1
|
Atre I, Mizrahi N, Levavi-Sivan B. Characteristics of Neurokinin-3 Receptor and Its Binding Sites by Mutational Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100968. [PMID: 34681067 PMCID: PMC8533089 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NKB (Neurokinin B) is already known to play a crucial role in fish reproduction, but little is known about the structure and function of NKB receptors. Based on an in silico model of the tilapia NKB receptor Tachykinin 3 receptor a (tiTac3Ra) found in the current study, we determined the key residues involved in binding to tilapia NKB and its functional homologue NKF (Neurokinin F). Despite studies in humans suggesting the crucial role of F2516.44 and M2897.43 in NKB binding, no direct peptide interaction was observed in tilapia homologs. In-silico, Ala mutations on residues F2516.44 and M2897.43 did not influence binding affinity, but significantly affected the stability of tiTac3Ra. Moreover, in vitro studies indicated them to be critical to tiNKB/tiNKF-induced receptor activity. The binding of NKB antagonists to tiTac3Ra both in-vitro and in vivo inhibits FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) release and sperm production in mature tilapia males. Non-peptide NKB antagonist SB-222200 had a strong inhibitory effect on the Tac3Ra activation. SB-222200 also decreased LH plasma levels; two hours post intraperitoneal injection, changed sperm volume and the ratios of the different stages along the spermatogenesis in tilapia testes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mkaouar R, Abdallah LCB, Naouali C, Lahbib S, Turki Z, Elouej S, Bouyacoub Y, Somai M, Mcelreavey K, Bashamboo A, Abdelhak S, Messaoud O. Oligogenic Inheritance Underlying Incomplete Penetrance of PROKR2 Mutations in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Front Genet 2021; 12:665174. [PMID: 34539727 PMCID: PMC8446458 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction, olfactory bulb morphogenesis, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion is well established. Recent studies have highlighted the implication of di/oligogenic inheritance in this disorder. In the present study, we aimed to identify the genetic mechanisms that could explain incomplete penetrance in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). This study involved two unrelated Tunisian patients with HH, which was triggered by identifying a homozygous p.(Pro290Ser) mutation in the PROKR2 gene in a girl (HH1) with Kallmann syndrome (KS). The functional effect of this variant has previously been well demonstrated. Unexpectedly, her unaffected father (HH1P) and brother (HH1F) also carried this genetic variation at a homozygous state. In the second family, we identified a heterozygous p.(Lys205del) mutation in PROKR2, both in a male patient with normosmic idiopathic IHH (HH12) and his asymptomatic mother. Whole-exome sequencing in the three HH1 family members allowed the identification of additional variants in the prioritized genes. We then carried out digenic combination predictions using the oligogenic resource for variant analysis (ORVAL) software. For HH1, we found the highest number of disease-causing variant pairs. Notably, a CCDC141 variant (c.2803C > T) was involved in 18 pathogenic digenic combinations. The CCDC141 variant acts in an autosomal recessive inheritance mode, based on the digenic effect prediction data. For the second patient (HH12), prediction by ORVAL allowed the identification of an interesting pathogenic digenic combination between DUSP6 and SEMA7A genes, predicted as “dual molecular diagnosis.” The SEMA7A variant p.(Glu436Lys) is novel and predicted as a VUS by Varsome. Sanger validation revealed the absence of this variant in the healthy mother. We hypothesize that disease expression in HH12 could be induced by the digenic transmission of the SEMA7A and DUSP6 variants or a monogenic inheritance involving only the SEMA7A VUS if further functional assays allow its reclassification into pathogenic. Our findings confirm that homozygous loss-of-function genetic variations are insufficient to cause KS, and that oligogenism is most likely the main transmission mode involved in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mkaouar
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saida Lahbib
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zinet Turki
- Département d'Endocrinologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Elouej
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Bouyacoub
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maali Somai
- Département d'Endocrinologie et de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut de Nutrition, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Anu Bashamboo
- Génétique du Développement Humain, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Messaoud
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez Gabilondo A, Hernández Pérez L, Martínez Rodríguez R. Hormonal and neuroendocrine control of reproductive function in teleost fish. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is one of the important physiological events for the maintenance of the species. Hormonal and neuroendocrine regulation of teleost requires multiple and complex interactions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. Within this axis, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Steroidogenesis drives reproduction function in which the development and differentiation of gonads. In recent years, new neuropeptides have become the focus of reproductive physiology research as they are involved in the different regulatory mechanisms of these species' growth, metabolism, and reproduction. However, especially in fish, the role of these neuropeptides in the control of reproductive function is not well studied. The study of hormonal and neuroendocrine events that regulate reproduction is crucial for the development and success of aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rodríguez Gabilondo
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Liz Hernández Pérez
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rebeca Martínez Rodríguez
- Metabolic Modifiers for Aquaculture, Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Epigenomic control of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurone development and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12860. [PMID: 32452569 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive success depends on gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary and activate gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Genetic screening studies in patients diagnosed with Kallmann syndrome (KS), a congenital form of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH), identified several causal mutations, including those in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system. This signalling pathway regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification and cell survival. Indeed, the GnRH neurone system was absent or abrogated in transgenic mice with reduced (ie, hypomorphic) Fgf8 and/or Fgf receptor (Fgfr) 1 expression, respectively. Moreover, we found that GnRH neurones were absent in the embryonic olfactory placode of Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, the putative birthplace of GnRH neurones. These observations, together with those made in human KS/CHH patients, indicate that the FGF8/FGFR1 signalling system is a requirement for the ontogenesis of the GnRH neuronal system and function. In this review, we discuss how epigenetic factors control the expression of genes such as Fgf8 that are known to be critical for GnRH neurone ontogenesis, fate specification, and the pathogenesis of KS/CHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mizrahi N, Gilon C, Atre I, Ogawa S, Parhar IS, Levavi-Sivan B. Deciphering Direct and Indirect Effects of Neurokinin B and GnRH in the Brain-Pituitary Axis of Tilapia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:469. [PMID: 31354632 PMCID: PMC6639853 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurokinin B (NKB) and its cognate receptor (NK3R) are emerging as important components of the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. Unlike mammalian tac3, which encodes only one mature peptide (namely NKB), two mature peptides are predicted for each tac3 gene in fish and frogs. Therefore, it was designated as Neurokinin F (NKF). Hormone analogs with high and long-lasting biological activity are important tools for physiological and biological research; however, the availability of piscine-specific analogs is very limited. Therefore, we have developed specific NKB and NKF analogs based on the structure of the mammalian NKB analog-senktide. These analogs, specifically designed for longer half-lives by methylation of proteolysis sites, exhibited activity equal to those of the native NKB and NKF in short-term signal-transduction assays of tilapia NKB receptors. However, the analogs were found to be able to significantly increase the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and growth hormone (GH) in tilapia, as fast as 1 h after intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The impact of the analogs on LH and FSH secretion lasted longer compared to the effect of native peptides and salmon GnRH analog (sGnRHa). In addition, we harvested pituitaries 24 h post injection and measured LH, FSH and GH mRNA synthesis. Both analogs elevated mRNA levels of LH and GH, but only NKB analog increased FSH mRNA levels in the pituitary and all GnRH forms in the brain. NKB receptors were co-localized with all three types the GnRH neurons in tilapia brain in situ. We previously showed a direct effect of NKB at the pituitary level, and these new results suggest that the stronger impact of the NKB analog on GTH release is also due to an indirect effect through the activation of GnRH neurons. These results suggest that novel synthetic NKB analogs may serve as a tool for both research and agricultural purposes. Finally, the biological activity and regulatory role of NKB in tilapia brain and pituitary suggest that the NKB/NKBR system in fish is an important reproductive regulator in a similar way to the kisspeptin system in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naama Mizrahi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ishwar Atre
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S. Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Berta Levavi-Sivan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karakas SE, Surampudi P. New Biomarkers to Evaluate Hyperandrogenemic Women and Hypogonadal Men. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 86:71-125. [PMID: 30144842 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgens can have variable effects on men and women. Women may be evaluated for androgen excess for several reasons. Typically, young premenopausal women present with clinical symptoms of hirsutism, alopecia, irregular menses, and/or infertility. The most common cause of these symptoms is polycystic ovary syndrome. After menopause, even though ovaries stop producing estrogen, they continue to produce androgen, and women can have new onset of hirsutism and alopecia. Laboratory evaluation involves measurement of the major ovarian and adrenal androgens. In women, age, phase of the menstrual cycle, menopausal status, obesity, metabolic health, and sex hormone-binding proteins significantly affect total-androgen levels and complicate interpretation. This review will summarize the clinically relevant evaluation of hyperandrogenemia at different life stages in women and highlight pitfalls associated with interpretation of commonly used hormone measurements. Hypogonadism in men is a clinical syndrome characterized by low testosterone and/or low sperm count. Symptoms of hypogonadism include decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased vitality, decreased muscle mass, increased adiposity, depressed mood, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Hypogonadism is a common disorder in aging men. Hypogonadism is observed rarely in young boys and adolescent men. Based on the defects in testes, hypothalamus, and/or pituitary glands, hypogonadism can be broadly classified as primary, secondary, and mixed hypogonadism. Diagnosis of hypogonadism in men is based on symptoms and laboratory measurement. Biomarkers in use/development for hypogonadism are classified as hormonal, Leydig and Sertoli cell function, semen, genetic/RNA, metabolic, microbiome, and muscle mass-related. These biomarkers are useful for diagnosis of hypogonadism, determination of the type of hypogonadism, identification of the underlying causes, and therapeutic assessment. Measurement of serum testosterone is usually the most important single diagnostic test for male hypogonadism. Patients with primary hypogonadism have low testosterone and increased luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Patients with secondary hypogonadism have low testosterone and low or inappropriately normal LH and FSH. This review provides an overview of hypogonadism in men and a detailed discussion of biomarkers currently in use and in development for diagnosis thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidika E Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Prasanth Surampudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wen J, Pan L, Xu X, Wang J, Hu C. Clinical data and genetic mutation in Kallmann syndrome with CHARGE syndrome: Case report and pedigree analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11284. [PMID: 29979396 PMCID: PMC6076089 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE This study aimed to investigate the genetic mutation characteristics of Kallmann syndrome (KS) with CHARGE syndrome through the clinical features and genetic analysis of a pediatric patient with KS in one pedigree. PATIENT CONCERNS Developmental disorders with olfactory abnormalities, developmental lag, heart malformations, external genital malformations. DIAGNOSES KS combined with some clinical characteristics of CHARGE syndrome. Molecular genetic analysis found that mutation occurred in the CHD7 gene. INTERVENTIONS One pediatric patient's clinical data were collected and genomic DNA extracted from the peripheral blood. Nextgeneration gene sequencing technology was used to detect pathogenic genes, and the Sanger method was applied to perform pedigree verification for the detected suspicious pathogenic mutations. OUTCOMES Gene detection revealed there to be a heterozygous mutation in the CHD7 gene of the patient, which was a missense mutation c.6571G > A (p.E2191K). The father's genotype was wild type, whereas it was the mutant type for the mother and younger brother. The distribution frequency of this mutation was zero in the dbSNP database, Hapmap, 1000 genomes database, and ExAC. Neither the mother nor the younger brother showed any clinical feature of KS or CHARGE syndrome. LESSONS This study reports 1 case of KS with some clinical features of CHARGE syndrome as determined via clinical and genetic analysis, and found a new mutation in the CHD7 gene, suggesting that KS has an incomplete penetrance. Meanwhile, data suggested that mutation in the CHD7 gene could be detected in the setting of incomplete clinical manifestations of CHARGE syndrome, or without the usually believed manifestations of combined deafness as well as morphological abnormalities of the ear, providing new evidence for the differential diagnosis of KS with CHARGE syndrome in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, the Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics
| | - Li Pan
- Children's Medical Center
| | | | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pediatric General Surgury, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turan I, Hutchins BI, Hacihamdioglu B, Kotan LD, Gurbuz F, Ulubay A, Mengen E, Yuksel B, Wray S, Topaloglu AK. CCDC141 Mutations in Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1816-1825. [PMID: 28324054 PMCID: PMC5470764 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons originate outside the central nervous system in the olfactory placode and migrate into the central nervous system, becoming integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Failure of this migration can lead to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS). We have previously shown that CCDC141 knockdown leads to impaired migration of GnRH neurons but not of olfactory receptor neurons. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to further describe the phenotype and prevalence of CCDC141 mutations in IHH/KS. DESIGN Using autozygosity mapping, candidate gene screening, whole-exome sequencing, and Sanger sequencing, those individuals carrying deleterious CDCD141 variants and their phenotypes were determined in a cohort of 120 IHH/KS families. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS No interventions were made. RESULTS Our studies revealed nine affected individuals from four independent families in which IHH/KS is associated with inactivating CCDC141 variants, revealing a prevalence of 3.3%. Affected individuals (with the exception of those from family 1 who concomitantly have FEZF1 mutations) have normal olfactory function and anatomically normal olfactory bulbs. Four affected individuals show evidence of clinical reversibility. In three of the families, there was at least one more potentially deleterious variant in other known puberty genes with evidence of allelic heterogeneity within respective pedigrees. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm that inactivating CCDC141 variants cause normosmic IHH but not KS. This is consistent with our previous in vitro experiments showing exclusively impaired embryonic migration of GnRH neurons upon CCDC141 knockdown. These studies expand the clinical and genetic spectrum of IHH and also attest to the complexity of phenotype and genotype in IHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Turan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - B. Ian Hutchins
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Bulent Hacihamdioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpasa Training Hospital, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L. Damla Kotan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gurbuz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayca Ulubay
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - A. Kemal Topaloglu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Batson Children’s Hospital, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mengen E, Tunc S, Kotan LD, Nalbantoglu O, Demir K, Gurbuz F, Turan I, Seker G, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK. Complete Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to Homozygous GNRH1 Mutations in the Mutational Hot Spots in the Region Encoding the Decapeptide. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 85:107-11. [PMID: 26595427 DOI: 10.1159/000441977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations of the human GNRH1 gene are an extremely rare cause of normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH), with only 6 mutations so far described. PATIENTS As part of a larger study, families with IHH were screened for mutations in genes known to be associated with IHH. In family 1, a 15-year and 9-month-old boy first presented during infancy with micropenis and bilateral cryptorchidism. His pubic and axillary hair is at stage 4 and 2, respectively. His testes are 1 ml bilaterally, and his stretched penile length is 3.6 cm. In family 2, a 19-year and 2-month-old man was referred because of absence of secondary sexual characteristics. His 13-year and 8-month-old sister did not have any breast development. RESULTS In 3 patients from 2 independent families we identified GNRH1 mutations. In the proband from family 1, a homozygous 1-base deletion (c.87delA) leading to a frameshift mutation (p.G29GfsX12) was identified. In family 2, the affected siblings had a novel homozygous mutation of c.G92A leading to p.R31H. CONCLUSION Both mutations in these families are located in the region encoding the decapeptide and in the loci where the mutations have been described before. Therefore, these areas can be considered as mutational hot spots, indicating priority for routine diagnostic gene mutation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Mengen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hutchins BI, Kotan LD, Taylor-Burds C, Ozkan Y, Cheng PJ, Gurbuz F, Tiong JDR, Mengen E, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK, Wray S. CCDC141 Mutation Identified in Anosmic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Kallmann Syndrome) Alters GnRH Neuronal Migration. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1956-66. [PMID: 27014940 PMCID: PMC4870868 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first mutation in a gene associated with a neuronal migration disorder was identified in patients with Kallmann Syndrome, characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. This pathophysiological association results from a defect in the development of the GnRH and the olfactory system. A recent genetic screening of Kallmann Syndrome patients revealed a novel mutation in CCDC141. Little is known about CCDC141, which encodes a coiled-coil domain containing protein. Here, we show that Ccdc141 is expressed in GnRH neurons and olfactory fibers and that knockdown of Ccdc141 reduces GnRH neuronal migration. Our findings in human patients and mouse models predict that CCDC141 takes part in embryonic migration of GnRH neurons enabling them to form a hypothalamic neuronal network to initiate pulsatile GnRH secretion and reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ian Hutchins
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - L Damla Kotan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Carol Taylor-Burds
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Paul J Cheng
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gurbuz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Jean D R Tiong
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yuksel
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - A Kemal Topaloglu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Susan Wray
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (B.I.H., C.T.-B., P.J.C., J.D.R.T., S.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Biotechnology (L.D.K., A.K.T.), Institute of Sciences, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; Fırat University (Y.O.), 23119 Elazıg, Turkey; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (F.G., E.M., B.Y., A.K.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao JF, Xu HL, Duan J, Chen RR, Li L, Li B, Nie M, Min L, Zhang HB, Wu XY. Reversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a cohort study in Chinese patients. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:497-502. [PMID: 25578938 PMCID: PMC4430958 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.145072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has traditionally been viewed as a life-long disease caused by a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, a portion of patients may gradually regain normal reproductive axis function during hormonal replacement therapy. The predictive factors for potential IHH reversal are largely unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence and clinical features of IHH male patients who had reversed reproductive axis function. In this retrospective cohort study, male IHH patients were classified into a reversal group (n = 18) and a nonreversal group (n = 336). Concentration of gonadotropins and testosterone, as well as testicle sizes and sperm counts, were determined. Of 354 IHH patients, 18 (5.1%) acquired normal reproductive function during treatment. The median age for reversal was 24 years old (range 21–34 years). Compared with the nonreversal group, the reversible group had higher basal luteinizing hormone (LH) (1.0 ± 0.7 IU l-1vs 0.4 ± 0.4 IU l−1, P < 0.05) and stimulated LH (28.3 ± 22.6 IU l−1vs 1.9 ± 1.1 IU l−1, P < 0.01) levels, as well as larger testicle size (5.1 ± 2.6 ml vs 1.5 ± 0.3 ml, P < 0.01), at the initial visit. In summary, larger testicle size and higher stimulated LH concentrations are favorite parameters for reversal. Our finding suggests that reversible patients may retain partially active reproductive axis function at initial diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xue-Yan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cherif Ben Abdallah L, Lakhoua Y, Nagara M, Khiari K, Elouej S, Messaoud O, Bouyacoub Y, Romdhane L, Turki Z, Abdelhak S, Ben Abdallah N. A Tunisian patient with two rare syndromes: triple a syndrome and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:338-43. [PMID: 25247238 DOI: 10.1159/000365888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The coexistence of triple A syndrome (AAAS) and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) has so far not been reported in the literature. This study aimed to characterize at the clinical and genetic level one patient presenting an association of AAAS and CHH in order to identify causal mutations. METHODS Clinical and endocrinal investigations were performed and followed by mutational screening of candidate genes. RESULTS At the age of 18, the patient presented sexual infantilism, a micropenis and gynecomastia. No mutation was revealed in GnRHR, TACR3/TAC3, PROK2/PROKR2 and PROP1 genes, except a homozygous intronic variation (c.244 + 128C>T; dbSNP: rs350129) in the KISS1R gene, which is likely nondeleterious. A homozygous splice-donor site mutation (IVS14 + 1G>A) was found in the AAAS gene. This mutation, responsible for AAAS, is a founder mutation in North Africa. CONCLUSION This is the first report on a Tunisian patient with the coexistence of AAAS and CHH. The diagnosis of CHH should be taken in consideration in patients with Allgrove syndrome and who carry the IVS14 + 1G>A mutation as this might challenge appropriate genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Cherif Ben Abdallah
- LR11IPT05, Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu WJ, Zhang Q, Wang YQ, Yang GQ, Hong TP, Zhu DL, Yang JK, Ning G, Jin N, Chen K, Zang L, Wang AP, Du J, Wang XL, Yang LJ, Ba JM, Lv ZH, Dou JT, Mu YM. Mutation analyses in pedigrees and sporadic cases of ethnic Han Chinese Kallmann syndrome patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1480-9. [PMID: 26031747 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215587531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome, a form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is characterized by developmental abnormalities of the reproductive system and abnormal olfaction. Despite association of certain genes with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the genetic inheritance and expression are complex and incompletely known. In the present study, seven Kallmann syndrome pedigrees in an ethnic Han Chinese population were screened for genetic mutations. The exons and intron-exon boundaries of 19 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)-related genes in seven Chinese Kallmann syndrome pedigrees were sequenced. Detected mutations were also tested in 70 sporadic Kallmann syndrome cases and 200 Chinese healthy controls. In pedigrees 1, 2, and 7, the secondary sex characteristics were poorly developed and the patients' sense of smell was severely or completely lost. We detected a genetic mutation in five of the seven pedigrees: homozygous KAL1 p.R191ter (pedigree 1); homozygous KAL1 p.C13ter (pedigree 2; a novel mutation); heterozygous FGFR1 p.R250W (pedigree 3); and homozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H (pedigrees 4 and 5). No genetic change of the assayed genes was detected in pedigrees 6 and 7. Among the 70 sporadic cases, we detected one homozygous and one heterozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H mutation. This mutation was also detected heterozygously in 2/200 normal controls and its pathogenicity is likely questionable. The genetics and genotype-phenotype relationships in Kallmann syndrome are complicated. Classical monogenic inheritance does not explain the full range of genetic inheritance of Kallmann syndrome patients. Because of stochastic nature of genetic mutations, exome analyses of Kallmann syndrome patients may provide novel insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying-Qian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tian-Pei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University the Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Da-Long Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xian-Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garaffo G, Conte D, Provero P, Tomaiuolo D, Luo Z, Pinciroli P, Peano C, D'Atri I, Gitton Y, Etzion T, Gothilf Y, Gays D, Santoro MM, Merlo GR. The Dlx5 and Foxg1 transcription factors, linked via miRNA-9 and -200, are required for the development of the olfactory and GnRH system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:103-19. [PMID: 25937343 PMCID: PMC4604252 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and maturation, microRNAs (miRs) play diverse functions ranging from early patterning, proliferation and commitment to differentiation, survival, homeostasis, activity and plasticity of more mature and adult neurons. The role of miRs in the differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is emerging from the conditional inactivation of Dicer in immature ORN, and the depletion of all mature miRs in this system. Here, we identify specific miRs involved in olfactory development, by focusing on mice null for Dlx5, a homeogene essential for both ORN differentiation and axon guidance and connectivity. Analysis of miR expression in Dlx5−/− olfactory epithelium pointed to reduced levels of miR-9, miR-376a and four miRs of the -200 class in the absence of Dlx5. To functionally examine the role of these miRs, we depleted miR-9 and miR-200 class in reporter zebrafish embryos and observed delayed ORN differentiation, altered axonal trajectory/targeting, and altered genesis and position of olfactory-associated GnRH neurons, i.e. a phenotype known as Kallmann syndrome in humans. miR-9 and miR-200-class negatively control Foxg1 mRNA, a fork-head transcription factor essential for development of the olfactory epithelium and of the forebrain, known to maintain progenitors in a stem state. Increased levels of z-foxg1 mRNA resulted in delayed ORN differentiation and altered axon trajectory, in zebrafish embryos. This work describes for the first time the role of specific miR (-9 and -200) in olfactory/GnRH development, and uncovers a Dlx5–Foxg1 regulation whose alteration affects receptor neuron differentiation, axonal targeting, GnRH neuron development, the hallmarks of the Kallmann syndrome. Dlx5 controls the expressions of miR9 and miR-200, which target the Foxg1 mRNA miR-9 and -200 are needed for olfactory neurons differentiation and axon extension miR-9 and -200 are required for the genesis and position of GnRH neurons. Altered expression of miR-9 and -200 might contribute to the Kallmann disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Garaffo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomaiuolo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Zheng Luo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Doctorate School in Molecular Medicine, Dept. Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Inst. of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR Segrate (MI) Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Atri
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Yorick Gitton
- UMR7221 CNRS/MNHN - Evolution des régulations endocriniennes - Paris, France
| | - Talya Etzion
- Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dafne Gays
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy; Dept. Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shetty S, Kapoor N, John RA, Paul TV. Olfactory Agenesis in Kallmann Syndrome (KS). J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:OJ01. [PMID: 26023587 PMCID: PMC4437102 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11761.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Shetty
- Senior Registrar, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Nitin Kapoor
- Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Reetu Amritha John
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radio Diagnosis, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Thomas Vizhalil Paul
- Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mutations in FEZF1 cause Kallmann syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:326-31. [PMID: 25192046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate outside the CNS in the olfactory placode and migrate into the CNS, where they become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of this migration results in Kallmann syndrome (KS), which is characterized by anosmia and pubertal failure due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Using candidate-gene screening, autozygosity mapping, and whole-exome sequencing in a cohort of 30 individuals with KS, we searched for genes newly associated with KS. We identified homozygous loss-of-function mutations in FEZF1 in two independent consanguineous families each with two affected siblings. The FEZF1 product is known to enable axons of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to penetrate the CNS basal lamina in mice. Because a subset of axons in these tracks is the migratory pathway for GnRH neurons, in FEZF1 deficiency, GnRH neurons also fail to enter the brain. These results indicate that FEZF1 is required for establishment of the central component of the HPG axis in humans.
Collapse
|
17
|
Marino M, Moriondo V, Vighi E, Pignatti E, Simoni M. Central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: genetic complexity of a complex disease. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:649154. [PMID: 25254043 PMCID: PMC4165873 DOI: 10.1155/2014/649154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is an emerging pathological condition frequently associated with overweight, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and midline defects. The genetic mechanisms involve mutations in at least twenty-four genes regulating GnRH neuronal migration, secretion, and activity. So far, the mechanisms underlying CHH, both in prepubertal and in adulthood onset forms, remain unknown in most of the cases. Indeed, all detected gene variants may explain a small proportion of the affected patients (43%), indicating that other genes or epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the onset of CHH. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on genetic background of CHH, organizing the large amount of data present in the literature in a clear and concise manner, to produce a useful guide available for researchers and clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marino
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 187, 41125 Modena, Italy
- *Marco Marino:
| | - Valeria Moriondo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 187, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vighi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 187, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Pignatti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 187, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE, Via Pietro Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 187, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Azienda USL of Modena, Via San Giovanni del Cantone 23, 41121 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garaffo G, Provero P, Molineris I, Pinciroli P, Peano C, Battaglia C, Tomaiuolo D, Etzion T, Gothilf Y, Santoro M, Merlo GR. Profiling, Bioinformatic, and Functional Data on the Developing Olfactory/GnRH System Reveal Cellular and Molecular Pathways Essential for This Process and Potentially Relevant for the Kallmann Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:203. [PMID: 24427155 PMCID: PMC3876029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, immature neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) extend axons through the nasal mesenchyme, to contact projection neurons in the olfactory bulb. Axon navigation is accompanied by migration of the GnRH+ neurons, which enter the anterior forebrain and home in the septo-hypothalamic area. This process can be interrupted at various points and lead to the onset of the Kallmann syndrome (KS), a disorder characterized by anosmia and central hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Several genes has been identified in human and mice that cause KS or a KS-like phenotype. In mice a set of transcription factors appears to be required for olfactory connectivity and GnRH neuron migration; thus we explored the transcriptional network underlying this developmental process by profiling the OE and the adjacent mesenchyme at three embryonic ages. We also profiled the OE from embryos null for Dlx5, a homeogene that causes a KS-like phenotype when deleted. We identified 20 interesting genes belonging to the following categories: (1) transmembrane adhesion/receptor, (2) axon-glia interaction, (3) scaffold/adapter for signaling, (4) synaptic proteins. We tested some of them in zebrafish embryos: the depletion of five (of six) Dlx5 targets affected axonal extension and targeting, while three (of three) affected GnRH neuron position and neurite organization. Thus, we confirmed the importance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and identified new molecules needed for olfactory connection and GnRH neuron migration. Using available and newly generated data, we predicted/prioritized putative KS-disease genes, by building conserved co-expression networks with all known disease genes in human and mouse. The results show the overall validity of approaches based on high-throughput data and predictive bioinformatics to identify genes potentially relevant for the molecular pathogenesis of KS. A number of candidate will be discussed, that should be tested in future mutation screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Molineris
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinciroli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Battaglia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, National Research Council, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomaiuolo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Talya Etzion
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giorgio R. Merlo, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Berghard A, Hägglund AC, Bohm S, Carlsson L. Lhx2-dependent specification of olfactory sensory neurons is required for successful integration of olfactory, vomeronasal, and GnRH neurons. FASEB J 2012; 26:3464-72. [PMID: 22581782 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-206193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the LIM-homeodomain 2 gene (Lhx2) results in a severe defect in specification of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the ramifications of lack of Lhx2-dependent OSN specification for formation of the primary olfactory pathway have not been addressed, since mutant mice die in utero. We have analyzed prenatal and postnatal consequences of conditionally inactivating Lhx2 selectively in OSNs. A cell-autonomous effect is that OSN axons cannot innervate their target, the olfactory bulb. Moreover, the lack of Lhx2 in OSNs causes unpredicted, non-cell-autonomous phenotypes. First, the olfactory bulb shows pronounced hypoplasia in adults, and the data suggest that innervation by correctly specified OSNs is necessary for adult bulb size and organization. Second, absence of an olfactory nerve in the conditional mutant reveals that the vomeronasal nerve is dependent on olfactory nerve formation. Third, the lack of a proper vomeronasal nerve prevents migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells the whole distance to their final positions in the hypothalamus during embryo development. As adults, the conditional mutants do not pass puberty, and these findings support the view of an exclusive nasal origin of GnRH neurons in the mouse. Thus, Lhx2 in OSNs is required for functional development of three separate systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berghard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Byggn 6L, Umea University, SE90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Genazzani AD, Santagni S, Chierchia E, Rattighieri E, Campedelli A, Prati A, Ricchieri F, Simoncini T. Estimation of instantaneous secretory rates and intrinsic characteristics of luteinizing hormone secretion in women with Kallmann syndrome before and after estriol administration. Reprod Biol 2011; 11:284-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Jenkinson EM, Kingston H, Urquhart J, Khan N, Melville A, Swinton M, Crow YJ, Davis JRE, Trump D, Newman WG. Newly recognized recessive syndrome characterized by dysmorphic features, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, severe microcephaly, and sensorineural hearing loss maps to 3p21.3. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2910-5. [PMID: 22002932 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly recognized, likely autosomal recessive, pleiotropic disorder seen in four individuals (three siblings and their nephew) from a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin. The condition is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, severe microcephaly, sensorineural deafness, moderate learning disability, and distinctive facial dysmorphic features. Autozygosity mapping using SNP array genotyping defined a single, large autozygous region of 13.1 Mb on chromosome 3p21 common to the affected individuals. The critical region contains 227 genes and initial sequence analysis of a functional candidate gene has not identified causative mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Jenkinson
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|