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Zhang L, Pozsgai É, Song Y, Macharia J, Alfatafta H, Zheng J, Li Z, Liu H, Kiss I. The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms and skin cancer susceptibility: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1094309. [PMID: 36874118 PMCID: PMC9975575 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1094309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interfere with the function of certain genes and thus may influence the probability of skin cancer. The correlation between SNPs and skin cancer (SC) lacks statistical power, however. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the gene polymorphisms involved in skin cancer susceptibility using network meta-analysis and to determine the relationship between SNPs and SC risk. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles including "SNP" and different types of SC as keywords between January 2005 and May 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess bias judgments. The odds ratio (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined to estimate heterogeneity within and between studies. Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were carried out to identify the SNPs associated with SC. The P-score of each SNP was compared to obtain the rank of probability. Subgroup analyses were performed by cancer type. Results A total of 275 SNPs from 59 studies were included in the study. Two subgroup SNP networks using the allele model and dominant model were analyzed. The alternative alleles of rs2228570 (FokI) and rs13181 (ERCC2) were the first-ranking SNPs in both subgroups one and two of the allele model, respectively. The homozygous dominant genotype and heterozygous genotype of rs475007 in subgroup one and the homozygous recessive genotype of rs238406 in subgroup two were most likely to be associated with skin cancer based on the dominant model. Conclusions According to the allele model, SNPs FokI rs2228570 and ERCC2 rs13181 and, according to the dominant model, SNPs MMP1 rs475007 and ERCC2 rs238406 are closely linked to SC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Health Science, Doctoral School of Health Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Yongan Song
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - John Macharia
- Department of Health Science, Doctoral School of Health Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Huda Alfatafta
- Department of Health Science, Doctoral School of Health Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - István Kiss
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Karagianni F, Njauw CN, Kypreou KP, Stergiopoulou A, Plaka M, Polydorou D, Chasapi V, Pappas L, Stratigos IA, Champsas G, Panagiotou P, Gogas H, Evangelou E, Tsao H, Stratigos AJ, Stefanaki I. CDKN2A/CDK4 Status in Greek Patients with Familial Melanoma and Association with Clinico-epidemiological Parameters. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:862-866. [PMID: 29774366 PMCID: PMC6572781 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5–10% of melanoma cases occur in a familial context. CDKN2A/CDK4 were the first high- penetrance melanoma genes identified. The aims of this study were to evaluate CDKN2A/CDK4 variants in Greek familial melanoma patients and to correlate the mutational status with specific clinico-epidemiological characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted by genotyping CDKN2A/CDK4 variants and selected MC1R polymorphisms in 52 melanoma-prone families. Descriptive statistics were calculated and comparisons were made using the X2 test, Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test for statistical analysis, as appropriate. CDKN2A variants were detected in 46.2% of melanoma-prone families, while a CDK4 variant was found in only one family. This study confirmed that, in the Greek population, the age at melanoma diagnosis was lower in patients carrying a variant in CDKN2A compared with wild-type patients. No statistically significant associations were found between CDKN2A mutational status and MC1R polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- 1st Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Koulermou G, Shammas C, Vassiliou A, Kyriakides TC, Costi C, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA, Pantelidou M. CDKN2A and MC1R variants found in Cypriot patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. J Genet 2017; 96:155-160. [PMID: 28360400 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of genetic variants associated to cutaneous melanoma (CM) has never been determined within Cypriot melanomas. This study evaluates the frequency of variants in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) in 32 patients diagnosed with CM. Other characteristics and risk factors were also assessed. CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr was detected in three of 32 patients, while the control group revealed no variations within CDKN2A. MC1R screening in 32 patients revealed the following variations: p.Val60Leu in 11 patients, p.Arg142His in four patients, p.Thr314Thr in one patient, p.Arg160Trp in one patient, p.Val92Met/p.Thr314Thr in one patient and p.Val92Met/p.Arg142His/p.Thr314Thr in one patient. The control group revealed only p.Val60Leu (in 10 of 45 individuals), which is frequently found in general populations. Two unrelated patients carried CDKN2A p.Ala148Thr in combination with MC1R p.Arg142His, suggesting digenic inheritance that may provide evidence of different gene variants acting synergistically to contribute for CM development. This study confirms the presence of CDKN2A and MC1R variants among Cypriot melanomas and supports existing evidence of a role for these variants in susceptibility to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Koulermou
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus.
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4
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Ozola A, Pjanova D. The lack of E318K MITF germline mutation in Latvian melanoma patients. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:355-6. [PMID: 25975176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aija Ozola
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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5
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Lee KC, Higgins HW, Qureshi AA. Familial risk of melanoma and links with other cancers. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:83-89. [PMID: 30190834 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic risk factors for melanoma are complex and involve both familial and environmental components. Of the thousands of melanomas diagnosed each year, only a fraction are due to familial causes. These melanomas typically present in younger individuals, and may be associated with genetic factors that put these individuals at risk for other tumors. CDKN2A and CDK4 are the most well-characterized mutations, as they have been identified in up to 40% of familial melanomas. Individuals with CDKN2A are also at risk for pancreatic cancer. The BRCA2 mutation has also been implicated in familial melanomas, breast and ovarian cancer. The BAP1, TERC and POT1 mutations are associated with melanomas and several other familial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kachiu C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - H William Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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6
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Harland M, Cust AE, Badenas C, Chang YM, Holland EA, Aguilera P, Aitken JF, Armstrong BK, Barrett JH, Carrera C, Chan M, Gascoyne J, Giles GG, Agha-Hamilton C, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Kanetsky PA, Kefford RF, Kolm I, Lowery J, Malvehy J, Ogbah Z, Puig-Butille JA, Orihuela-Segalés J, Randerson-Moor JA, Schmid H, Taylor CF, Whitaker L, Bishop DT, Mann GJ, Newton-Bishop JA, Puig S. Prevalence and predictors of germline CDKN2A mutations for melanoma cases from Australia, Spain and the United Kingdom. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2014; 12:20. [PMID: 25780468 PMCID: PMC4361137 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the CDKN2A and CDK4 genes predispose to melanoma. From three case-control studies of cutaneous melanoma, we estimated the prevalence and predictors of these mutations for people from regions with widely differing latitudes and melanoma incidence. METHODS Population-based cases and controls from the United Kingdom (1586 cases, 499 controls) and Australia (596 early-onset cases, 476 controls), and a hospital-based series from Spain (747 cases, 109 controls), were screened for variants in all exons of CDKN2A and the p16INK4A binding domain of CDK4. RESULTS The prevalence of mutations for people with melanoma was similar across regions: 2.3%, 2.5% and 2.0% for Australia, Spain and the United Kingdom respectively. The strongest predictors of carrying a mutation were having multiple primaries (odds ratio (OR) = 5.4, 95% confidence interval (CI: 2.5, 11.6) for 2 primaries and OR = 32.4 (95% CI: 14.7, 71.2) for 3 or more compared with 1 primary only); and family history (OR = 3.8; 95% CI:1.89, 7.5) for 1 affected first- or second-degree relative and OR = 23.2 (95% CI: 11.3, 47.6) for 2 or more compared with no affected relatives). Only 1.1% of melanoma cases with neither a family history nor multiple primaries had mutations. CONCLUSIONS There is a low probability (<2%) of detecting a germline CDKN2A mutation in people with melanoma except for those with a strong family history of melanoma (≥2 affected relatives, 25%), three or more primary melanomas (29%), or more than one primary melanoma who also have other affected relatives (27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Harland
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anne E Cust
- />Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research (CESR), Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Celia Badenas
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Holland
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Aguilera
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- />Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, The Cancer Council Queensland, Spring Hill, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- />Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research (CESR), Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Cristina Carrera
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - May Chan
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanne Gascoyne
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- />Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- />Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chantelle Agha-Hamilton
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- />Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- />Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Richard F Kefford
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Isabel Kolm
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Johanna Lowery
- />Genomics Facility, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Josep Malvehy
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zighereda Ogbah
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Anton Puig-Butille
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juliette A Randerson-Moor
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Schmid
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire F Taylor
- />Genomics Facility, Leeds Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Linda Whitaker
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graham J Mann
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Melanoma Institute, Australia, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- />Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology (LICAP), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Susana Puig
- />Dermatology Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- />Centro Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Buas MF, Levine DM, Makar KW, Utsugi H, Onstad L, Li X, Galipeau PC, Shaheen NJ, Hardie LJ, Romero Y, Bernstein L, Gammon MD, Casson AG, Bird NC, Risch HA, Ye W, Liu G, Corley DA, Blount PL, Fitzgerald RC, Whiteman DC, Wu AH, Reid BJ, Vaughan TL. Integrative post-genome-wide association analysis of CDKN2A and TP53 SNPs and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2740-7. [PMID: 25280564 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) in Western countries has increased markedly in recent decades. Although several risk factors have been identified for EA and its precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), including reflux, Caucasian race, male gender, obesity, and smoking, less is known about the role of inherited genetic variation. Frequent somatic mutations in the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and TP53 were recently reported in EA tumors, while somatic alterations at 9p (CDKN2A) and 17p (TP53) have been implicated as predictors of progression from BE to EA. Motivated by these findings, we used data from a genome-wide association study of 2515 EA cases and 3207 controls to analyze 37 germline single nucleotide polymorphisms at the CDKN2A and TP53 loci. Three CDKN2A polymorphisms were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with reduced risk of EA: rs2518720 C>T [intronic, odds ratio 0.90, P = 0.0121, q = 0.3059], rs3088440 G>A (3'UTR, odds ratio 0.84, P = 0.0186, q = 0.3059), and rs4074785 C>T (intronic, odds ratio 0.85, P = 0.0248, q = 0.3059). None of the TP53 single nucleotide polymorphisms reached nominal significance. Two of the CDKN2A variants identified were also associated with reduced risk of progression from BE to EA, when assessed in a prospective cohort of 408 BE patients: rs2518720 (hazard ratio 0.57, P = 0.0095, q = 0.0285) and rs3088440 (hazard ratio 0.34, P = 0.0368, q = 0.0552). In vitro functional studies of rs3088440, a single nucleotide polymorphism located in the seed sequence of a predicted miR-663b binding site, suggested a mechanism whereby the G>A substitution may attenuate miR-663b-mediated repression of the CDKN2A transcript. This study provides the first evidence that germline variation at the CDKN2A locus may influence EA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Buas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,
| | - David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen W Makar
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heidi Utsugi
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn Onstad
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patricia C Galipeau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yvonne Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA, The Romero Registry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Populations Sciences, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan G Casson
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nigel C Bird
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX UK
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Pharmacogenomic Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612 USA, San Francisco Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Patricia L Blount
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ UK
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Queensland 4006, Australia and
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian J Reid
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Vargas-Torres SL, Portari EA, Klumb EM, Guillobel HCDR, Camargo MJD, Russomano FB, Macedo JMB. Association ofCDKN2Apolymorphisms with the severity of cervical neoplasia in a Brazilian population. Biomarkers 2014; 19:121-7. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.881419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Hill VK, Gartner JJ, Samuels Y, Goldstein AM. The genetics of melanoma: recent advances. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:257-79. [PMID: 23875803 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma results from the interplay of genetic, host, and environmental factors. Genetic factors implicated in melanoma etiology include inherited high-, intermediate-, and low-risk susceptibility genes as well as numerous somatic mutations in melanoma tumors. CDKN2A is the major high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene identified to date. Recent identification of low-risk loci has been accomplished predominantly through genome-wide association studies. Whole-exome and whole-genome studies have identified numerous genes somatically altered in melanoma tumors and highlighted a higher mutation load in melanoma tumors compared with those in other cancers. This higher load is believed to be attributable to the preponderance of cytosine-to-thymine nucleotide substitutions as a result of UV radiation exposure. Technological advances, particularly next-generation sequencing, have increased the opportunities for germline and somatic gene discovery in melanoma and are opening up new avenues for understanding melanoma pathogenesis as well as leading to new opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Hill
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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10
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Maccioni L, Rachakonda PS, Bermejo JL, Planelles D, Requena C, Hemminki K, Nagore E, Kumar R. Variants at the 9p21 locus and melanoma risk. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:325. [PMID: 23816148 PMCID: PMC3702420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of variants at the 9p21 locus on melanoma risk has been reported through investigation of CDKN2A variants through candidate gene approach as well as by genome wide association studies (GWAS). Methods In the present study we genotyped, 25 SNPs that tag 273 variants on chromosome 9p21 in 837 melanoma cases and 1154 controls from Spain. Ten SNPs were selected based on previous associations, reported in GWAS, with either melanocytic nevi or melanoma risk or both. The other 15 SNPs were selected to fine map the CDKN2A gene region. Results All the 10 variants selected from the GWAS showed statistically significant association with melanoma risk. Statistically significant association with melanoma risk was also observed for the carriers of the variant T-allele of rs3088440 (540 C>T) at the 3’ UTR of CDKN2A gene with an OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.04). Interaction analysis between risk associated polymorphisms and previously genotyped MC1R variants, in the present study, did not show any statistically significant association. Statistical significant association was observed for the interaction between phototypes and the rs10811629 (located in intron 5 of MTAP). The strongest association was observed between the homozygous carrier of the A–allele and phototype II with an OR of 15.93 (95% CI 5.34-47.54). Conclusions Our data confirmed the association of different variants at chromosome 9p21 with melanoma risk and we also found an association of a variant with skin phototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maccioni
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Puntervoll HE, Yang XR, Vetti HH, Bachmann IM, Avril MF, Benfodda M, Catricalà C, Dalle S, Duval-Modeste AB, Ghiorzo P, Grammatico P, Harland M, Hayward NK, Hu HH, Jouary T, Martin-Denavit T, Ozola A, Palmer JM, Pastorino L, Pjanova D, Soufir N, Steine SJ, Stratigos AJ, Thomas L, Tinat J, Tsao H, Veinalde R, Tucker MA, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Newton-Bishop JA, Goldstein AM, Akslen LA, Molven A. Melanoma prone families with CDK4 germline mutation: phenotypic profile and associations with MC1R variants. J Med Genet 2013; 50:264-70. [PMID: 23384855 PMCID: PMC3607098 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background CDKN2A and CDK4 are high risk susceptibility genes for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma families with CDKN2A germline mutations have been extensively characterised, whereas CDK4 families are rare and lack a systematic investigation of their phenotype. Methods All known families with CDK4 germline mutations (n=17) were recruited for the study by contacting the authors of published papers or by requests via the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL). Phenotypic data related to primary melanoma and pigmentation characteristics were collected. The CDK4 exon 2 and the complete coding region of the MC1R gene were sequenced. Results Eleven families carried the CDK4 R24H mutation whereas six families had the R24C mutation. The total number of subjects with verified melanoma was 103, with a median age at first melanoma diagnosis of 39 years. Forty-three (41.7%) subjects had developed multiple primary melanomas (MPM). A CDK4 mutation was found in 89 (including 62 melanoma cases) of 209 tested subjects. CDK4 positive family members (both melanoma cases and unaffected subjects) were more likely to have clinically atypical nevi than CDK4 negative family members (p<0.001). MPM subjects had a higher frequency of MC1R red hair colour variants compared with subjects with one tumour (p=0.010). Conclusion Our study shows that families with CDK4 germline mutations cannot be distinguished phenotypically from CDKN2A melanoma families, which are characterised by early onset of disease, increased occurrence of clinically atypical nevi, and development of MPM. In a clinical setting, the CDK4 gene should therefore always be examined when a melanoma family tests negative for CDKN2A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Eknes Puntervoll
- Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Nyiraneza C, Sempoux C, Detry R, Kartheuser A, Dahan K. Hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of the p14ARF flanking exon 1β in human colorectal cancer displaying a restricted pattern of p53 overexpression concomitant with increased MDM2 expression. Clin Epigenetics 2012; 4:9. [PMID: 22703554 PMCID: PMC3470942 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that inactivation of p14ARF, a tumor suppressor central to regulating p53 protein stability through interaction with the MDM2 oncoprotein, abrogates p53 activity in human tumors retaining the wild-type TP53 gene. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor genes are frequently associated with cancer. We previously reported on a pattern of restricted p53 immunohistochemical overexpression significantly associated with microsatellite instability (MSI), low TP53 mutation frequency, and MDM2 overexpression in colorectal cancers (CRCs). In this study, we investigated whether p14ARF alterations could be a mechanism for disabling the p53 pathway in this subgroup of CRCs. Results Detailed maps of the alterations in the p14ARF gene were determined in a cohort of 98 CRCs to detect both nucleotide and copy-number changes. Methylation-specific PCR combined with bisulfite sequencing was used to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of p14ARF methylation. p14ARF alterations were then correlated with MSI status, TP53 mutations, and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and MDM2. The frequency of p14ARF mutations was extremely low (1/98; 1%), whereas coexistence of methylated and unmethylated alleles in both tumors and normal colon mucosa was common (91/98; 93%). Only seven of ninety-eight tumors (7%) had a distinct pattern of methylation compared with normal colon mucosa. Evaluation of the prevalence and distribution of p14ARF promoter methylation in a region containing 27 CpG sites in 35 patients showed a range of methylated CpG sites in tumors (0 to 25 (95% CI 1 to 13) versus 0 to 17 (95% CI 0 to 2)) in adjacent colon mucosa (P = 0.004). Hypermethylation of the p14ARF promoter was significantly correlated with the restricted p53 overexpression pattern (P = 0.03), and MDM2 overexpression (P = 0.02), independently of MSI phenotype. Although no significant correlation between p14ARF methylation and TP53 mutational status was seen (P = 0.23), methylation involving the proximal CpG sites within the 5′ CpG flanking exon 1β was present more frequently in tumors with restricted p53 overexpression than in those with diffuse p53 overexpression (range of methylated clones 17 to 36% (95% CI 24 to 36%) versus range 0 to 3% (95% CI 0 to 3%), P = 0. 0003). Conclusion p14ARF epigenetic silencing may represent an important deregulating mechanism of the p53-MDM2-p14ARF pathway in CRCs exhibiting a restricted p53 overexpression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nyiraneza
- Center for Human Genetics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium.
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Bakos RM, Besch R, Zoratto GG, Godinho JM, Mazzotti NG, Ruzicka T, Bakos L, Santos SE, Ashton-Prolla P, Berking C, Giugliani R. The CDKN2A p.A148T variant is associated with cutaneous melanoma in Southern Brazil. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:890-3. [PMID: 21895773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several germline mutations and sequence variants in cancer predisposition genes have been described. Among these, the CDKN2A p.A148T variant appears to be frequent in patients with melanoma, at least in certain ethnic groups. In this case-control study, we evaluated 127 patients with cutaneous melanoma and 128 controls from Southern Brazil, the region with the highest melanoma incidence rates in the country. Using PCR-RFLP, we demonstrate that CDKN2A p.A148T variant was significantly more frequent in patients with melanoma than in controls (12.6% vs 3.9%; P=0.009). There was no association between presence of the polymorphism and tumor thickness, site of the primary tumor, melanoma subtype, age at diagnosis, quantitative and qualitative number of nevi. Patients with a positive family of history for other cancers were particularly prone to carry the CDKN2A p.A148T allele. All patients with p.A148T-positive melanoma reported European ancestry, especially German, and this was confirmed using a panel of ancestry-informative INDELs. Our data suggest that CDKN2A p.A148T is a melanoma susceptibility allele in Southern Brazil and is particularly common in patients with melanoma of predominantly European ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M Bakos
- Dermatology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
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Cust AE, Harland M, Makalic E, Schmidt D, Dowty JG, Aitken JF, Agha-Hamilton C, Armstrong BK, Barrett JH, Chan M, Chang YM, Gascoyne J, Giles GG, Holland EA, Kefford RF, Kukalizch K, Lowery J, Randerson-Moor JA, Schmid H, Taylor CF, Whitaker L, Hopper JL, Newton-Bishop JA, Mann GJ, Bishop DT, Jenkins MA. Melanoma risk for CDKN2A mutation carriers who are relatives of population-based case carriers in Australia and the UK. J Med Genet 2011; 48:266-72. [PMID: 21325014 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.086538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CDKN2A mutations confer a substantial risk of cutaneous melanoma; however, the magnitude of risk is uncertain. METHODS The study estimated the hazard ratio (HR) and the average age specific cumulative risk (ie, penetrance) of reported melanoma for CDKN2A mutation carriers in case families using a modified segregation analysis of the first and higher degree relatives of 35 population-based cases. The study sample included 223 relatives of 13 melanoma cases diagnosed when aged 18-39 years from Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane, Australia, and 322 relatives of 22 melanoma cases diagnosed at any age from Yorkshire, UK. RESULTS The estimated HR for melanoma for mutation carriers relative to the general population decreased with regions of increasing ambient ultraviolet (UV) irradiance, being higher for the UK than Australia (87, 95% CI 50 to 153 vs 31, 95% CI 20 to 50, p=0.008), and across Australia, 49 (95% CI 24 to 98) for Melbourne, 44 (95% CI 22 to 88) for Sydney, and 9 (95% CI 2 to 33) for Brisbane (p=0.02). Penetrance did not differ by geographic region. It is estimated that 16% (95% CI 10% to 27%) of UK and 20% (95% CI 13% to 30%) of Australian CDKN2A mutation carriers would be diagnosed with melanoma by age 50 years, and 45% (95% CI 29% to 65%) and 52% (95% CI 37% to 69%), respectively, by age 80 years. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the strong association between UV radiation exposure and melanoma risk for the general population, CDKN2A mutation carriers appear to have the same cumulative risk of melanoma irrespective of the ambient UV irradiance of the region in which they live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Cust
- Center for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Prevalence of CDKN2A mutations in pancreatic cancer patients: implications for genetic counseling. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 19:472-8. [PMID: 21150883 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDKN2A have been reported in pancreatic cancer families, but genetic counseling for pancreatic cancer risk has been limited by lack of information on CDKN2A mutation carriers outside of selected pancreatic or melanoma kindreds. Lymphocyte DNA from consecutive, unselected white non-Hispanic patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was used to sequence CDKN2A. Frequencies of mutations that alter the coding of p16INK4 or p14ARF were quantified overall and in subgroups. Penetrance and likelihood of carrying mutations by family history were estimated. Among 1537 cases, 9 (0.6%) carried germline mutations in CDKN2A, including three previously unreported mutations. CDKN2A mutation carriers were more likely to have a family history of pancreatic cancer (P=0.003) or melanoma (P=0.03), and a personal history of melanoma (P=0.01). Among cases who reported having a first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer or melanoma, the carrier proportions were 3.3 and 5.3%, respectively. Penetrance for mutation carriers by age 80 was calculated to be 58% for pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval (CI) 8-86%), and 39% for melanoma (95% CI 0-80). Among cases who ever smoked cigarettes, the risk for pancreatic cancer was higher for carriers compared with non-carriers (HR 25.8, P=2.1 × 10⁻¹³), but among nonsmokers, this comparison did not reach statistical significance. Germline mutations in CDKN2A among unselected pancreatic cancer patients are uncommon, although notably penetrant, especially among smokers. Carriers of germline mutations of CDKN2A should be counseled to avoid tobacco use to decrease risk of pancreatic cancer in addition to taking measures to decrease melanoma risk.
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Montgomery JL, Sanford LN, Wittwer CT. High-resolution DNA melting analysis in clinical research and diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2010; 10:219-40. [PMID: 20214540 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among nucleic acid analytical methods, high-resolution melting analysis is gaining more and more attention. High-resolution melting provides simple, homogeneous solutions for variant scanning and genotyping, addressing the needs of today's overburdened laboratories with rapid turnaround times and minimal cost. The flexibility of the technique has allowed it to be adopted by a wide range of disciplines for a variety of applications. In this review we examine the broad use of high-resolution melting analysis, including gene scanning, genotyping (including small amplicon, unlabeled probe and snapback primers), sequence matching and methylation analysis. Four major application arenas are examined to demonstrate the methods and approaches commonly used in particular fields. The appropriate usage of high-resolution melting analysis is discussed in the context of known constraints, such as sample quality and quantity, with a particular focus placed on proper experimental design in order to produce successful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Management of melanoma families. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:549-66. [PMID: 24281082 PMCID: PMC3835091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we have aimed to focus on the clinical management of familial melanoma patients and their relatives. Along this line three major topics will be discussed: (1) management/screening of familial melanoma families: what is advised and what is the evidence thereof; (2) variability of families worldwide with regard to clinical phenotype, including cancer spectrum and likelihood of finding germline mutations and (3) background information for clinicians on the molecular biology of familial melanoma and recent developments in this field.
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Abstract
Pediatric melanoma is rare but increasing in incidence. Because early diagnosis and treatment improves prognosis, clinicians need to include it as a possible diagnosis when evaluating a pigmented lesion in a pediatric patient. Some risk factors for melanoma include xeroderma pigmentosum, giant congenital melanocytic nevi, dysplastic nevus syndrome, atypical nevi, many acquired melanocytic nevi, family history of melanoma, and immunosuppression. Definitive treatment is with surgical excision. Adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy can be used in advanced cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Jen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Bruno W, Ghiorzo P, Battistuzzi L, Ascierto PA, Barile M, Gargiulo S, Gensini F, Gliori S, Guida M, Lombardo M, Manoukian S, Menin C, Nasti S, Origone P, Pasini B, Pastorino L, Peissel B, Pizzichetta MA, Queirolo P, Rodolfo M, Romanini A, Scaini MC, Testori A, Tibiletti MG, Turchetti D, Leachman SA, Bianchi Scarrà G. Clinical genetic testing for familial melanoma in Italy: a cooperative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:775-82. [PMID: 19500876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Italian Society of Human Genetics' (SIGU) recommendations on genetic counseling and testing for hereditary melanoma state that clinical genetic testing can be offered to Italian melanoma families with at least two affected members. OBJECTIVE In the framework of a cooperative study, we sought to establish the frequency of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A mutations in melanoma families that underwent clinical genetic counseling and testing in accordance with the SIGU recommendations at 9 centers in different Italian regions. METHODS Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A testing was conducted by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis in melanoma families with at least two affected members. RESULTS A total of 33% (68/204) of the families harbored cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A mutations. In the 145 families with two affected members the mutation frequency was 25%. Three novel mutations, L94P, A86T, and c.407dupG, were identified among the cases and not in 200 controls. LIMITATIONS We were unable to perform separate analyses for individual centers, as in some cases the number of families was too small. CONCLUSIONS The availability of clinical genetic testing for melanoma to families with just two affected members in the same branch is justified in Italy in terms of the likelihood of identifying a mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bruno
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Identification of a CDK4 R24H mutation-positive melanoma family by analysis of early-onset melanoma patients in Latvia. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:119-22. [PMID: 19238106 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3283287d3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed 47 early-onset (< or =40 years) Latvian melanoma patients for the involvement of the melanoma susceptibility loci CDKN2A and CDK4. We observed no disease-related mutations in CDKN2A, but one patient had a CDK4 R24H mutation and strong family history of melanoma. Haplotype analysis using microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the Latvian haplotype is unique compared with that of other melanoma families with the R24H mutation. This finding supports the proposal that codon 24 is a mutational hotspot in the CDK4 gene.
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Laurin Council M, Gardner JM, Helms C, Liu Y, Cornelius LA, Bowcock AM. Contribution of genetic factors for melanoma susceptibility in sporadic US melanoma patients. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:485-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Pastorino L, Bonelli L, Ghiorzo P, Queirolo P, Battistuzzi L, Balleari E, Nasti S, Gargiulo S, Gliori S, Savoia P, Abate Osella S, Bernengo MG, Bianchi Scarrà G. CDKN2A mutations and MC1R variants in Italian patients with single or multiple primary melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:700-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Haferkamp S, Becker TM, Scurr LL, Kefford RF, Rizos H. p16INK4a-induced senescence is disabled by melanoma-associated mutations. Aging Cell 2008; 7:733-45. [PMID: 18843795 PMCID: PMC2582406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p16INK4a-Rb tumour suppressor pathway is required for the initiation and maintenance of cellular senescence, a state of permanent growth arrest that acts as a natural barrier against cancer progression. Senescence can be overcome if the pathway is not fully engaged, and this may occur when p16INK4a is inactivated. p16INK4a is frequently altered in human cancer and germline mutations affecting p16INK4a have been linked to melanoma susceptibility. To characterize the functions of melanoma-associated p16INK4a mutations, in terms of promoting proliferative arrest and initiating senescence, we utilized an inducible expression system in a melanoma cell model. We show that wild-type p16INK4a promotes rapid cell cycle arrest that leads to a senescence programme characterized by the appearance of chromatin foci, activation of acidic β-galactosidase activity, p53 independence and Rb dependence. Accumulation of wild-type p16INK4a also promoted cell enlargement and extensive vacuolization independent of Rb status. In contrast, the highly penetrant p16INK4a variants, R24P and A36P failed to arrest cell proliferation and did not initiate senescence. We also show that overexpression of CDK4, or its homologue CDK6, but not the downstream kinase, CDK2, inhibited the ability of wild-type p16INK4a to promote cell cycle arrest and senescence. Our data provide the first evidence that p16INK4a can initiate a CDK4/6-dependent autonomous senescence programme that is disabled by inherited melanoma-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haferkamp
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Ng D, Yang XR, Tucker MA, Goldstein AM. Mutation screening of CHD5 in melanoma-prone families linked to 1p36 revealed no deleterious coding or splice site changes. BMC Res Notes 2008; 1:86. [PMID: 18803848 PMCID: PMC2564952 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-1-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of cutaneous malignant melanoma and dysplastic nevi (CMM/DN) families is linked to 1p36. To date, no CMM/DN susceptibility gene has been identified at this locus. Data from mouse studies identified chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 (CHD5) as a tumor suppressor affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis via the CDKN2A/p53 pathway. Based on these findings, we felt it was important to screen CHD5 as a familial CMM/DN susceptibility gene. Methods Eight unrelated CMM/DN families showing prior evidence of linkage to the 1p36 locus were identified for CHD5 mutation screening. One CMM/DN affected and one unaffected individual from each family were selected for sequencing of the CHD5 coding exons and their respective intron-exon boundaries. CHD5 variants that were identified solely among affecteds in the screening panel were further assessed by sequencing additional affected and unaffected members of these families to determine if the variant co-segregated with the CMM/DN phenotype. Results Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHD5 intronic and coding regions were identified among affecteds in the screening panel. None of these variants completely co-segregated with CMM/DN affection status among these eight families. Conclusion There is no evidence to support CHD5 as a major melanoma susceptibility gene among the eight CMM/DN families screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Peric B, Cerkovnik P, Novakovic S, Zgajnar J, Besic N, Hocevar M. Prevalence of variations in melanoma susceptibility genes among Slovenian melanoma families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:86. [PMID: 18803811 PMCID: PMC2556318 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Two high-risk genes have been implicated in the development of CM (cutaneous melanoma). Germline mutations of the CDKN2A gene are found in < 25% of melanoma-prone families and there are only seven families with mutation of the CDK4 gene reported to date. Beside those high penetrance genes, certain allelic variants of the MC1R gene modify the risk of developing the disease. The aims of our study were: to determine the prevalence of germline CDKN2A mutations and variants in members of families with familial CM and in patients with multiple primary CM; to search for possible CDK4 mutations, and to determine the frequency of variations in the MC1R gene. Methods From January 2001 until January 2007, 64 individuals were included in the study. The group included 28 patients and 7 healthy relatives belonging to 25 families, 26 patients with multiple primary tumors and 3 children with CM. Additionally 54 healthy individuals were included as a control group. Mutations and variants of the melanoma susceptibility genes were identified by direct sequencing. Results Seven families with CDKN2A mutations were discovered (7/25 or 28.0%). The L94Q mutation found in one family had not been previously reported in other populations. The D84N variant, with possible biological impact, was discovered in the case of patient without family history but with multiple primary CM. Only one mutation carrier was found in the control group. Further analysis revealed that c.540C>T heterozygous carriers were more common in the group of CM patients and their healthy relatives (11/64 vs. 2/54). One p14ARF variant was discovered in the control group and no mutations of the CDK4 gene were found. Most frequently found variants of the MC1R gene were T314T, V60L, V92M, R151C, R160W and R163Q with frequencies slightly higher in the group of patients and their relatives than in the group of controls, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion The present study has shown high prevalence of p16INK4A mutations in Slovenian population of familial melanoma patients (37%) and an absence of p14ARF or CDK4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Peric
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Helsing P, Nymoen DA, Ariansen S, Steine SJ, Maehle L, Aamdal S, Langmark F, Loeb M, Akslen LA, Molven A, Andresen PA. Population-based prevalence of CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations in patients with multiple primary melanomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:175-84. [PMID: 18023021 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of multiple primary cutaneous melanomas (MPM) has been advocated as guidance to identifying melanoma families. Frequencies of CDKN2A mutations in materials of sporadic MPM cases from pigmented lesion clinics vary between 8 and 15%. Patients with MPM have therefore been regarded as good candidates for CDKN2A mutational screening. We describe a population-based study where all persons in Norway diagnosed with MPM between 1953 and 2004 (n = 738 alive per April 2004) were invited to participate. Three-hundred-and-ninety patients (52.8%) responded confidentially. Mutations in CDKN2A were found in 6.9% of the respondents. Eighty-one MPM patients (20.8%) reported that they belonged to melanoma families, and 17 (21.0%) of these harboured a CDKN2A mutation, compared to 3.2% of the nonfamilial cases. The probability of finding a CDKN2A mutation increased when the patients had three or more melanomas, or a young age of onset of first melanoma. We identified five novel CDKN2A variants (Ala57Gly, Pro81Arg, Ala118Val, Leu130Val, and Arg131Pro) and four that previously have been reported in melanoma families (Glu27X, Met53Ile, Arg87Trp, and Ala127Pro). A large deletion (g.13623_23772del10150) encompassing exon 1alpha and the 5' part of exon 2 was detected in six patients with a family history of melanoma. Three patients, belonging to the same family, had the CDK4 Arg24His mutation. The frequency of CDKN2A mutations was lower than previously reported in other studies, an observation which probably is due to the population-based design of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Helsing
- Department of Dermatology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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