis mediated by central nervous system (CNS)-specific T-cells, we developed a multi-targeted approach that utilizes peptides for blockade of costimulatory molecules. We designed blocking peptide mimics that retain the functional binding area of the parent protein while reducing the overall size and are thus capable of blocking signal transduction. In this paper, we review the role of costimulatory molecules in autoimmune diseases, two of the most well-studied costimulatory pathways (CD28/CTLA-4:B7 and CD40:CD40L), and the advantages of peptidomimetic approaches. We present data showing the ability of peptide mimics of costimulatory molecules to suppress autoimmune disease and propose a mechanism for disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Allen
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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49
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Guiducci C, Valzasina B, Dislich H, Colombo MP. CD40/CD40L interaction regulates CD4+CD25+ T reg homeostasis through dendritic cell-produced IL-2. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:557-67. [PMID: 15682445 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T reg) development and homeostasis require IL-2 and costimulation through same TNF-receptor family members. CD40KO mice have reduced number of T reg in peripheral blood, thymus and spleen. Herein we show that naive T reg express low basal level of CD40L that is upregulated upon TCR-triggered mediated activation. Treatment of wt mice with Ab blocking CD40/CD40L interaction results in a fast decrease in T reg number that rapidly recovers upon Ab withdrawal. CFSE-labeled T reg from wt mice injected into CD40KO, but not wild-type (wt) mice, showed reduced survival and proliferation in homeostatic setting. In vitro, dendritic cells from CD40KO mice but not wt mice produce diminished amount of IL-2 upon T reg encounter and are impaired in expanding T reg, a defect corrected by the addition of rIL-2. Accordingly, four daily IL-2 administrations to CD40KO mice normalize T reg number by promoting both their survival and homeostatic proliferation. Such IL-2 effect is transient since T reg number returns to the low constitutive level described in CD40KO mice within 5 days upon IL-2 withdrawal thus suggesting that IL-2 is persistently needed to assure T reg homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Guiducci
- Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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50
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Ferrant JL, Benjamin CD, Cutler AH, Kalled SL, Hsu YM, Garber EA, Hess DM, Shapiro RI, Kenyon NS, Harlan DM, Kirk AD, Burkly LC, Taylor FR. The contribution of Fc effector mechanisms in the efficacy of anti-CD154 immunotherapy depends on the nature of the immune challenge. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1583-94. [PMID: 15466914 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the CD154-CD40 co-stimulatory pathway with anti-CD154 mAbs has shown impressive efficacy in models of autoimmunity and allotransplantation. Clinical benefit was also demonstrated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and idiopathic thrombocytopenia patients with the humanized anti-CD154 mAb, 5C8 (hu5C8). However, thromboembolic complications that occurred during the course of the hu5C8 clinical trials have proven to be a major setback to the field and safe alternative therapeutics targeting the CD154-CD40 pathway are of great interest. Recently, effector mechanisms have been shown to play a part in anti-CD154 mAb-induced transplant acceptance in murine models, while this issue remains unresolved for humoral-mediated models. Herein, aglycosyl anti-CD154 mAbs with reduced binding to FcgammaR and complement were used as a novel means to test the role of effector mechanisms in non-human primate and murine models not amenable to gene knockout technology. While aglycosyl hu5C8 mAb was relatively ineffective in rhesus renal and islet allotransplantation, it inhibited primary and secondary humoral responses to a protein immunogen in cynomolgus monkeys. Moreover, an aglycosyl, chimeric MR1 mAb (muMR1) prolonged survival and inhibited pathogenic auto-antibody production in a murine model of SLE. Thus, the mechanisms required for efficacy of anti-CD154 mAbs depend on the nature of the immune challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Kidney Transplantation/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/immunology
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/pathology
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/therapy
- Transplantation, Homologous
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