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Kam KW, Rao SK, Young AL. The diagnostic dilemma of fungal keratitis. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:386-387. [PMID: 35963942 PMCID: PMC9905469 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wai Kam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Alvin L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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2
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Kaplan NM, Al-Dwairi RA, AlRabadi NN. Fungal keratitis due to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and a potential promising therapeutic effect of antibacterial agents: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28203. [PMID: 34889303 PMCID: PMC8663826 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbial keratitis is a serious potentially blinding corneal infection. Contact lens wear remains the most common predisposing factor. Fungal keratitis represent only a small fraction of the overall number of cases of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis, however they are proportionally more severe. PATIENT CONCERNS An 18-year-old female, who occasionally used eye cosmetic soft contact lenses, presented with pain, redness, and blurring of vision in her left eye. DIAGNOSIS The left eye showed decreased visual acuity, central corneal ulcer and abscess, and severe ciliary injection. A provisional diagnosis of infectious keratitis was considered. INTERVENTION Corneal scrapings were aseptically collected and directly inoculated onto sterile bacterial and fungal agar plates that were immediately incubated. The patient was admitted and started on topical and systemic antibacterial agents. OUTCOMES The infection showed signs of satisfactory clinical resolution. However, the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was isolated in pure colonies 5 days after presentation. CONCLUSION We report the first case from Jordan of fungal keratitis caused by the mold S brevicaulis. A high index of suspicion is required for fungal keratitis caused by S brevicaulis in immunocompetent patients who wear contact lenses despite its rarity. This fungal infection was successfully treated using antibacterial agents. However, larger studies are recommended to investigate the clinical effectiveness of antimicrobial agents that have both antibacterial and antifungal effects and to assess their role as empirical therapeutic modalities for infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M. Kaplan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rami A. Al-Dwairi
- Department of Special Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasr N. AlRabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Chen YT, Yeh LK, Ma DHK, Lin HC, Sun CC, Tan HY, Chen HC, Chen SY, Sun PL, Hsiao CH. Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis: A consecutive study with a case series and literature review. Med Mycol 2020; 58:293-299. [PMID: 31204788 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium species is an emerging pathogen of fungal keratitis; the risk factor, clinical course, and outcome of Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis need more exploration. We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients with culture-proven Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis in our hospital from 2003 to 2017 and combined them with 50 previous cases reported after the review conducted by Yuan et al. in 2009. Clinical features between the previously and newly reported cases were compared using the publication by Yuan et al. as a cutoff point. The mean age of the 62 newly reported patients with Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis was 52.7 years. Of these, contact lens wear was the most common predisposing factor (n = 32, 52%), followed by a preexisting corneal disease or previous ocular surgery (n = 12, 19%), and trauma (n = 8, 13%). Fifty eyes (81%) were treated with voriconazole, of which 31 (63%) were medically cured. Twenty-one of 62 eyes (34%) required therapeutic surgery. Compared with the 42 patients reported by Yuan et al., the patients were younger (P = .025); a higher proportion of the patients were contact lens wearers (P = .005); more patients were treated with voriconazole (P = .000); fewer patients required therapeutic surgery (P = .000) in recent reports. Contact lens use has become the major risk factor for Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium keratitis. The surgical rate has been significantly lower in recent publications, probably because of the prevalent use of voriconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David H K Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chiung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chin Sun
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Sun
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsi Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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4
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Khan MS, Gao J, Chen X, Zhang M, Yang F, Du Y, Moe TS, Munir I, Xue J, Zhang X. The Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus velezensis Lle-9, Isolated from Lilium leucanthum, Harbors Antifungal Activity and Plant Growth-Promoting Effects. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:668-680. [PMID: 32482932 PMCID: PMC9728359 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1910.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is an important plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with immense potential in agriculture development. In the present study, Bacillus velezensis Lle-9 was isolated from the bulbs of Lilium leucanthum. The isolated strain showed antifungal activities against plant pathogens like Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium fujikuroi. The highest percentage of growth inhibition i.e., 68.56±2.35% was observed against Fusarium oxysporum followed by 63.12 ± 2.83%, 61.67 ± 3.39% and 55.82 ± 2.76% against Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fusarium fujikuroi, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction revealed a number of bioactive compounds and several were identified as antimicrobial agents such as diketopiperazines, cyclo-peptides, linear peptides, latrunculin A, 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholesterol, (R)-S-lactoylglutathione, triamterene, rubiadin, moxifloxacin, 9-hydroxy-5Z,7E,11Z,14Zeicosatetraenoic acid, D-erythro-C18-Sphingosine, citrinin, and 2- arachidonoyllysophosphatidylcholine. The presence of these antimicrobial compounds in the bacterial culture might have contributed to the antifungal activities of the isolated B. velezensis Lle- 9. The strain showed plant growth-promoting traits such as production of organic acids, ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. IAA production was accelerated with application of exogenous tryptophan concentrations in the medium. Further, the lily plants upon inoculation with Lle-9 exhibited improved vegetative growth, more flowering shoots and longer roots than control plants under greenhouse condition. The isolated B. velezensis strain Lle-9 possessed broad-spectrum antifungal activities and multiple plant growth-promoting traits and thus may play an important role in promoting sustainable agriculture. This strain could be developed and applied in field experiments in order to promote plant growth and control disease pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sayyar Khan
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 5000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Junlian Gao
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - The Su Moe
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Department, Ministry of Education, Mandalay Division, Kyaukse 05151, Myanmar
| | - Iqbal Munir
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 5000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 00097, P.R. China
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Monno R, Alessio G, Guerriero S, Capolongo C, Calia C, Fumarola L, Pazzani C, Di Taranto A, Miragliotta G. Paecilomyces lilacinus Keratitis in a Soft Contact Lens Wearer. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44 Suppl 1:S337-S340. [PMID: 27902509 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of keratitis caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in a contact lens wearer with a history of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Monno
- Departments of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (R.M., G.A., S.G., C. Capolongo, C. Calia, L.F.), and Biology (C.P.), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Microbiology Laboratory Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia (A.D.T.), Foggia, Italy; and Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine Microbiology (G.M.), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Clinically Significant Enhancement of Voriconazole Efficacy by Moxifloxacin and Gentamicin in Fungal Keratitis. Cornea 2018; 37:651-654. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the cure rate of fungal keratitis with moxifloxacin 0.3% monotherapy. METHODS A retrospective review of patients with culture-proven fungal keratitis who initially received moxifloxacin 0.3% monotherapy was performed. RESULTS Eleven patients with culture-proven fungal keratitis were initially treated with moxifloxacin. One case each of Curvularia and Alternaria keratitis resolved with moxifloxacin monotherapy (18%). CONCLUSIONS Moxifloxacin may have a significant clinical therapeutic effect in a subset of patients with fungal keratitis. Review of the literature in combination with the current study suggests that in patients with clinical features suggestive of fungal keratitis, if rapid diagnostic tests are negative or not available, pending culture results, initial therapy should include a fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin) and/or an aminoglycoside (tobramycin or gentamicin).
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8
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Acharya Y, Acharya B, Karki P. Fungal keratitis: study of increasing trend and common determinants. Nepal J Epidemiol 2017; 7:685-693. [PMID: 29181230 PMCID: PMC5673246 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v7i2.17975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading cause of ocular morbidity. Fungal keratitis possesses a clinical challenge due to its slow pathologic process, overlapping features, diagnostic difficulty, and potential complications. Its increasing trend can be attributed to the use of contact lens, non-judiciary corticosteroid, and vegetative trauma. Early diagnosis and treatment is the cornerstone for its effective control. Knowledge of pathological course and clinical characteristics of fungal keratitis will definitely add in early diagnosis and treatment, with reduction in ocular morbidity. This review article explores the risk factor of fungal keratitis, its clinical course and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Acharya
- Assistant professor, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad Curacao, Netherland Antilles
| | - Bhawana Acharya
- Registered nurse, VHA home health care, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyanka Karki
- Medical officer, Nobel Medical College and Hospital, Biratnagar Morang, Nepal
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Fungal Keratitis Associated With Airborne Organic Debris and Soft Contacts Lenses: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Eye Contact Lens 2017; 44 Suppl 1:S16-S21. [PMID: 28520596 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report two cases of fungal keratitis in soft contact lens wearers who were exposed to environmental mold. METHODS Case reports, with review of the relevant literature. RESULTS Two otherwise healthy middle-aged women who were soft contact lens wearers developed fungal keratitis about 1 week after heavy exposure to environmental mold. Culture results showed Aspergillus from one patient and the unusual combination of Trichoderma and Penicillium from the other. Both were treated with topical natamycin, topical fluoroquinolone antibiotic prophylaxis, and periodic ulcer debridement. After many weeks of treatment, both ulcers healed with subsequent scarring. Because the ulcers were located in the peripheral cornea in both cases, excellent final visual acuities were achieved. Fungal keratitis cases like these are rarely seen at our referral clinic, which is located in the temperate climate of northeastern Indiana. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the usual recommended contact lens care guidelines, it may be prudent for eye care providers to warn patients against wearing their contact lenses in situations likely to result in heavy exposure to organic matter or, at the very least, to wear tight-fitting goggles for eye protection.
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Jadhav A, Bansode B, Phule D, Shelar A, Patil R, Gade W, Kharat K, Karuppayil SM. The antibacterial agent, moxifloxacin inhibits virulence factors of Candida albicans through multitargeting. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:96. [PMID: 28409362 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolines are broad spectrum fourth generation antibiotics. Some of the Fluoroquinolines exhibit antifungal activity. We are reporting the potential mechanism of action of a fluoroquinoline antibiotic, moxifloxacin on the growth, morphogenesis and biofilm formation of the human pathogen Candida albicans. Moxifloxacin was found to be Candidacidal in nature. Moxifloxacin seems to inhibit the yeast to Hyphal morphogenesis by affecting signaling pathways. It arrested the cell cycle of C. albicans at S phase. Docking of moxifloxacin with predicted structure of C. albicans DNA Topoisomerase II suggests that moxifloxacin may bind and inhibit the activity of DNA Topoisomerase II in C. albicans. Moxifloxacin could be used as a dual purpose antibiotic for treating mixed infections caused by bacteria as well as C. albicans. In addition chances of developing moxifloxacin resistance in C. albicans are less considering the fact that moxifloxacin may target multiple steps in yeast to hyphal transition in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Jadhav
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Bhagyashree Bansode
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Datta Phule
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India
| | - Amruta Shelar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Wasudev Gade
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune Univesity, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Kiran Kharat
- Department of Biotechnology, Deogiri College Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored), SRTM University (NAAC Accredited with 'A' Grade), Nanded, Maharashtra, 431606, India.
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Shayani Rad M, Khameneh B, Sabeti Z, Mohajeri SA, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticle-Loaded Soft Contact Lens Materials: The Effect of Monomer Composition. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1286-1293. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1123726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shayani Rad
- Student Research Committee (SRC), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabeti
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kawakami H, Inuzuka H, Hori N, Takahashi N, Ishida K, Mochizuki K, Ohkusu K, Muraosa Y, Watanabe A, Kamei K. Inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents againstFusariumspecies. Med Mycol 2015; 53:603-11. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dalhoff A. Antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities of fluoroquinolones optimized for treatment of bacterial infections: a puzzling paradox or a logical consequence of their mode of action? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:661-8. [PMID: 25515946 PMCID: PMC7087824 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence that commercially available fluoroquinolones used for the treatment of bacterial infections are active against other non-bacterial infectious agents as well. Any of these fluoroquinolones exerts, in parallel to its antibacterial action, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic actions at clinically achievable concentrations. This broad range of anti-infective activities is due to one common mode of action, i.e., the inhibition of type II topoisomerases or inhibition of viral helicases, thus maintaining the selective toxicity of fluoroquinolones inhibiting microbial topoisomerases at low concentrations but mammalian topoisomerases at much higher concentrations. Evidence suggests that standard doses of the fluoroquinolones studied are clinically effective against viral and parasitic infections, whereas higher doses administered topically were active against Candida spp. causing ophthalmological infections. Well-designed clinical studies should be performed to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalhoff
- Institute for Infection Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany,
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Shi Y, Lv H, Fu Y, Lu Q, Zhong J, Ma D, Huang Y, Xue W. Preparation and characterization of a hydrogel carrier to deliver gatifloxacin and its application as a therapeutic contact lens for bacterial keratitis therapy. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:055007. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/5/055007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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