Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Area Morphometry in Elderly Chinese Men and Women: Radiographic Quantifications at Baseline and Changes at Year-4 Follow-up

Investigation of the Role of Osteoporotic Vertebra Degeneration on the Stability of the Lumbar Spine: In Silico Modelling under Compressive Loading

An evaluation of the impact of osteoporosis on loss of spinal stability, with or without intervertebral disc degeneration, using computational analysis is presented. The research also investigates the correlation between osteoporosis and intervertebral disc degeneration. Three-dimensional finite element models of human lumbar spine segments were used to assess the influence of osteoporosis on spinal stability. Five different models of age-related degeneration were created using various material properties for trabecular bone and intervertebral discs. Calculation results indicate that in a spine with osteoporosis, the deformation of the intervertebral discs can increase by more than 30% when compared to a healthy spine. Thus, intervertebral disc deformation depends not only on the degree of degeneration of the discs themselves, but their deformation is also influenced by the degree of osteoporosis of the vertebrae. Additionally, the load-bearing capacity of the spine can decrease by up to 30% with osteoporosis, regardless of the degree of intervertebral disc deformation. In conclusion, osteoporosis can contribute to intervertebral disc degeneration.

Influence of Age and Gender on Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Height in the Thoracolumbar Spine

Introduction

Intervertebral disk degeneration is a universal and natural process. However, no reports have summarized anatomical age-related intervertebral disk height and disk degenerative changes in the thoracolumbar spine or examined sex-specific differences. This study aimed to establish age-related changes and gender-specific differences of intervertebral disk height and disk degeneration of the thoracolumbar spine in a large cohort of relatively healthy subjects and also to evaluate the relationship between the degree of thoracolumbar disk height and disk degeneration.

Methods

Six hundred and twenty-seven relatively healthy subjects (307 males and 320 females; average age, 49.6±16.5 years) were enrolled. We included at least 50 males and 50 females in each decade of life between the 20s and the 70s. We measured intervertebral disk height from T10/T11 to L5/S1, vertebral body height from T10 to S1 on lateral neutral radiographs. Lumbar disk degeneration was defined according to the Pfirrmann classification in sagittal plane magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Age-related decreases in intervertebral disk height were most prominent at L4/L5 in middle-aged and elderly individuals of both sexes. The grade of disk degeneration significantly increased with age in both genders at every level. Mild disk degeneration was observed even in the 20s. The disk degeneration occurred around the L4/L5 level. Although grade V disk degeneration was not identified for males in the 20s and the 30s, it appeared after the 40s and then increased further with age. The intervertebral disk height at the lower lumbar disks decreased with a progression in the disk degeneration grade in both genders.

Conclusions

This large-scale cross-sectional analysis of the thoracolumbar spine in relatively healthy subjects demonstrated that lumbar disk height narrowing progresses with age and is correlated with the progression of disk degeneration.

Correlation Analysis between Tamoxifen and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

Objectives

To investigate the correlation between tamoxifen (TAM) and lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD).

Methods

The patients who visited the department of spine surgery from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Those with a history of breast cancer surgery were identified and their data were collected. These data included patients' age, body mass index (BMI), menstrual history, postoperative history, drug treatment plan, and imaging data. The participants were divided into the TAM group and the non-TAM group. Lumbar IVDD was assessed by lumbar lordosis (LL), vertebral CT density, lumbar disc height index (DHI), Modic changes, and modified Pfirrmann grading score. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 75 patients were included in this study, 46 patients in the TAM group and 29 patients in the non-TAM group. No significant differences were present in age, BMI, postoperative history, LL, and vertebral CT density between the two groups. The DHI of L1/2 and L2/3 in the TAM group was lower compared to the non-TAM group (P=0.038 and P=0.034, respectively), while comparisons regarding the DHI of L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1, and the average DHI between TAM and non-TAM groups were not significant. The modified Pfirrmann grading scores of the L1/2 and L2/3 IVDs in the TAM group were higher than those in the non-TAM group (P=0.004 and P=0.025, respectively). Comparisons of L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 between the two groups were not significant. The comparisons regarding the occurrence of Modic changes did not show a significant difference between the TAM and non-TAM groups.

Conclusions

This study indicates that there might be some positive correlation between TAM use and lumbar IVDD. In particular, the degeneration of L1/2 and L2/3 has shown a correlation with TAM use.

'Healthier Chinese spine': an update of osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) and in women (MsOS) Hong Kong spine radiograph studies

For the MrOS (Hong Kong) and MsOS (Hong Kong) baseline (BL) studies, community-dwelling 2,000 Chinese men (mean age: 72.3 years) and 2,000 Chinese women (mean age: 72.5 years) were recruited from 2001 to 2003. These two studies have spanned two decades till now. This review summarizes our spine radiograph results. Senile and post-menopausal osteoporosis were associated with intervertebral disc volume reduction; and in women, menopause accelerates disc degeneration. Elderly women's osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) prevalence was double of that of elderly men. For year-4 follow-up (FU), male participants with BL OVF had little increased risk for further OVF. In our study comparing OVF rates in age-matched Hong Kong Chinese women and Italian Caucasian women (mean age: 74.1 years), endplate and/or cortex fracture (ECF) prevalence was 26% for Chinese and 47% for Italian. OVF with ≥40% vertebral height loss was recorded among 9.5% of the Chinese subjects while among 26% of the Italian subjects. OVFs in Italian subjects were more likely to be multiple and generally severer. Clinical spine fractures were recorded 133 cases/100,000 person-years in MrOS (Hong Kong) participants and 273 cases/100,000 person-years in MsOS (Hong Kong) participants. Literature review suggests the clinical vertebral fracture rates among elderly Hong Kong Chinese subjects are approximately half of those of American, Australian, and Canadian subjects. Data synthesis suggests elderly Caucasians have a higher degenerative spondylolisthesis prevalence, being approximately 70% higher than that of elderly Hong Kong Chinese. Literature review of other authors' publications shows, compared with Caucasians, Chinese have a much lower incident rate of back pain. We conclude that elderly Chinese have a generally healthier spine relative to elderly Caucasians.

Lumbar Disk Degeneration in Female Patients with and without Ovariectomy: A Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE

We sought to provide clinical evidence of the potential influence of ovariectomy (OVX) on intervertebral disk degeneration.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed patients with a history of OVX who visited our hospital for lower back pain. In addition, 60 age-matched patients without OVX were randomly selected as control subjects. Next, the following demographic data were recorded and compared among groups: age, body mass index, duration of OVX, history of smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, diabetes, cardiocerebrovascular disease, hyperlipemia, osteoporosis, and degenerative spondylolisthesis. Next, the severity of lumbar disk degeneration, evaluated by the modified Pfirrmann grading system, was compared between groups. Data analyses were performed with SPSS 20.0. software.

RESULTS

A total of 15 OVX (unilateral, n = 10; bilateral, n = 5) patients were included with a mean age of 62.40 ± 10.64. The average durations of OVX were 21.33 ± 9.24 years. There existed no remarkable intergroup differences in the demographic data (P > 0.05). Overall, the average Pfirrmann grading scores from L1/2 to L5/S1 presented as L1/2 < L2/3 < L3/4 ≤ L5/S1 ≤ L4/5, with no marked differences between groups (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, OVX groups displayed a relatively higher score at each level than non-OVX group. Moreover, the scores from L3/4 to L5/S1 were higher in the bilateral OVX group relative to the unilateral OVX group while they were equal at L1/2 and L2/3.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrated that OVX contributed to the progression of lumbar disk degeneration to some extent, but it appeared to be a long-term event.

Bone mineral density, cervical spine degeneration, head and neck posture, and neck pain in the post-menopausal females: A pilot study

The purpose of the present study was to reveal the relationship between degenerative changes in the cervical spine, head and neck postures, neck pain, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine in post-menopausal females. In total, 116 females (mean age 60.4 ± 7.1 years; age range 50-80 years) were included. Participants were classified into three groups based on the T-score criteria of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine set by World Health Organization, respectively. The degree of neck pain was assessed using self-administered questionnaire, the Neck Disability Index. Cervical spine degeneration and head and neck postures were identified using the lateral cephalograms. Grading system for cervical degeneration included three categories of the radiographic alterations including disc height loss, osteophyte formation, and diffuse sclerosis. The areal BMD of the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Females with lower BMD exhibited lesser degree of neck pain and forward head posture (FHP) compared to those with normal BMD. Higher BMD seemed to be associated with more notable loss of the disc height at the level of C4-5. More prominent degenerative changes in the cervical spine were associated with higher areal BMD of the hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine, altered head posture, and development of neck pain.

The application of key feature extraction algorithm based on Gabor wavelet transformation in the diagnosis of lumbar intervertebral disc degenerative changes

OBJECTIVE

Based on the theoretical basis of Gabor wavelet transformation, the application effects of feature extraction algorithm in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the role of feature extraction algorithm in the diagnosis of lumbar vertebra degenerative diseases were explored.

METHOD

The structure of lumbar vertebra and degenerative changes were respectively introduced to clarify the onset mechanism and pathological changes of lumbar vertebra degenerative changes. Most importantly, the theoretical basis of Gabor wavelet transformation and the extraction effect of feature information in lumbar vertebra MRI images were introduced. The differentiation effects of feature information extraction algorithm on annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus were analyzed. In this study, the data of lumbar spine MRI was randomly selected from the Wenzhou Lumbar Spine Research Database as research objects. A total of 130 discs were successfully fitted, and 109 images were graded by a doctor after observation, which was compared with the results of the artificial diagnosis. Through the comparison with the results of observation and diagnosis by professional doctors, the accuracy of feature extraction algorithm based on Gabor wavelet transformation in the diagnosis of lumbar vertebra degenerative changes was analyzed.

RESULTS

1. Compared with the results of the manual diagnosis, the accuracy of the classification method was 88.3%. In addition, the specificity (SPE), accuracy (ACC), and sensitivity (SEN) of the classification method were respectively 89.5%, 92.4%, and 87.6%. 2. The mutual information method and the KLT algorithm were utilized for vertebral body tracking. The maximum mutual information method was more effective in the case of fewer image sequences; however, with the increase of image frames, the accumulation of errors would make the tracking effects of images get worse. Based on the KLT algorithm, the enhanced vertebral boundary information was selected; the soft tissues showed in the obtained images were smooth, the boundary information of vertebral body was enhanced, and the results were more accurate.

CONCLUSION

The feature extraction algorithm based on Gabor wavelet transformation could easily and quickly realize the localization of the lumbar intervertebral disc, and the accuracy of the results was ensured. In addition, from the aspect of vertebral body tracking, the tracking effects based on the KLT algorithm were better and faster than those based on the maximum mutual information method.

The role of estrogen in intervertebral disc degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a main contributor to low back and radicular pain, which imposes heavy economic burdens on society. However, the etiology and mechanism of IVDD are complex and still not completely clear. In particular, the role of estrogen in IVDD has not received much attention in recent research, although estrogen plays a crucial role in the metabolic dysfunction of others musculoskeletal structures, such as bone, muscle, and tendon. In this review, we attempt to describe the role of estrogen in IVDD and to summarize the proposed mechanisms in vivo and in vitro, as well as, to outline several interesting questions in this field.

Prevalence of cervical spine degenerative changes in elderly population and its weak association with aging, neck pain, and osteoporosis

Background

To investigate the prevalence of MRI degenerative findings of cervical spine in elderly Chinese males and females.

Methods

From a general population sample, cervical spine T2 weighted sagittal MR images were acquired in 272 males (mean age: 82.9±3.83) and 150 females (mean age: 81.5±4.27). Images were interpreted and degenerative changes were classified. Study subjects were divided into younger group (group A, ≤81 years) and older group (group B, >81 years). For neck pain, question was structured as 'during the past 12 months, have you had any neck pain?'. Two hundred and fifty-two males and 134 females also had hip bone mineral density (BMD) measured.

Results

98.1% subjects exhibited at least one degenerative change at one or more vertebral levels. The C5/6 level had the highest overall frequency for degenerative changes. Most of the degenerative changes were more common in females. The older female group had higher prevalence or higher severity of degenerative findings than the younger group. Eleven point four percent of the males and 20.6% of the females reported neck pain, and male subjects with neck pain tended to have slightly higher prevalence of cervical degenerative changes. There was a weak trend that osteoporosis was associated with a higher prevalence of spinal cord high signal and a higher prevalence of spinal canal stenosis.

Conclusions

The age-dependence of cervical spine degenerative changes was more notable in females. Subjects with neck pain and subjects with osteoporosis were weakly associated with higher prevalence of cervical degenerative changes.

Prevalent osteoporotic vertebral fractures more likely involve the upper endplate than the lower endplate and even more so in males

Background

While the importance of identifying osteoporotic vertebral endplate fracture (EPF) is being recognized; the pathophysiological understanding of EPF till now remain insufficient. In this population-based cross-sectional radiograph study, we aim to investigate the anatomic location characteristics of osteoporotic EPF.

Methods

This study analyzed the anatomical location of osteoporotic EPFs in elderly Chinese population (age ≥65 years). The T4-L4 radiographs of 1,954 elderly Chinese men (mean: 72.3 years) and 1,953 elderly Chinese women (mean: 72.5 years) were evaluated to identify EPF, and vertebral bodies were graded according to Genant's vertebral deformity criteria.

Results

Of the 101,582 endplates analyzed, there were 505 EPFs (males: 27.7%; females: 72.3%). Excluding those with both upper endplate and lower endplate involvements, the ratio of upper EPF to lower EPF was 9.63 for males and 4.3 for females (P<0.05). Thoracolumbar junction, particularly L1 (26.4% for males and 24.1% for females) and followed by T12 (20.7% for males and 19.7% for females), had highest prevalence of EPF. With an endplate divided into 5 segments of equal length in the anteroposterior direction and grade 0.5 & 1, grade 2 vertebral deformities analyzed, fractures occurred mostly at the middle segment (70.1% for upper endplates in males and 78.6% for upper endplates in females), followed by second anterior segment (20.9% for upper endplates in males and 14.4% for upper endplates in females). The most anterior and most posterior segments were not primarily involved in EPF.

Conclusions

Osteoporotic EPFs more likely involve the upper endplate rather than lower endplate, with a trend for this effect to be greater in men than in women. These characteristics may help radiographic differential diagnosis for osteoporotic EPF.

Osteoporotic vertebral endplate and cortex fractures: A pictorial review

Despite years' research, the radiographic criteria for osteoporotic vertebral fracture and its grading remain debated. The importance of identifying vertebral endplate/cortex fracture (ECF) is being recognised; however, evaluation of osteoporotic ECF requires training and experience. This article aims to serve as a teaching material for radiologists/physicians or researchers to evaluate osteoporotic ECF. Emphasis is particularly dedicated to identifying ECF that may not be associated with apparent vertebral body collapse. We suggest a combined approach based on standardised radiologic evaluation by experts and morphometry measurement is the most appropriate approach to detect and classify osteoporotic vertebral fractures.

The translational potential

A good understanding of radiologic anatomy of vertebrae and fracture signs of endplate/cortex are essential for spine fragility fracture assessment.