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Hayama B, Harada S, Suzuki M, Doi Y, Nomura Y, Aoki K, Takehana K, Akatsuchi T, Enokida T, Takeda K, Seto A, Mitani H, Ohkushi D. Outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes emm89 ST646 in a head and neck surgical oncology ward. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0426023. [PMID: 38587390 PMCID: PMC11064547 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04260-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of human infections, and hospital outbreaks with this pathogen have also been reported. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of an outbreak of S. pyogenes involving 15 patients and four healthcare workers (HCWs), as well as the molecular characteristics of the causative isolates. The course and response to the outbreak were reviewed, and information on the characteristics of the patients was extracted retrospectively from the medical records. Whole-genome sequencing of the 16 causative isolates (14 from patients and two from HCWs) was also performed. All 15 patients were postoperative of head and neck cancer with tracheotomy, and 12 had invasive infections, primarily surgical site infections, all of which resolved without causing serious illness. All but the first case was detected more than 7 days after admission. S. pyogenes was detected in two patients after empiric antimicrobial administration was performed on all inpatients and HCWs, and the outbreak was finally contained in approximately 2 months. All isolates detected in patients and HCWs belonged to emm89/clade 3, a hypervirulent clone that has emerged worldwide and was classified as sequence type 646. These isolates had single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences of zero to one, indicating clonal transmission. This study demonstrated an outbreak of S. pyogenes emm89/clade 3 in a ward of patients with head and neck cancer. The global emergence of hypervirulent isolates may increase the risk of outbreaks among high-risk patients. IMPORTANCE This study describes an outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes that occurred in a ward caring for patients with head and neck cancer and tracheostomies. Many cases of invasive infections occurred in a short period, and extensive empiric antimicrobial administration on patients and healthcare workers was performed to control the outbreak. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of the causative strains confirmed that it was a monoclonal transmission of strains belonging to emm89/clade 3. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of S. pyogenes infections have changed with the replacement of the prevalent clones worldwide. In the 1980s, there was a reemergence of S. pyogenes infections in high-income countries due to the spread of hypervirulent emm1 strains. emm89/clade 3 has recently been spreading worldwide and shares common features with emm1, including increased production of two toxins, NADase, and streptolysin O. The outbreak reported here may reflect the high spreading potential and virulence of emm89/clade 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hayama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infection Prevention, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Harada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nomura
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takehana
- Clinical Laboratories, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Akatsuchi
- Department of Infection Prevention, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Enokida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Takeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Seto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mitani
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohkushi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Praseetha S, Sukumaran ST, Dan M, Augustus AR, Pandian SK, Sugathan S. The Anti-Biofilm Potential of Linalool, a Major Compound from Hedychium larsenii, against Streptococcus pyogenes and Its Toxicity Assessment in Danio rerio. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:545. [PMID: 36978412 PMCID: PMC10044342 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-biofilm and anti-virulence potential of the essential oil (E.O.) extracted from Hedychium larsenii M. Dan & Sathish was determined against Streptococcus pyogenes. A crystal violet assay was employed to quantify the biofilm. Linalool, a monoterpene alcohol from the E.O., showed concentration-dependent biofilm inhibition, with a maximum of 91% at a concentration of 0.004% (v/v). The AlamarBlueTM assay also confirmed Linalool's non-bactericidal anti-biofilm efficacy (0.004%). Linalool treatment impeded micro-colony formation, mature biofilm architecture, surface coverage, and biofilm thickness and impaired cell surface hydrophobicity and EPS production. Cysteine protease synthesis was quantified using the Azocasein assay, and Linalool treatment augmented its production. This suggests that Linalool destabilizes the biofilm matrix. It altered the expression of core regulons covRS, mga, srv, and ropB, and genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation, such as speB, dltA, slo, hasA, and ciaH, as revealed by qPCR analysis. Cytotoxicity analysis using human kidney cells (HEK) and the histopathological analysis in Danio rerio proved Linalool to be a druggable molecule against the biofilms formed by S. pyogenes. This is the first report on Linalool's anti-biofilm and anti-virulence potential against S. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Praseetha
- Department of Biotechnology, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram Pin-695 581, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Thacheril Sukumaran
- Department of Botany, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram Pin-695 581, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew Dan
- Plant Genetic Resource Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram Pin-695 562, Kerala, India
| | - Akshaya Rani Augustus
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi Pin-630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Shiburaj Sugathan
- Department of Botany, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram Pin-695 581, Kerala, India
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