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Asirvatham-Jeyaraj N, Anselmo M, Chantigian DP, Larson M, Lee EJ, Keller-Ross ML. Influence of endogenous and exogenous hormones on the cardiovascular response to lower extremity exercise and group III/IV activation in young females. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R379-R388. [PMID: 39034814 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00017.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Oral contraceptive (OC) use can increase resting blood pressure (BP) in females as well as contribute to greater activation of group III/IV afferents during upper body exercise. It is unknown, however, whether an exaggerated BP response occurs during lower limb exercise in OC users. We sought to elucidate the group III/IV afferent activity-mediated BP and heart rate responses while performing lower extremity tasks during early and late follicular phases in young, healthy females. Females not taking OCs (NOC: n = 8; age: 25 ± 4 yr) and those taking OCs (OC: n = 10; age: 23 ± 2 yr) completed a continuous knee extension/flexion passive stretch (mechanoreflex) and cycling exercise with subsystolic cuff occlusion (exercise pressor reflex), which was followed by a 2-min postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) (metaboreflex). Data collection occurred on two occasions: once during the early follicular phase (days 1-4) and once during the late follicular phase (days 10-14) of their menstrual cycle (NOC) or during the placebo and active pill phases (OC). Resting mean arterial BP and heart rate were not different between phases in NOC and OC participants (P > 0.05). Hemodynamic responses to metaboreflex, mechanoreflex, and collective exercise pressor reflex activation were not different between phases in both groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, although OCs are known to increase BP at rest, our findings indicate that neither endogenous nor exogenous (OC) sex hormones modulate BP during large, lower limb muscle exercise with or without group III/IV afferent activation in young, healthy females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in the cardiovascular response to exercise have been demonstrated and may be dependent on sex hormone levels. Furthermore, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to exaggerate the blood pressure response to upper extremity exercise. The results of this study indicate that neither endogenous nor exogenous (OC) sex hormones modulate BP during lower extremity dynamic exercise or with group III/IV afferent activation in young, healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninitha Asirvatham-Jeyaraj
- Cardiometabolic and Neuromodulation Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Miguel Anselmo
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Daniel P Chantigian
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mia Larson
- Lillehei Clinical Research Unit, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Center, Minnesota, United States
| | - Emma J Lee
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Manda L Keller-Ross
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in Rat Uterine Artery Is Increased by Pregnancy and Induces Dilation in a Ca2+ and ERK1/2 Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115996. [PMID: 35682675 PMCID: PMC9180712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of estrogens across gestation are partly responsible for the physiological adaptations of the maternal vasculature to pregnancy. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates acute vasorelaxing effects in the uterine vasculature, which may contribute to the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow. The aim of this study was to investigate whether GPER expression and vasorelaxation may occur following pregnancy. Elucidation of the functional signalling involved was also investigated. Radial uterine and third-order mesenteric arteries were isolated from non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant rats (P). GPER mRNA levels were determined and—concentration–response curve to the GPER-specific agonist, G1 (10−10–10−6 M), was assessed in arteries pre-constricted with phenylephrine. In uterine arteries, GPER mRNA expression was significantly increased and vasorelaxation to G1 was significantly enhanced in P compared with NP rats. Meanwhile, in mesenteric arteries, there was a similar order of magnitude in NP and P rats. Inhibition of L-type calcium channels and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 significantly reduced vasorelaxation triggered by G1 in uterine arteries. Increased GPER expression and GPER-mediated vasorelaxation are associated with the advancement of gestation in uterine arteries. The modulation of GPER is exclusive to uterine arteries, thus suggesting a physiological contribution of GPER toward the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy.
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Dudenko D, Gómez R, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Bazedoxifene increases the proliferation of human arterial endothelial cells but does not affect the expression of cyclins A, B, and D1 and of p27 Kip1. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:269-272. [PMID: 33480311 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1876653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction and denudation are considered a first step in atherosclerosis. Endothelial proliferation is key for cellular repair. The effect of bazedoxifene on the vascular endothelium has not been explored. We investigated the effect of bazedoxifene on endothelial cell proliferation. METHODS Primary cultures from human umbilical artery endothelial cells were used in dose-response experiments (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 EC50 dose) with bazedoxifene, estradiol, raloxifene and a combination of bazedoxifene and estradiol. Proliferation was assessed with the XTT colorimetric cell-proliferation assay. The possible participation of cyclins A, B, D1 and p27Kip1 was analyzed by the measurement of their expression at both the protein and the gene levels. RESULTS A significant increase of similar size for cell proliferation was obtained with bazedoxifene, estradiol and raloxifene, but no significant change was observed for the association of bazedoxifene and estradiol. The impact was detected at the first 0.1 EC50 dose and was not dose-dependent. Estradiol achieved a significant increase in the protein expression of cyclin A and p27Kip1, but no change was detected for the other compounds at either the gene or protein level. CONCLUSION Bazedoxifene demonstrated a proliferative effect of similar size to estradiol in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells. The molecular mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Dudenko
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Gómez
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Tarín
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Burguete MC, Jover-Mengual T, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jorques M, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Salom JB. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β-oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12751. [PMID: 31127971 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.) or 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (100 μg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.). At 24 hours post-ischaemia-reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA- and E2 -treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia-reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up-regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Burguete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zimmerman MA, Hutson DD, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Lindsey SH. Bazedoxifene-induced vasodilation and inhibition of vasoconstriction is significantly greater than estradiol. Menopause 2019; 26:172-181. [PMID: 30130290 PMCID: PMC6344253 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new strategy for menopausal hormone therapy replaces medroxyprogesterone with the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene. While the agonist or antagonist activity of bazedoxifene has been examined in other tissues, the current study explored the impact of bazedoxifene on resistance artery reactivity. We hypothesized that bazedoxifene may induce greater vasoprotective effects than estradiol due to enhanced activation of the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor. METHODS We measured the vasodilation of mesenteric resistance arteries from adult male and female wild-type and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor knockout mice (n = 58) in response to increasing concentrations of bazedoxifene, medroxyprogesterone, and estradiol, and also the impact of these compounds on the responses to phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. RESULTS Bazedoxifene-induced vasorelaxation was greater than estradiol and blunted phenylephrine-induced contraction-an effect not observed with estradiol. Neither estradiol nor bazedoxifene altered relaxation to sodium nitroprusside. The combination of bazedoxifene + estradiol promoted greater vasodilation than medroxyprogesterone + estradiol, and opposed phenylephrine-induced contraction, whereas medroxyprogesterone + estradiol failed to attenuate this response. Both bazedoxifene + estradiol and medroxyprogesterone + estradiol enhanced sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation in females. Vascular responses were similar in both sexes in wild-type and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSION Bazedoxifene and bazedoxifene + estradiol relaxed mesenteric arteries and opposed vasoconstriction to a greater degree than estradiol or medroxyprogesterone + estradiol. These effects were independent of sex and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor expression. We conclude that bazedoxifene may provide vascular benefits over estrogen alone or estrogen plus progestogen combinations in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Dillion D Hutson
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Jover-Mengual T, Castelló-Ruiz M, Burguete MC, Jorques M, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jurado-Rodríguez A, Pérez S, Centeno JM, Miranda FJ, Alborch E, Torregrosa G, Salom JB. Molecular mechanisms mediating the neuroprotective role of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, in acute ischemic stroke: A comparative study with 17β-estradiol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:296-304. [PMID: 28479229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the knowledge on the estrogenic system in the brain grows, the possibilities to modulate it in order to afford further neuroprotection in brain damaging disorders so do it. We have previously demonstrated the ability of the selective estrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene (BZA), to reduce experimental ischemic brain damage. The present study has been designed to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in such a neuroprotective action by investigating: 1) stroke-induced apoptotic cell death; 2) expression of estrogen receptors (ER) ERα, ERβ and the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER); and 3) modulation of MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. For comparison, a parallel study was done with 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated animals. Male Wistar rats subject to transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, intraluminal thread technique, 60min), were distributed in vehicle-, BZA- (20.7±2.1ng/mL in plasma) and E2- (45.6±7.8pg/mL in plasma) treated groups. At 24h from the onset of tMCAO, RT-PCR, Western blot and histochemical analysis were performed on brain tissue samples. Ischemia-reperfusion per se increased apoptosis as assessed by both caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive cell counts, which were reversed by both BZA and E2. ERα and ERβ expression, but not that of GPER, was reduced by the ischemic insult. BZA and E2 had different effects: while BZA increased both ERα and ERβ expression, E2 increased ERα expression but did not change that of ERβ. Both MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways were stimulated under ischemic conditions. While BZA strongly reduced the increased p-ERK1/2 levels, E2 did not. Neither BZA nor E2 modified ischemia-induced increase in p-Akt levels. These results show that modulation of ERα and ERβ expression, as well as of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway accounts, at least in part, for the inhibitory effect of BZA on the stroke-induced apoptotic cell death. This lends mechanistic support to the consideration of BZA as a potential neuroprotective drug in acute ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Jurado-Rodríguez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Centeno
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Miranda
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain.
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia Spain
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