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di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R. Hosts and Heterologous Expression Strategies of Recombinant Toxins for Therapeutic Purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 38133203 PMCID: PMC10748335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic recombinant toxins requires careful host cell selection. Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are common choices, but no universal solution exists. Achieving the delicate balance in toxin production is crucial due to potential self-intoxication. Recombinant toxins from various sources find applications in antimicrobials, biotechnology, cancer drugs, and vaccines. "Toxin-based therapy" targets diseased cells using three strategies. Targeted cancer therapy, like antibody-toxin conjugates, fusion toxins, or "suicide gene therapy", can selectively eliminate cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. Notable toxins from various biological sources may be used as full-length toxins, as plant (saporin) or animal (melittin) toxins, or as isolated domains that are typical of bacterial toxins, including Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT). This paper outlines toxin expression methods and system advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing host cell selection's critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.d.L.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
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2
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Takahashi K, Yasui H, Taki S, Shimizu M, Koike C, Taki K, Yukawa H, Baba Y, Kobayashi H, Sato K. Near-infrared-induced drug release from antibody-drug double conjugates exerts a cytotoxic photo-bystander effect. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10388. [PMID: 36176626 PMCID: PMC9471993 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal cancer treatments specifically target and eradicate tumor cells without affecting healthy cells. Therefore, antibody-based therapies that specifically target cancer antigens can be considered ideal cancer therapies. Antibodies linked with small-molecule drugs (i.e., antibody-drug conjugates [ADCs]) are widely used in clinics as antibody-based therapeutics. However, because tumors express antigens heterogeneously, greater target specificity and stable binding of noncleavable linkers in ADCs limit their antitumor effects. To overcome this problem, strategies, including decreasing the binding strength, conjugating more drugs, and targeting tumor stroma, have been applied, albeit with limited success. Thus, further technological advancements are required to remotely control the ADCs. Here, we described a drug that is photo-releasable from an ADC created via simple double conjugation and its antitumor effects both on target and nontarget tumor cells. Specifically, noncleavable T-DM1 was conjugated with IR700DX to produce T-DM1-IR700. Although T-DM1-IR700 itself is noncleavable, with NIR-light irradiation, it can release DM1-derivatives which elicited antitumor effect in vitro mixed culture and in vivo mixed tumor model which are mimicking heterogeneous tumor-antigen expression same as real clinical tumors. This cytotoxic photo-bystander effect occurred in various types mixed cultures in vitro, and changing antibodies also exerted photo-bystander effects, suggesting that this technology can be used for targeting various specific cancer antigens. These findings can potentially aid the development of strategies to address challenges associated with tumor expression of heterogeneous antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Hirotoshi Yasui
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Shunichi Taki
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Misae Shimizu
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced ResearchAdvanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 UnitShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Chiaki Koike
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced ResearchAdvanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 UnitShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Kentaro Taki
- Division for Medical Research EngineeringNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced ResearchAdvanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 UnitShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future SocietyNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Biomolecular EngineeringNagoya University Graduate School of EngineeringNagoyaJapan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future SocietyNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Biomolecular EngineeringNagoya University Graduate School of EngineeringNagoyaJapan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging ProgramNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced ResearchAdvanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 UnitShowa‐kuNagoyaJapan
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future SocietyNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- FOREST‐Souhatsu, CREST, JSTChiyoda‐kuTokyoJapan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, S‐YLCJapan
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3
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Matikonda SS, McLaughlin R, Shrestha P, Lipshultz C, Schnermann MJ. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Systematic Review of Chemistry on the Trastuzumab Scaffold. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1241-1253. [PMID: 35801843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly growing class of cancer therapeutics that seek to overcome the low therapeutic index of conventional cytotoxic agents. However, realizing this goal has been a significant challenge. ADCs comprise several independently modifiable components, including the antibody, payload, linker, and bioconjugation method. Many approaches have been developed to improve the physical properties, potency, and selectivity of ADCs. The anti-HER-2 antibody trastuzumab, first approved in 1998, has emerged as an exceptional targeting agent for ADCs, as well as a broadly used platform for testing new technologies. The extensive work in this area enables the comparison of various linker strategies, payloads, drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR), and mode of attachment. In this review, these conjugates, ranging from the first clinically approved trastuzumab ADC, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), to the latest variants are described with the goal of providing a broad overview, as well as enabling the comparison of existing and emerging conjugate technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ryan McLaughlin
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Carol Lipshultz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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4
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Wang L, Jin Z, Master RP, Maharjan CK, Carelock ME, Reccoppa TBA, Kim MC, Kolb R, Zhang W. Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Signaling Pathways, Cellular Interactions, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3287. [PMID: 35805056 PMCID: PMC9265870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) constitute a small population of cells within breast cancer and are characterized by their ability to self-renew, differentiate, and recapitulate the heterogeneity of the tumor. Clinically, BCSCs have been correlated with cancer progression, metastasis, relapse, and drug resistance. The tumorigenic roles of BCSCs have been extensively reviewed and will not be the major focus of the current review. Here, we aim to highlight how the crucial intrinsic signaling pathways regulate the fate of BCSCs, including the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as how different cell populations crosstalk with BCSCs within the TME, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Based on the molecular and cellular activities of BCSCs, we will also summarize the targeting strategies for BCSCs and related clinical trials. This review will highlight that BCSC development in breast cancer is impacted by both BCSC endogenous signaling and external factors in the TME, which provides an insight into how to establish a comprehensively therapeutic strategy to target BCSCs for breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- Immunology Concentration, Biomedical Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zeng Jin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- Cancer Biology Concentration, Biomedical Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rohan P. Master
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Chandra K. Maharjan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Madison E. Carelock
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- Cancer Biology Concentration, Biomedical Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tiffany B. A. Reccoppa
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Myung-Chul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (L.W.); (Z.J.); (R.P.M.); (C.K.M.); (M.E.C.); (T.B.A.R.); (M.-C.K.); (R.K.)
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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5
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RAB5A expression is a predictive biomarker for trastuzumab emtansine in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6427. [PMID: 34741021 PMCID: PMC8571323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 is a predictive biomarker for HER2-targeted therapeutics. For antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs; e.g., trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)), HER2 is utilized as a transport gate for cytotoxic agents into the cell. ADC biomarkers may therefore be more complex, also reflecting the intracellular drug transport. Here we report on a positive correlation between the early endosome marker RAB5A and T-DM1 sensitivity in five HER2-positive cell lines. Correlation between RAB5A expression and T-DM1 sensitivity is confirmed in breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab emtansine/pertuzumab in the I-SPY2 trial (NCT01042379), but not in the trastuzumab/paclitaxel control arm. The clinical correlation is further verified in patients from the KAMILLA trial (NCT01702571). In conclusion, our results suggest RAB5A as a predictive biomarker for T-DM1 response and outline proteins involved in endocytic trafficking as predictive biomarkers for ADCs.
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6
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Tian Z, Wu L, Yu C, Chen Y, Xu Z, Bado I, Loredo A, Wang L, Wang H, Wu KL, Zhang W, Zhang XHF, Xiao H. Harnessing the power of antibodies to fight bone metastasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabf2051. [PMID: 34162538 PMCID: PMC8221630 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies have proved to be of great value in cancer treatment. Despite the clinical success of these biopharmaceuticals, reaching targets in the bone microenvironment has proved to be difficult due to the relatively low vascularization of bone tissue and the presence of physical barriers. Here, we have used an innovative bone-targeting (BonTarg) technology to generate a first-in-class bone-targeting antibody. Our strategy involves the use of pClick antibody conjugation technology to chemically couple the bone-targeting moiety bisphosphonate to therapeutic antibodies. Bisphosphonate modification of these antibodies results in the delivery of higher conjugate concentrations to the bone metastatic niche, relative to other tissues. In xenograft mice models, this strategy provides enhanced inhibition of bone metastases and multiorgan secondary metastases that arise from bone lesions. Specific delivery of therapeutic antibodies to the bone, therefore, represents a promising strategy for the treatment of bone metastatic cancers and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeru Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenfei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yuda Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Igor Bado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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7
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Yachnin BJ, Mulligan VK, Khare SD, Bailey-Kellogg C. MHCEpitopeEnergy, a Flexible Rosetta-Based Biotherapeutic Deimmunization Platform. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2368-2382. [PMID: 33900750 PMCID: PMC8225355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As non-"self" macromolecules, biotherapeutics can trigger an immune response that can reduce drug efficacy, require patients to be taken off therapy, or even cause life-threatening reactions. To enable the flexible and facile design of protein biotherapeutics while reducing the prevalence of T-cell epitopes that drive immune recognition, we have integrated into the Rosetta protein design suite a new scoring term that allows design protocols to account for predicted or experimentally identified epitopes in the optimized objective function. This flexible scoring term can be used in any Rosetta design trajectory, can be targeted to specific regions of a protein, and can be readily extended to work with a variety of epitope predictors. By performing extensive design runs with varied design parameter choices for three case study proteins as well as a larger diverse benchmark, we show that the incorporation of this scoring term enables the effective exploration of an alternative, deimmunized sequence space to discover diverse proteins that are potentially highly deimmunized while retaining physical and chemical qualities similar to those yielded by equivalent nondeimmunizing sequence design protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahm J. Yachnin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Vikram Khipple Mulligan
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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8
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Qiu Y, Yang L, Liu H, Luo X. Cancer stem cell-targeted therapeutic approaches for overcoming trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1125-1136. [PMID: 33837587 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Application of the anti-HER2 drug trastuzumab has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with the HER2-positive subtype of breast cancer. However, 50% of patients with HER2 amplification relapse due to trastuzumab resistance. Accumulating evidence indicates that breast cancer is driven by a small subset of cancer-initiating cells or breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate to regenerate the tumor cell hierarchy. Increasing data suggest that BCSCs are resistant to conventional therapy, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy, which drives distant metastasis and breast cancer relapse. In recent years, the trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer has been closely related to the prevalence of BCSCs. Here, our primary focus is to discuss the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCSCs in the setting of trastuzumab resistance and approaches of reducing or eradicating BCSCs in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Yang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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9
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Mignot F, Kirova Y, Verrelle P, Teulade-Fichou MP, Megnin-Chanet F. In vitro effects of Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) and concurrent irradiation on HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Radiother 2021; 25:126-134. [PMID: 33431297 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the effects of concurrent irradiation and T-DM1 on HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines. METHODS Five human breast cancer cell lines (in vitro study) presenting various levels of HER2 expression were used to determine the potential therapeutic effect of T-DM1 combined with radiation. The toxicity of T-DM1 was assessed using viability assay and cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry after BrdU incorporation. HER2 cells were irradiated at different dose levels after exposure to T-DM1. Survival curves were determined by cell survival assays (after 5 population doubling times). RESULTS The results revealed that T-DM1 induced significant lethality due to the intracellular action of DM1 on the cell cycle with significant G2/M phase blocking. Even after a short time incubation, the potency of T-DM1 was maintained and even enhanced over time, with a higher rate of cell death. After irradiation alone, the D10 (dose required to achieve 10% cell survival) was significantly higher for high HER2-expressing cell lines than for low HER2-expressing cells, with a linearly increasing relationship. In combination with irradiation, using conditions that allow cell survival, T-DM1 does not induce a radiosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Although there is a linear correlation between intrinsic HER2 expression and radioresistance, the results indicated that T-DM1 is not a radiation-sensitizer under the experimental conditions of this study that allowed cell survival. However, further investigations are needed, in particular in vivo studies before reaching a final conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mignot
- Institut Curie, département de radiothérapie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Y Kirova
- Institut Curie, département de radiothérapie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Verrelle
- Institut Curie, département de radiothérapie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M-P Teulade-Fichou
- Institut Curie, Bât. 110-112, rue H. Becquerel, centre universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, centre universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1196/CNRS UMR9187, France
| | - F Megnin-Chanet
- Institut Curie, Bât. 110-112, rue H. Becquerel, centre universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, centre universitaire, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1196/CNRS UMR9187, France
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10
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Application of therapeutic protein-based fusion toxins. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Seebacher NA, Stacy AE, Porter GM, Merlot AM. Clinical development of targeted and immune based anti-cancer therapies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:156. [PMID: 30975211 PMCID: PMC6460662 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death globally and is expected to be responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018. With an unprecedented understanding of the molecular pathways that drive the development and progression of human cancers, novel targeted therapies have become an exciting new development for anti-cancer medicine. These targeted therapies, also known as biologic therapies, have become a major modality of medical treatment, by acting to block the growth of cancer cells by specifically targeting molecules required for cell growth and tumorigenesis. Due to their specificity, these new therapies are expected to have better efficacy and limited adverse side effects when compared with other treatment options, including hormonal and cytotoxic therapies. In this review, we explore the clinical development, successes and challenges facing targeted anti-cancer therapies, including both small molecule inhibitors and antibody targeted therapies. Herein, we introduce targeted therapies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), BRAF, and the inhibitors of the T-cell mediated immune response, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/ PD-1 ligand (PD-1 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Seebacher
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - A E Stacy
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - G M Porter
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - A M Merlot
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
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12
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Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A, Polito L. Bouganin, an Attractive Weapon for Immunotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E323. [PMID: 30096764 PMCID: PMC6115712 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.) is a plant widely used in folk medicine and many extracts from different tissues of this plant have been employed against several pathologies. The observation that leaf extracts of Bougainvillea possess antiviral properties led to the purification and characterization of a protein, named bouganin, which exhibits typical characteristics of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Beyond that, bouganin has some peculiarities, such as a higher activity on DNA with respect to ribosomal RNA, low systemic toxicity, and immunological properties quite different than other RIPs. The sequencing of bouganin and the knowledge of its three-dimensional structure allowed to obtain a not immunogenic mutant of bouganin. These features make bouganin a very attractive tool as a component of immunotoxins (ITs), chimeric proteins obtained by linking a toxin to a carrier molecule. Bouganin-containing ITs showed very promising results in the experimental treatment of both hematological and solid tumors, and one bouganin-containing IT has entered Phase I clinical trial. In this review, we summarize the milestones of the research on bouganin such as bouganin chemico-physical characteristics, the structural properties and de-immunization studies. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo results obtained with bouganin-containing ITs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Szot C, Saha S, Zhang XM, Zhu Z, Hilton MB, Morris K, Seaman S, Dunleavey JM, Hsu KS, Yu GJ, Morris H, Swing DA, Haines DC, Wang Y, Hwang J, Feng Y, Welsch D, DeCrescenzo G, Chaudhary A, Zudaire E, Dimitrov DS, St. Croix B. Tumor stroma-targeted antibody-drug conjugate triggers localized anticancer drug release. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2927-2943. [PMID: 29863500 PMCID: PMC6025988 DOI: 10.1172/jci120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonmalignant stromal cells facilitate tumor growth and can occupy up to 90% of a solid tumor mass, better strategies to exploit these cells for improved cancer therapy are needed. Here, we describe a potent MMAE-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8, also known as ANTXR1), a highly conserved transmembrane receptor broadly overexpressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelium, and pericytes. Anti-TEM8 ADC elicited potent anticancer activity through an unexpected killing mechanism we term DAaRTS (drug activation and release through stroma), whereby the tumor microenvironment localizes active drug at the tumor site. Following capture of ADC prodrug from the circulation, tumor-associated stromal cells release active MMAE free drug, killing nearby proliferating tumor cells in a target-independent manner. In preclinical studies, ADC treatment was well tolerated and induced regression and often eradication of multiple solid tumor types, blocked metastatic growth, and prolonged overall survival. By exploiting TEM8+ tumor stroma for targeted drug activation, these studies reveal a drug delivery strategy with potential to augment therapies against multiple cancer types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/deficiency
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Brentuximab Vedotin
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Microfilament Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Peptide/deficiency
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Szot
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Saurabh Saha
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Morris
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James M. Dunleavey
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Yu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly Morris
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diana C. Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FNLCR, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Hwang
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean Welsch
- BioMed Valley Discoveries Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Amit Chaudhary
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brad St. Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Salehi B, Zucca P, Sharifi-Rad M, Pezzani R, Rajabi S, Setzer WN, Varoni EM, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Sharifi-Rad J. Phytotherapeutics in cancer invasion and metastasis. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1425-1449. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Zabol 61663-335 Iran
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- OU Endocrinology, Dept. Medicine (DIMED); University of Padova; via Ospedale 105 Padova 35128 Italy
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base; Padova Italy
| | - Sadegh Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alabama in Huntsville; Huntsville AL 35899 USA
| | - Elena Maria Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; Milan State University; Milan Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Milan State University; Milan Italy
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex; The University of Winnipeg; Winnipeg MB Canada
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15
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Deng C, Xiong J, Gu X, Chen X, Wu S, Wang Z, Wang D, Tu J, Xie J. Novel recombinant immunotoxin of EGFR specific nanobody fused with cucurmosin, construction and antitumor efficiency in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38568-38580. [PMID: 28445134 PMCID: PMC5503554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is related to the increased aggressiveness, metastases, and poor prognosis in various cancers. In this study, we successfully constructed a new EGFR nanobody-based immunotoxin rE/CUS containing cucurmosin (CUS), The immunotoxin was expressed by prokaryotic system and we obtained a yield of 5 mg protein per liter expression medium. The percentage of it's binding ability totumor cell lines A549, HepG2, SW116, which highly expressed EGFR was 55.6%, 79.6% and 97.1%, respectively, but SW620 was only 4.45%. rE/CUS has the ability to bind A549, HepG2, SW116 cells specifically, and the antigen binding capability was not affected because of extra part of CUS component. The rE/CUS significantly inhibited the cell viability against EGFR over expression tumor cell lines in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Moreover, rE/CUS also induced apoptosis of HepG2 and A549 mightily. Our results demonstrate that rE/CUS is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating EGFR-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiani Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Science, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuifa Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, The 180th Hospital of PLA, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Duanduan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinjin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jieming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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16
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Giansanti F, Flavell DJ, Angelucci F, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R. Strategies to Improve the Clinical Utility of Saporin-Based Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020082. [PMID: 29438358 PMCID: PMC5848183 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) including the type I RIP Saporin have been used for the construction of Immunotoxins (ITxs) obtained via chemical conjugation of the toxic domain to whole antibodies or by generating genetic fusions to antibody fragments/targeting domains able to direct the chimeric toxin against a desired sub-population of cancer cells. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and especially the possibility to express recombinant fusions in yeast, make Saporin a well-suited tool for anti-cancer therapy approaches. Previous clinical work on RIPs-based Immunotoxins (including Saporin) has shown that several critical issues must be taken into deeper consideration to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. This review focuses on possible combinatorial strategies (chemical and genetic) to augment Saporin-targeted toxin efficacy. Combinatorial approaches may facilitate RIP escape into the cytosolic compartment (where target ribosomes are), while genetic manipulations may minimize potential adverse effects such as vascular-leak syndrome or may identify T/B cell epitopes in order to decrease the immunogenicity following similar strategies as those used in the case of bacterial toxins such as Pseudomonas Exotoxin A or as for Type I RIP Bouganin. This review will further focus on strategies to improve recombinant production of Saporin-based chimeric toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory (Leukaemia Busters), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 8AT, UK.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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17
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Bhargava C, Dürkop H, Zhao X, Weng A, Melzig MF, Fuchs H. Targeted dianthin is a powerful toxin to treat pancreatic carcinoma when applied in combination with the glycosylated triterpene SO1861. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1527-1543. [PMID: 28755527 PMCID: PMC5664001 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy provides the basis for the arrest of tumor growth in aggressive pancreatic carcinoma; however, a number of protein-based targeted toxins lack efficacy due to insufficient endosomal escape after being endocytosed. Therefore, we tested a fusion protein of the ribosome-inactivating protein dianthin and human epidermal growth factor in combination with a glycosylated triterpene (SO1861) that serves as an endosomal escape enhancer. In vitro investigations with the pancreatic carcinoma cell lines BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 revealed no significant differences to off-target cells in the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) for the fusion protein. In contrast, combination with SO1861 decreased the IC50 for BxPC-3 cells from 100 to 0.17 nm, whereas control cells remained unaffected. Monotherapy of BxPC-3 xenografts in CD-1 nude mice led to a 51.7% average reduction in tumor size (40.8 mm3 ) when compared to placebo; however, combined treatment with SO1861 resulted in a more than 13-fold better efficacy (3.0 mm3 average tumor size) with complete regression in 80% of cases. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that tumor cells with lower target receptor expression are, in contrast to the combination therapy, able to escape from the monotherapy, which finally results in tumor growth. At the effective concentration, we did not observe liver toxicity and saw no other side effects with the exception of a reversible skin hardening at the SO1861 injection site, alongside an increase in platelet counts, plateletcrit, and platelet distribution width. In conclusion, combining a targeted toxin with SO1861 is proven to be a very promising approach for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheenu Bhargava
- Institute for Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | | | - Xiangli Zhao
- Institute for Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute for Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
- Institute for PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinGermany
| | | | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute for Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and PathobiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
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18
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Defective Cyclin B1 Induction in Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) Acquired Resistance in HER2-positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7006-7019. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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DeBouganin Diabody Fusion Protein Overcomes Drug Resistance to ADCs Comprised of Anti-Microtubule Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121741. [PMID: 27999336 PMCID: PMC6273041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADC), comprised of highly potent small molecule payloads chemically conjugated to a full-length antibody, represent a growing class of therapeutic agents. The targeting of cytotoxic payloads via the specificity and selectivity of the antibody has led to substantial clinical benefits. However, ADC potency can be altered by mechanisms of resistance such as overexpression of efflux pumps or anti-apoptotic proteins. DeBouganin is a de-immunized variant of bouganin, a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that blocks protein synthesis, thereby leading to apoptosis. When conjugated to trastuzumab (T-deB), deBouganin was more potent than ado-trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) and unaffected by resistance mechanisms to which DM1 is susceptible. To further highlight the differentiating mechanism of action of deBouganin, HCC1419 and BT-474 tumor cells that survived T-DM1 or trastuzumab-MMAE (T-MMAE) treatment were treated with an anti-HER2 C6.5 diabody–deBouganin fusion protein or T-deB. C6.5 diabody–deBouganin and T-deB were potent against HCC1419 and BT-474 cells that were resistant to T-DM1 or T-MMAE killing. The resistant phenotype involved MDR pumps, Bcl-2 family members, and the presence of additional unknown pathways. Overall, the data suggest that deBouganin is effective against tumor cell resistance mechanisms selected in response to ADCs composed of anti-microtubule payloads.
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