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Wagner N, Perkins E, Rodriguez Y, Ordway C, Flum M, Hernandez-Pena L, Perelstein P, Sem K, Paz Y, Plate R, Popoola A, Lynch S, Astone K, Goldstein E, Njoroge WFM, Raine A, Pincus D, Pérez-Edgar K, Waller R. Promoting Empathy and Affiliation in Relationships (PEAR) study: protocol for a longitudinal study investigating the development of early childhood callous-unemotional traits. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072742. [PMID: 37802613 PMCID: PMC10565261 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits are at high lifetime risk of antisocial behaviour. Low affiliation (ie, social bonding difficulties) and fearlessness (ie, low threat sensitivity) are proposed risk factors for CU traits. Parenting practices (eg, harshness and low warmth) also predict risk for CU traits. However, few studies in early childhood have identified attentional or physiological markers of low affiliation and fearlessness. Moreover, no studies have tested whether parenting practices are underpinned by low affiliation or fearlessness shared by parents, which could further shape parent-child interactions and exacerbate risk for CU traits. Addressing these questions will inform knowledge of how CU traits develop and isolate novel parent and child targets for future specialised treatments for CU traits. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Promoting Empathy and Affiliation in Relationships (PEAR) study aims to establish risk factors for CU traits in children aged 3-6 years. The PEAR study will recruit 500 parent-child dyads from two metropolitan areas of the USA. Parents and children will complete questionnaires, computer tasks and observational assessments, alongside collection of eye-tracking and physiological data, when children are aged 3-4 (time 1) and 5-6 (time 2) years. The moderating roles of child sex, race and ethnicity, family and neighbourhood disadvantage, and parental psychopathology will also be assessed. Study aims will be addressed using structural equation modelling, which will allow for flexible characterisation of low affiliation, fearlessness and parenting practices as risk factors for CU traits across multiple domains. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted by Boston University (#6158E) and the University of Pennsylvania (#850638). Results will be disseminated through conferences and open-access publications. All study and task materials will be made freely available on lab websites and through the Open Science Framework (OSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wagner
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Perkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuheiry Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cora Ordway
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michaela Flum
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucia Hernandez-Pena
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Polina Perelstein
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathy Sem
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yael Paz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rista Plate
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ayomide Popoola
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Lynch
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristina Astone
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan Goldstein
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanjikũ F M Njoroge
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriane Raine
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna Pincus
- Department of Brain & Psychological Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Athamneh LN, King MJ, Craft WH, Freitas-Lemos R, Tomlinson DC, Yeh YH, Bickel WK. The Associations between Remission Status, Discounting Rates, and Recovery from Substance Use Disorders. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:275-282. [PMID: 36622296 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs) requires sustained and purposeful support to maintain long-term remission. Methods: This study investigated the association between assessment of recovery capital, household chaos, delay discounting (DD) and probability discounting (PD), and remission status among individuals in recovery from SUD. Data from 281 participants from the International Quit & Recovery Registry (IQRR), an ongoing online registry that aims to study the recovery process, were included in the analysis. Results: Lower DD rates and higher recovery capital were found among those in remission compared to those not in remission after controlling for demographics. In contrast, the association of household chaos and PD with remission status were insignificant. Overall, DD accounted for 20% of the total effect between the recovery capital and the remission status. Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of recovery as a multidimensional process, supports DD as a behavioral marker of addiction, and suggests areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Michele J King
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Roberta Freitas-Lemos
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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Schimmenti A, Billieux J, Santoro G, Casale S, Starcevic V. A trauma model of substance use: Elaboration and preliminary validation. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107431. [PMID: 35905595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The current study expands on and integrates previous theoretical models concerning the pathways that link child maltreatment to substance use disorder. The proposed model, based on the self-medication hypothesis, suggests that experiences of neglect and abuse during childhood can lead to substance use and abuse both directly and indirectly, via dissociation resulting from failed attempts to integrate experiences of maltreatment in childhood. The model was tested on ten substances (painkillers, stimulants, sedatives, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, and methamphetamine) via structural equation modeling (SEM) in a sample comprising 1040 community-dwelling adults (67 % women) aged between 18 and 78 (M = 29.55, SD = 11.37). Fit indexes of the SEM were good, thus supporting the hypothesized model. Specific forms of child maltreatment were related to increased use of specific substances; however, experience of childhood neglect (both physical and emotional) was found to have a central role in predicting use of most substances. Although no single pathway can fully explain the origins of substance abuse, the current study provides evidence of a critical developmental pathway to it, with implications for theory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Géopolis CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Gianluca Santoro
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi12, 50135 Florence, Italy.
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Athamneh LN, Freitas-Lemos R, Basso JC, Keith DR, King MJ, Bickel WK. The phenotype of recovery VI: The association between life-history strategies, delay discounting, and maladaptive health and financial behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Res 2022; 46:129-140. [PMID: 35076945 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The life-history theory is a well-established framework that predicts behaviors and explains how and why organisms allocate effort and resources to different life goals. Delay discounting (DD) is associated with risky behaviors and has been suggested as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Thus, we investigated the relationship between DD, life-history strategies, and engagement in risky behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS Data from 110 individuals in recovery from addiction from The International Quit & Recovery Registry, an ongoing online registry designed to understand recovery phenotype, were included in the analysis. The association between life-history strategies, DD, engagement in risky behaviors, and remission status were assessed. RESULTS Life-history strategy scores were significantly associated with DD rates and finance, health, and personal development behaviors after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, years of education, marital status, smoking status, and history of other substance use. Remission status was significantly associated with life-history strategy, DD, drug use, fitness, health, and safe driving after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, marital status, and smoking status. In addition, a mediation analysis using Hayes' methods revealed that the discounting rates partially mediated the association between remission status and life-history strategy scores. CONCLUSIONS Life-history strategies and remission status are both significantly associated with DD and various health and finance behaviors among individuals in recovery from AUD. This finding supports the characterizations of DD as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction that could help differentiate subgroups needing special attention or specific interventions to improve the outcomes of their recovery. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the relationships between changes in life-history strategies, DD, maladaptive health behaviors, and remission status over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Roberta Freitas-Lemos
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Julia C Basso
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Diana R Keith
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Michele J King
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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