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Khan A, Rangu N, Thanitcul C, Riaz KM, Woreta FA. Ophthalmic Education: The Top 100 Cited Articles in Ophthalmology Journals. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY (2017) 2023; 15:e132-e143. [PMID: 37502126 PMCID: PMC10370640 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To identify the top 100 (T100) cited articles on ophthalmic education and examine trends and areas of focus in ophthalmic education. Methods A literature search was conducted for articles published between 2011 and 2021 related to ophthalmic education within ophthalmology journals using the ISI Web of Science Core Collection database. The search was performed in June 2022 and was conducted using the search phrase ([educat* OR teach* OR instruct* OR train* OR "medical student*" OR residen* OR fellow* OR undergrad* OR postgrad* OR "faculty" OR "attending"] AND *ophthalm*). Results were analyzed using VOSviewer v.1.6.18 and statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Results The majority of articles were published in the Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery (19%), followed by Ophthalmology (12%), and Eye (12%). Articles were most often published in the year 2013 (15%), followed by 2014 (12%) and 2012 (12%). Articles most commonly originated from English-speaking countries, including the United States (43%), England (14%), Canada (8%), and India (8%). Topics most often examined in ophthalmic education were resident education (51%), medical school education (21%), and surgical training (21%). The most common study types were cohort studies (22%), case series (21%), and prospective trials (16%). There were 16 institutions that produced more than one article in the T100 articles list. Conclusion The T100 articles on ophthalmic education were primarily U.S. based and focused on resident education, surgical training, and medical school ophthalmic curriculum. Further research into ophthalmic education is warranted to establish evidence-based curricula guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Khan
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Neal Rangu
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Chanon Thanitcul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kamran M. Riaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Fasika A. Woreta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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AlHilali S, Al-Swailem SA, Albdaya N, Mousa A, Khandekar R. Impact and Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Cataract Surgery Rate at a Tertiary Referral Center. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:2335-2342. [PMID: 36531203 PMCID: PMC9747840 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s384456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Preventive measures to mitigate the spread of coronavirus, minimized workload on health-care systems and redirected resources to COVID-19 patients resulting in a reduction of elective procedures such as cataract surgery. We report the changes in monthly cataract surgery rate and its associated determinants at a tertiary eye hospital during different periods of the pandemic. Studying the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cataract surgery rate will help health-care policymakers to better understand the barriers to overcome the expected surgical backlog. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records was performed for cataract surgeries from November 2018 to January 2022, five thousand and ninety-two eyes that underwent cataract surgery during different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic were included. The monthly cataract surgery rate (MCSR) was calculated and compared before (Phase 1), during (Phase 2) and after the COVID-19 pandemic (Phase 3 and 4). Changes in monthly cataract surgery rate during and after the pandemic were presented as ratios and compared pre- to post-pandemic levels to evaluate the impact of different determinants. RESULTS Of 9701 cataract patients, 5092 (52.5%) were operated in P1, 71 (0.73%) in P2, 116 (1.2%) in P3 and 4422 (45.6%) in P4. The MCSR varied significantly based on the degree of visual impairment in the operated and fellow eyes, and by the type of operating surgeon (P < 0.05). Age, gender, laterality, and place of residence were not significantly different throughout the study period. During phase 1135 (2.6%) eyes had rupture of the posterior capsule (PCR), while 6 eyes (8.4%) had PCR in phase 2. CONCLUSION The monthly cataract surgery rate declined during the pandemic and has not recovered to pre-pandemic levels. This should alert the key stakeholders to address the identified barriers to surpassing the baseline monthly surgical rate as this is crucial to eliminate the surgical backlog after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara AlHilali
- Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar A Al-Swailem
- Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Albdaya
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajiv Khandekar
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khatkar H, Ferro A, Kotecha S, Prokopenko M, Evans A, Kyriakides J, Botterill J, Sangha MS, See A, Kerstein R. Assessing the attitude of surgical trainees towards virtual reality simulation: A national cross-sectional questionnaire study. Scott Med J 2022; 67:87-92. [PMID: 35637548 DOI: 10.1177/00369330221103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a cross sectional study to determine the attitudes of surgical trainees and medical students towards virtual reality (VR) simulation in surgical training. A survey was devised through an iterative process before distribution to surgical trainees, foundation year doctors and medical students through online platforms. METHODS The survey was disseminated within the United Kingdom through social media and email correspondence, in co-operation with national surgical organisations. 91 trainees responded from a variety of clinical specialities. RESULTS VR technology in surgical training was viewed positively, with 91.3% of trainees agreeing that VR should be both an adjunct in surgical training as well as a competency-based assessment tool. Barriers to access were present, with access notably more challenging for senior surgeons. CONCLUSION Virtual reality surgical simulation in surgical training is beginning to emerge as a genuine high-fidelity, low-risk solution to the lack of surgical case volume trainees are currently experiencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Khatkar
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley Ferro
- 8948Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ashish Evans
- 6397Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Abbas See
- 6084Northampton NHS Trust, Northampton, UK
| | - Ryan Kerstein
- 156485Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, East Grinstead, UK
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Exploring the Protective Effect and Mechanism of Buddlejae Flos on Sodium Selenite-Induced Cataract in Rats by Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7776403. [PMID: 35607520 PMCID: PMC9124124 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7776403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Buddlejae Flos has a long history of utilization by humans to treat ophthalmic diseases. Although in vitro study revealed that it can be used for treating cataract, the bioactive components and the mechanism of efficacy remained unclear. This study aims to discover the bioactive components and mode of efficacy of Buddlejae Flos in cataract treatment. Methods Several databases were screened for bioactive components and corresponding targets, as well as cataract-related targets. Using the String database, common targets were determined and utilized to construct protein-protein interactions (PPI). The drug-component-target-disease network map was drawn using Cytoscape software. R language was utilized to execute Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking was done through Schrödinger Maestro software utilization. Luteolin's (LUT) effect on cataract induced by sodium selenite in rat pups was evaluated. Results Six bioactive components with 38 common targets were identified as being associated with cataract. TP53, AKT1, EGFR, CASP3, TNF, ESR1, INS, IL6, HIF1A, and VEGFA were identified as core targets in PPI analysis, and the binding energy of LUT with AKT was the lowest. LUT has been demonstrated to significantly lower MDA levels, raise glutathione (GSH) levels, and boost the activity of antioxidant enzymes like GST, SOD, GPx, and CAT. After LUT treatment, TNF-a, IL-2, and IL-6 levels were significantly lowered. Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels and p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expression were significantly elevated. In contrast, caspase-3 and Bax mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LUT is a possible bioactive component that may be utilized for cataract treatment. Its mode of action includes oxidative stress suppression, reducing inflammation, and inhibiting apoptosis via regulating the PI3K/AKT single pathway.
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Tudor Car L, Poon S, Kyaw BM, Cook DA, Ward V, Atun R, Majeed A, Johnston J, van der Kleij RMJJ, Molokhia M, V Wangenheim F, Lupton M, Chavannes N, Ajuebor O, Prober CG, Car J. Digital Education for Health Professionals: An Evidence Map, Conceptual Framework, and Research Agenda. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e31977. [PMID: 35297767 PMCID: PMC8972116 DOI: 10.2196/31977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health professions education has undergone major changes with the advent and adoption of digital technologies worldwide. OBJECTIVE This study aims to map the existing evidence and identify gaps and research priorities to enable robust and relevant research in digital health professions education. METHODS We searched for systematic reviews on the digital education of practicing and student health care professionals. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Educational Research Information Center, CINAHL, and gray literature sources from January 2014 to July 2020. A total of 2 authors independently screened the studies, extracted the data, and synthesized the findings. We outlined the key characteristics of the included reviews, the quality of the evidence they synthesized, and recommendations for future research. We mapped the empirical findings and research recommendations against the newly developed conceptual framework. RESULTS We identified 77 eligible systematic reviews. All of them included experimental studies and evaluated the effectiveness of digital education interventions in different health care disciplines or different digital education modalities. Most reviews included studies on various digital education modalities (22/77, 29%), virtual reality (19/77, 25%), and online education (10/77, 13%). Most reviews focused on health professions education in general (36/77, 47%), surgery (13/77, 17%), and nursing (11/77, 14%). The reviews mainly assessed participants' skills (51/77, 66%) and knowledge (49/77, 64%) and included data from high-income countries (53/77, 69%). Our novel conceptual framework of digital health professions education comprises 6 key domains (context, infrastructure, education, learners, research, and quality improvement) and 16 subdomains. Finally, we identified 61 unique questions for future research in these reviews; these mapped to framework domains of education (29/61, 47% recommendations), context (17/61, 28% recommendations), infrastructure (9/61, 15% recommendations), learners (3/61, 5% recommendations), and research (3/61, 5% recommendations). CONCLUSIONS We identified a large number of research questions regarding digital education, which collectively reflect a diverse and comprehensive research agenda. Our conceptual framework will help educators and researchers plan, develop, and study digital education. More evidence from low- and middle-income countries is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selina Poon
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhone Myint Kyaw
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David A Cook
- Office of Applied Scholarship and Education Science, School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Victoria Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rifat Atun
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Johnston
- Stanford Center for Health Education's Digital MedIC Initiative, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Mariam Molokhia
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian V Wangenheim
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lupton
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Chavannes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Onyema Ajuebor
- Health Workforce Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles G Prober
- Stanford Center for Health Education's Digital MedIC Initiative, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Josip Car
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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The Role of Technology in Ophthalmic Surgical Education During COVID-19. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022; 10:239-245. [PMID: 36404795 PMCID: PMC9662128 DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To describe the effect of COVID-19 on ophthalmic training programs and to review the various roles of technology in ophthalmology surgical education including virtual platforms, novel remote learning curricula, and the use of surgical simulators. Recent Findings COVID-19 caused significant disruption to in-person clinical and surgical patient encounters. Ophthalmology trainees worldwide faced surgical training challenges due to social distancing restrictions, trainee redeployment, and reduction in surgical case volume. Virtual platforms, such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams, were widely used during the pandemic to conduct remote teaching sessions. Novel virtual wet lab and dry lab curricula were developed. Training programs found utility in virtual reality surgical simulators, such as the Eyesi, to substitute experience lost from live patient surgical cases. Summary Although several of these described technologies were incorporated into ophthalmology surgical training programs prior to COVID-19, the pandemic highlighted the importance of developing a formal surgical curriculum that can be delivered virtually. Novel telementoring, collaboration between training institutions, and hybrid formats of didactic and practical training sessions should be continued. Future research should investigate the utility of augmented reality and artificial intelligence for trainee learning.
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Nair AG, Ahiwalay C, Bacchav AE, Sheth T, Lansingh VC, Vedula SS, Bhatt V, Reddy JC, Vadavalli PK, Praveen S, Wairagade NA, Pettey J. Effectiveness of simulation-based training for manual small incision cataract surgery among novice surgeons: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10945. [PMID: 34040056 PMCID: PMC8155014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effect of a novel simulation-based training curriculum for scleral tunnel construction in manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) compared with traditional training. In this multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized clinical trial, resident surgeons within 3 months of matriculation with minimal or no prior experience with MSICS were assigned either to simulation-based training, the Experimental Group (EG), or to conventional training, the Control Group (CG). EG residents were trained to perform scleral tunnel construction using a simulation-based curriculum (HelpMeSee Eye Surgery Simulator), while residents in the CG followed institution-specific curriculum before progressing to live surgery. Surgical videos of the first 20 attempts at tunnel construction were reviewed by masked video raters. The primary outcome was the total number of any of 9 pre-specified errors. On average, the total number of errors was 9.25 (95% CI 0–18.95) in the EG and 17.56 (95% CI 6.63–28.49) in the CG (P = 0.05); the number of major errors was 4.86 (95% CI 0.13–9.59) in the EG and 10.09 (95% CI 4.76–15.41) in the CG (P = 0.02); and the number of minor errors was 4.39 (95% CI 0–9.75) in the EG and 7.47 (95% CI 1.43–13.51) in the CG (P = 0.16). These results support that novice surgeons trained using the novel simulation-based curriculum performed fewer errors in their first 20 attempts at tunnel construction compared to those trained with a conventional curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Gopinathan Nair
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India.
| | - Chetan Ahiwalay
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Ashish E Bacchav
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Tejas Sheth
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | | | - S Swaroop Vedula
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Venudhar Bhatt
- HelpMeSee Inc., 703 A, Supreme Business Park, Powai, Hiranandani, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Pettey
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Dean WH, Gichuhi S, Buchan JC, Makupa W, Mukome A, Otiti-Sengeri J, Arunga S, Mukherjee S, Kim MJ, Harrison-Williams L, MacLeod D, Cook C, Burton MJ. Intense Simulation-Based Surgical Education for Manual Small-Incision Cataract Surgery: The Ophthalmic Learning and Improvement Initiative in Cataract Surgery Randomized Clinical Trial in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:9-15. [PMID: 33151321 PMCID: PMC7645744 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Cataracts account for 40% of cases of blindness globally, with surgery the only treatment. Objective To determine whether adding simulation-based cataract surgical training to conventional training results in improved acquisition of surgical skills among trainees. Design, Setting, and Participants A multicenter, investigator-masked, parallel-group, randomized clinical educational-intervention trial was conducted at 5 university hospital training institutions in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2019, with a follow-up of 15 months. Fifty-two trainee ophthalmologists were assessed for eligibility (required no prior cataract surgery as primary surgeon); 50 were recruited and randomized. Those assessing outcomes of surgical competency were masked to group assignment. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Interventions The intervention group received a 5-day simulation-based cataract surgical training course, in addition to standard surgical training. The control group received standard training only, without a placebo intervention; however, those in the control group received the intervention training after the initial 12-month follow-up period. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was overall surgical competency at 3 months, which was assessed with a validated competency assessment rubric. Secondary outcomes included surgical competence at 1 year and quantity and outcomes (including visual acuity and posterior capsule rupture) of cataract surgical procedures performed during a 1-year period. Results Among the 50 participants (26 women [52.0%]; mean [SD] age, 32.3 [4.6] years), 25 were randomized to the intervention group, and 25 were randomized to the control group, with 1 dropout. Forty-nine participants were included in the final intention-to-treat analysis. Baseline characteristics were balanced. The participants in the intervention group had higher scores at 3 months compared with the participants in the control group, after adjusting for baseline assessment rubric score. The participants in the intervention group were estimated to have scores 16.6 points (out of 40) higher (95% CI, 14.4-18.7; P < .001) at 3 months than the participants in the control group. The participants in the intervention group performed a mean of 21.5 cataract surgical procedures in the year after the training, while the participants in the control group performed a mean of 8.5 cataract surgical procedures (mean difference, 13.0; 95% CI, 3.9-22.2; P < .001). Posterior capsule rupture rates (an important complication) were 7.8% (42 of 537) for the intervention group and 26.6% (54 of 203) for the control group (difference, 18.8%; 95% CI, 12.3%-25.3%; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This randomized clinical trial provides evidence that intense simulation-based cataract surgical education facilitates the rapid acquisition of surgical competence and maximizes patient safety. Trial Registration Pan-African Clinical Trial Registry, number PACTR201803002159198.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Dean
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Ophthalmology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John C. Buchan
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Agrippa Mukome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Parirenyatwa Hospitals, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Juliet Otiti-Sengeri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Arunga
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Mbarara University and Referral Hospital Eye Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Min J. Kim
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David MacLeod
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Cook
- Division of Ophthalmology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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