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Torp MK, Stensløkken KO, Vaage J. When Our Best Friend Becomes Our Worst Enemy: The Mitochondrion in Trauma, Surgery, and Critical Illness. J Intensive Care Med 2024:8850666241237715. [PMID: 38505947 DOI: 10.1177/08850666241237715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Common for major surgery, multitrauma, sepsis, and critical illness, is a whole-body inflammation. Tissue injury is able to trigger a generalized inflammatory reaction. Cell death causes release of endogenous structures termed damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that initiate a sterile inflammation. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts originating from bacteria, containing molecular patterns similar to bacteria. These molecular patterns are termed mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs). Mitochondrial debris released into the extracellular space or into the circulation is immunogenic and damaging secondary to activation of the innate immune system. In the circulation, released mDAMPS are either free or exist in extracellular vesicles, being able to act on every organ and cell in the body. However, the role of mDAMPs in trauma and critical care is not fully clarified. There is a complete lack of knowledge how they may be counteracted in patients. Among mDAMPs are mitochondrial DNA, cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides, cytochrome C, adenosine triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, succinate, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. In this overview, we present the different mDAMPs, their function, release, targets, and inflammatory potential. In light of present knowledge, the role of mDAMPs in the pathophysiology of major surgery and trauma as well as sepsis, and critical care is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Kristin Torp
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lira Chavez FM, Gartzke LP, van Beuningen FE, Wink SE, Henning RH, Krenning G, Bouma HR. Restoring the infected powerhouse: Mitochondrial quality control in sepsis. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102968. [PMID: 38039825 PMCID: PMC10711241 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to an infection, characterized by organ failure. The pathophysiology is complex and incompletely understood, but mitochondria appear to play a key role in the cascade of events that culminate in multiple organ failure and potentially death. In shaping immune responses, mitochondria fulfil dual roles: they not only supply energy and metabolic intermediates crucial for immune cell activation and function but also influence inflammatory and cell death pathways. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction has a dual impact, compromising both immune system efficiency and the metabolic stability of end organs. Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to the development of a hyperinflammatory state and loss of cellular homeostasis, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Already in early sepsis, signs of mitochondrial dysfunction are apparent and consequently, strategies to optimize mitochondrial function in sepsis should not only prevent the occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction, but also cover the repair of the sustained mitochondrial damage. Here, we discuss mitochondrial quality control (mtQC) in the pathogenesis of sepsis and exemplify how mtQC could serve as therapeutic target to overcome mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, replacing or repairing dysfunctional mitochondria may contribute to the recovery of organ function in sepsis. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a process that results in the formation of new mitochondria and is critical for maintaining a pool of healthy mitochondria. However, exacerbated biogenesis during early sepsis can result in accumulation of structurally aberrant mitochondria that fail to restore bioenergetics, produce excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exacerbate the disease course. Conversely, enhancing mitophagy can protect against organ damage by limiting the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecules (DAMPs). Furthermore, promoting mitophagy may facilitate the growth of healthy mitochondria by blocking the replication of damaged mitochondria and allow for post sepsis organ recovery through enabling mitophagy-coupled biogenesis. The remaining healthy mitochondria may provide an undamaged scaffold to reproduce functional mitochondria. However, the kinetics of mtQC in sepsis, specifically mitophagy, and the optimal timing for intervention remain poorly understood. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating mitophagy induction with mtQC mechanisms to prevent undesired effects associated with solely the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Lira Chavez
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L P Gartzke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F E van Beuningen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S E Wink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Krenning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Sulfateq B.V, Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726, GN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713, GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Shen Y, Chen L, Chen J, Qin J, Wang T, Wen F. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic target. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:330-340. [PMID: 38130648 PMCID: PMC10732348 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common inflammatory airway disease characterized by enhanced inflammation. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and are involved in a serial of inflammatory diseases, and they may also be involved in COPD. This review highlights the potential role of mitochondrial DAMPs during COPD pathogenesis and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial DAMPs and their related signaling pathways and receptors for COPD. Research progress on mitochondrial DAMPs may enhance our understanding of COPD inflammation and provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiangyue Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Dmytriv TR, Tsiumpala SA, Semchyshyn HM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a possible trigger of neuroinflammation at post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1222826. [PMID: 37942228 PMCID: PMC10628526 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1222826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs in approximately 15% of people as a result of some traumatic events. The main symptoms are re-experiencing and avoidance of everything related to this event and hyperarousal. The main component of the pathophysiology of PTSD is an imbalance in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and development of neuroinflammation. In parallel with this, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, as in many other diseases. In this review, we focus on the question how mitochondria may be involved in the development of neuroinflammation and its maintaining at PTSD. First, we describe the differences in the operation of the neuro-endocrine system during stress versus PTSD. We then show changes in the activity/expression of mitochondrial proteins in PTSD and how they can affect the levels of hormones involved in PTSD development, as well as how mitochondrial damage/pathogen-associated molecule patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) trigger development of inflammation. In addition, we examine the possibility of treating PTSD-related inflammation using mitochondria as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana R. Dmytriv
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav A. Tsiumpala
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Halyna M. Semchyshyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
- Research and Development University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Lubkin DT, Van Gent JM, Cotton BA, Brill JB. Mortality and outcomes by blood group in trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2023. [PMID: 37045792 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood group O contains lower levels of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. Higher incidence of bleeding among group O is reported in multiple contexts. Results of studies vary regarding outcomes stratified by blood group in trauma. We systematically reviewed the literature for outcomes related to blood group in trauma patients. Meta-analysis of studies evaluating mortality related to blood group was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies analysing relationships between blood group and outcomes in trauma patients. Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. We synthesized outcomes data related to blood group. Meta-analysis compared mortality rates between group O and non-O patients. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met by 13 studies. Statistically significant differences by blood group were reported in 3 of 10 (30%) studies evaluating mortality, 2 of 3 (66.7%) evaluating mortality from haemorrhage and 2 of 9 (22.2%) evaluating transfusion requirement. Meta-analysis was performed on seven studies evaluating mortality (total n = 11,835). There was significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 86%, p < 0.00001). No difference was found in mortality between group O and non-O patients (relative risk = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.89-1.64, p = 0.23). CONCLUSION Existing literature does not consistently demonstrate a mortality difference between trauma patients with O and non-O blood groups. High variability in the methods and results among studies limits this conclusion, and further research is needed to delineate under what circumstances blood group may influence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Lubkin
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Michael Van Gent
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan A Cotton
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason B Brill
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, USA
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Cell-Free DNA in Plasma and Serum Indicates Disease Severity and Prognosis in Blunt Trauma Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061150. [PMID: 36980458 PMCID: PMC10047705 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trauma is still a major cause of mortality in people < 50 years of age. Biomarkers are needed to estimate the severity of the condition and the patient outcome. Methods: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and further laboratory markers were determined in plasma and serum of 164 patients at time of admission to the emergency room. Among them were 64 patients with severe trauma (Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16), 51 patients with moderate trauma (ISS < 16) and 49 patients with single fractures (24 femur neck and 25 ankle fractures). Disease severity was objectified by ISS and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Results: cfDNA levels in plasma and serum were significantly higher in patients with severe multiple trauma (SMT) than in those with moderate trauma (p = 0.002, p = 0.003, respectively) or with single fractures (each p < 0.001). CfDNA in plasma and serum correlated very strongly with each other (R = 0.91; p < 0.001). The AUC in ROC curves for identification of SMT patients was 0.76 and 0.74 for cfDNA in plasma and serum, respectively—this was further increased to 0.84 by the combination of cfDNA and hemoglobin. Within the group of multiple trauma patients, cfDNA levels were significantly higher in more severely injured patients and patients with severe traumatic brain injury (GCS ≤ 8 versus GCS > 8). Thirteen (20.3%) of the multiple trauma patients died during the first week after trauma. Levels of cfDNA were significantly higher in non-surviving patients than in survivors (p < 0.001), reaching an AUC of 0.81 for cfDNA in both, plasma and serum, which was further increased by the combination with hemoglobin and leukocytes. Conclusions: cfDNA is valuable for estimation of trauma severity and prognosis of trauma patients.
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Briggs GD, Gelzinnis S, Meakes S, King KL, Balogh ZJ. NOT ALL CELL-FREE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IS EQUAL IN TRAUMA PATIENTS. Shock 2022; 58:231-235. [PMID: 36125357 PMCID: PMC9512242 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) acts as a proinflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern that stimulates innate immune activation via Toll-like receptor 9, similarly to bacterial DNA. A number of clinical studies have measured elevated cell-free mtDNA in the plasma of trauma patients, thought to originate from tissue injury and inflammatory processes; however, the magnitude of this increase, the absolute concentration, and the association with poor outcomes varies considerably across studies. Measurements of cell-free mtDNA in healthy individuals have shown that the majority of "cell-free" mtDNA (>95%) can be centrifuged/filtered from plasma in the size range of 0.45 to 5 μm, suggesting that there are larger forms of mtDNA-containing complexes in the plasma that could be considered cell-free. Whether this is true for trauma patients (and other relevant disease states) and the clinical relevance of the larger forms of mtDNA is unknown. These findings from healthy individuals also suggest that the centrifugation speeds used to generate cell-free plasma (which are rarely consistent among studies) could result in mixed populations of cell-free mtDNA that could confound associations with outcomes. We demonstrate in this study of 25 major trauma patients that the majority of the cell-free mtDNA in trauma patient plasma (>95%) is removed after centrifugation at 16,000g. Despite the larger forms of mtDNA being predominant, they do not correlate with outcomes or expected parameters such as injury/shock severity, multiple organ failure, and markers of inflammation, whereas low-molecular-weight cell-free mtDNA correlates strongly with these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle D. Briggs
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott Gelzinnis
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Meakes
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate L. King
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zsolt J. Balogh
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Hepokoski ML, Odish M, Lam MT, Coufal NG, Rolfsen ML, Shadel GS, Moyzis AG, Sainz AG, Takiar PG, Patel S, Leonard AJ, Samandari N, Hansen E, Trescott S, Nguyen C, Jepsen K, Cutter G, Gillespie MN, Spragg RG, Sasik R, Ix JH. Absolute quantification of plasma mitochondrial DNA by droplet digital PCR marks COVID-19 severity over time during intensive care unit admissions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L84-L92. [PMID: 35699291 PMCID: PMC9273271 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00128.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma mitochondrial DNA concentrations are associated with poor outcomes in multiple critical illnesses, including COVID-19. However, current methods of cell-free mitochondrial DNA quantification in plasma are time-consuming and lack reproducibility. Here, we used next-generation sequencing to characterize the size and genome location of circulating mitochondrial DNA in critically ill subjects with COVID-19 to develop a facile and optimal method of quantification by droplet digital PCR. Sequencing revealed a large percentage of small mitochondrial DNA fragments in plasma with wide variability in coverage by genome location. We identified probes for the mitochondrial DNA genes, cytochrome B and NADH dehydrogenase 1, in regions of relatively high coverage that target small sequences potentially missed by other methods. Serial assessments of absolute mitochondrial DNA concentrations were then determined in plasma from 20 critically ill subjects with COVID-19 without a DNA isolation step. Mitochondrial DNA concentrations on the day of enrollment were increased significantly in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared with those with no or mild ARDS. Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA concentrations over time between patients with no/mild ARDS who survived, patients with moderate/severe ARDS who survived, and nonsurvivors showed the highest concentrations in patients with more severe disease. Absolute mitochondrial DNA quantification by droplet digital PCR is time-efficient and reproducible; thus, we provide a valuable tool and rationale for future studies evaluating mitochondrial DNA as a real-time biomarker to guide clinical decision-making in critically ill subjects with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Hepokoski
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Mazen Odish
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Michael T Lam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Mark L Rolfsen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Alva G Sainz
- Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Puja G Takiar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sagar Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Austin J Leonard
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Emily Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Samantha Trescott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Celina Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gary Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark N Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Roger G Spragg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joachim H Ix
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Chmielecki A, Bortnik K, Galczynski S, Padula G, Jerczynska H, Stawski R, Nowak D. Exhaustive Exercise Increases Spontaneous but Not fMLP-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Circulating Phagocytes in Amateur Sportsmen. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35053101 PMCID: PMC8773189 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise alters the oxidative response of blood phagocytes to various agonists. However, little is known about spontaneous post exercise oxidant production by these cells. In this cross-over trial, we tested whether an exhaustive treadmill run at a speed corresponding to 70% of VO2max affects spontaneous and fMLP-provoked oxidant production by phagocytes in 18 amateur sportsmen. Blood was collected before, just after, and 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post exercise for determination of absolute and normalized per phagocyte count spontaneous (a-rLBCL, rLBCL) and fMLP-induced luminol-enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (a-fMLP-LBCL, fMLP-LBCL). a-rLBCL and rLBCL increased by 2.5- and 1.5-times just after exercise (p < 0.05) and then returned to baseline or decreased by about 2-times at the remaining time-points, respectively. a-fMLP-LBCL increased 1.7- and 1.6-times just after and at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), respectively, while fMLP-LBCL was suppressed by 1.5- to 2.3-times at 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post-exercise. No correlations were found between elevated post-exercise a-rLBCL, a-fMLP-LBCL and run distance to exhaustion. No changes of oxidants production were observed in the control arm (1 h resting instead of exercise). Exhaustive exercise decreased the blood phagocyte-specific oxidative response to fMLP while increasing transiently spontaneous oxidant generation, which could be a factor inducing secondary rise in antioxidant enzymes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chmielecki
- Sports Centre, Medical University of Lodz, 6-go Sierpnia 69, 90-645 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Bortnik
- Sports Centre, Medical University of Lodz, 6-go Sierpnia 69, 90-645 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Szymon Galczynski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Hanna Jerczynska
- Central Scientific Laboratory, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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Valade G, Libert N, Martinaud C, Vicaut E, Banzet S, Peltzer J. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Prevention of Organ Injuries Induced by Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749659. [PMID: 34659252 PMCID: PMC8511792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe trauma is the principal cause of death among young people worldwide. Hemorrhagic shock is the leading cause of death after severe trauma. Traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS) is a complex phenomenon associating an absolute hypovolemia secondary to a sudden and significant extravascular blood loss, tissue injury, and, eventually, hypoxemia. These phenomena are responsible of secondary injuries such as coagulopathy, endotheliopathy, microcirculation failure, inflammation, and immune activation. Collectively, these dysfunctions lead to secondary organ failures and multi-organ failure (MOF). The development of MOF after severe trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, where immunological dysfunction plays a central role. Damage-associated molecular patterns induce an early and exaggerated activation of innate immunity and a suppression of adaptive immunity. Severe complications are associated with a prolonged and dysregulated immune–inflammatory state. The current challenge in the management of THS patients is preventing organ injury, which currently has no etiological treatment available. Modulating the immune response is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing the complications of THS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in a large number of adult tissues and used in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and tissue repair. There is growing evidence that their efficiency is mainly attributed to the secretion of a wide range of bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Indeed, different experimental studies revealed that MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) could modulate local and systemic deleterious immune response. Therefore, these new cell-free therapeutic products, easily stored and available immediately, represent a tremendous opportunity in the emergency context of shock. In this review, the pathophysiological environment of THS and, in particular, the crosstalk between the immune system and organ function are described. The potential therapeutic benefits of MSCs or their EVs in treating THS are discussed based on the current knowledge. Understanding the key mechanisms of immune deregulation leading to organ damage is a crucial element in order to optimize the preparation of EVs and potentiate their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Valade
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Libert
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Christophe Martinaud
- Unité de Médicaments de Thérapie Innovante, Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Laboratoire d'Etude de la Microcirculation, Université de Paris, UMRS 942 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Banzet
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
| | - Juliette Peltzer
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
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Caicedo A, Zambrano K, Sanon S, Luis Vélez J, Montalvo M, Jara F, Moscoso SA, Vélez P, Maldonado A, Velarde G. The diversity and coexistence of extracellular mitochondria in circulation: A friend or foe of the immune system. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:270-284. [PMID: 33662580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and coexistence of extracellular mitochondria may have a key role in the maintenance of health and progression of disease. Studies report that active mitochondria can be found physiologically outside of cells and circulating in the blood without inducing an inflammatory response. In addition, inactive or harmed mitochondria have been recognized as activators of immune cells, as they play an essential role in diseases characterized by the metabolic deregulation of these cells, such as sepsis. In this review we analyze key aspects regarding the existence of a diversity of extracellular mitochondria, their coexistence in body fluids and their effects on various immune cells. Additionally, we introduce models of how extracellular mitochondria could be interacting to maintain health and affect disease prognosis. Unwrapped mitochondria (freeMitos) can exist as viable, active, inactive or harmed organelles. Mitochondria can also be found wrapped in a membrane (wrappedMitos) that may differ depending on the cell of origin. Mitochondrial fragments can also be present in various body fluids as DAMPs, as mtDNA enclosed in vesicles or as circulating-cell-free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). Interestingly, the great quantity of evidence regarding the levels of ccf-mtDNA and their correlation with aging and disease allows for the identification of the diversity, but not type, of extracellular mitochondria. The existence of a diversity of mitochondria and their effects on immune cells opens a new concept in the biomedical field towards the understanding of health, the progression of disease and the development of mitochondria as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Serena Sanon
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Cornell University - Ithaca, United States
| | - Jorge Luis Vélez
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario Montalvo
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Jara
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Aguayo Moscoso
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Vélez
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Augusto Maldonado
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, United States; Hospital General Docente de Calderón, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Velarde
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
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12
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de Jager P, Smith O, Pool R, Bolon S, Richards GA. Review of the pathophysiology and prognostic biomarkers of immune dysregulation after severe injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 90:e21-e30. [PMID: 33075024 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter de Jager
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology (P.d.J., O.S., S.B.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; Department of Haematology (R.P.), National Health Laboratory Service, University of Pretoria, Pretoria; and Division of Critical Care (G.A.R.), School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Tian SL, Bai X, Xu PC, Chen T, Gao S, Hu SY, Wei L, Jia JY, Yan TK. Circulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 is associated with disease activity of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:125-131. [PMID: 33058842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased serum and urinary mitochondrial DNA have been demonstrated in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Here we investigated the significance of serum nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6 (ND6), which is encoded by mtDNA and can attract neutrophils, in AAV. METHODS Thirty-seven AAV patients (32 patients with positive myeloperoxidase-ANCA and 5 patients with proteinase 3-ANCA) were enrolled. Relationship between serum ND6 and clinico-laboratory characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS The ND6 level of patients was higher than normal people (46.56 ± 23.67 pg/mL vs. 4.95 ± 2.45 pg/mL, P < 0.001) The ND6 levels of patients who needed hemodialysis at disease onset and who had pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) were higher than that of the corresponding controls (P = 0.004 and 0.044 respectively). The ND6 level negatively correlated with the percentages of normal glomeruli in kidney biopsy. The AUC of ROC curve to diagnose hemodialysis and PH was 0.804 and 0.750 respectively. ND6 level positively correlated with Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score in active disease, and returned to normal after remission. Patients with higher serum ND6 had higher mortality (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Serum ND6 increases in active AAV, and its level correlates with the severity of disease. High ND6 level is associated with severe organ injury and predicts poor prognosis of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Tian
- Department of Geratology, Tianjin Geriatric Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Shui-Yi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Jun-Ya Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Tie-Kun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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14
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Suárez-Méndez S, García-de la Cruz DD, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Genis-Mendoza AD, Ramón-Torres RA, González-Castro TB, Juárez-Rojop IE. Diverse roles of mtDNA in schizophrenia: Implications in its pathophysiology and as biomarker for cognitive impairment. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 155:36-41. [PMID: 32437701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a mental disorder characterized by neurocognitive dysfunctions and a reduction in occupational and social functioning. Several studies have provided evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of SZ. In this sense, it is known that the addition of genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) impairs oxidative phosphorylation of enzymatic complexes in mitochondria, resulting in ATP depletion and subsequent enhancement of reactive oxygen species; this is associated with cellular degeneration and apoptosis observed in some neuropsychiatric disorders. As a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, an increase in circulating cell-free mtDNA fragments can occur, which has been observed in individuals with SZ. Moreover, due to the bacterial origin of mitochondria, these cell-free mtDNA fragments in blood plasma may induce inflammatory and immunogenic responses, especially when their release is enhanced in specific disease conditions. However, the exact mechanism by which mtDNA could be released into blood plasma is not yet clear. Therefore, the aims of this review article were to discuss the participation of mtDNA genetic variations in physiopathologic mechanisms of SZ, and to determine the status of the disease and the possible ensuing changes over time by using circulating cell-free mtDNA fragments as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Suárez-Méndez
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Dulce Dajheanne García-de la Cruz
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico; Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Salud Mental, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica de Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil "Dr. Juan N. Navarro", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rosa Angélica Ramón-Torres
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico; División Académica de Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
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Stortz JA, Hawkins RB, Holden DC, Raymond SL, Wang Z, Brakenridge SC, Cuschieri J, Moore FA, Maier RV, Moldawer LL, Efron PA. Cell-free nuclear, but not mitochondrial, DNA concentrations correlate with the early host inflammatory response after severe trauma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13648. [PMID: 31541163 PMCID: PMC6754448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe blunt trauma is associated with an early ‘genomic storm’ which causes simultaneous up- and down-regulation of host protective immunity. Excessive inflammation can lead to organ injury. In the absence of infection, the inflammatory response is presumably driven by release of endogenous alarmins called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiate immune responses through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR). Here we examined the relationship between concentrations of cell-free (cf) nuclear DNA (ncDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) within 24 hours post trauma with circulating leukocyte transcriptomics and plasma IL-6 concentrations, as well as the patients’ clinical trajectories. In 104 patients enrolled from two level-1 trauma centers, ncDNA and mtDNA concentrations were increased within 24 hours of severe trauma, but only ncDNA concentrations correlated with leukocyte gene expression and outcomes. Surprisingly, ncDNA, not mtDNA concentrations, were significantly elevated in trauma patients who developed chronic critical illness versus rapid clinical recovery. Plasma IL-6 and leukocyte transcriptomics were better predictors of outcomes than cfDNA levels. Although mtDNA and ncDNA are significantly increased in the immediate post-trauma period, the dramatic inflammatory and gene expression changes seen after severe trauma are only weakly correlated with ncDNA concentrations, and more importantly, mtDNA concentrations are not associated with adverse clinical trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Stortz
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Russell B Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David C Holden
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Steven L Raymond
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joseph Cuschieri
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ronald V Maier
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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16
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Lin L, Xu H, Bishawi M, Feng F, Samy K, Truskey G, Barbas AS, Kirk AD, Brennan TV. Circulating mitochondria in organ donors promote allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1917-1929. [PMID: 30761731 PMCID: PMC6591073 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a critical regulator of the adaptive immune responses that lead to allograft rejection. It is increasingly recognized that endogenous molecules released from tissue injury and cell death are potent activators of innate immunity. Mitochondria, ancestrally related to bacteria, possess an array of endogenous innate immune-activating molecules. We have recently demonstrated that extracellular mitochondria are abundant in the circulation of deceased organ donors and that their presence correlates with early allograft dysfunction. Here we demonstrate the ability of mitochondria to activate endothelial cells (ECs), the initial barrier between a solid organ allograft and its host. We find that mitochondria exposure leads to the upregulation of EC adhesion molecules and their production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, mitochondrial exposure causes dendritic cells to upregulate costimulatory molecules. Infusion of isolated mitochondria into heart donors leads to significant increase in allograft rejection in a murine heterotopic heart transplantation model. Finally, co-incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with mitochondria-treated ECs results in increased numbers of effector (IFN-γ+ , TNF-α+ ) CD8+ T cells. These data indicate that circulating extracellular mitochondria in deceased organ donors may directly activate allograft ECs and promote graft rejection in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Lin
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - He Xu
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Muath Bishawi
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - FeiFei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kannan Samy
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - George Truskey
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Departments of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Mitochondria-Derived Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis: From Bench to Bedside. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6914849. [PMID: 31205588 PMCID: PMC6530230 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6914849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the most serious health hazards. Current research suggests that the pathogenesis of sepsis is mediated by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondria are among the most important organelles in cells and determine their life and death. A variety of mitochondria-derived DAMPs (mtDAMPs) are similar to bacteria because mitochondria are derived from bacteria according to the mitochondrial endosymbiotic theory. Their activated signaling pathways extensively affect organ functions, the immune system, and metabolic functions in sepsis. In this review, we describe the essential roles of mtDAMPs in sepsis and discuss their research prospects and clinical importance.
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