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Yang JO, Kim D, Lee YS, Hong KJ, Lee BH, Park MG. Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Controlling Two Major Aphid Pests, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis gossypii, on Passion Fruit, from Cultivation to Post-Harvest Storage. INSECTS 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38921101 PMCID: PMC11203910 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical crops are being increasingly cultivated in South Korea, leading to an increase in damage by exotic insect pests. Consequently, ethyl formate (EF) is currently being considered for quarantine and pre-shipment fumigation. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation for controlling Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis gossypii Glover, two representative quarantine pests on passion fruit ("Pink Bourbon") during greenhouse cultivation and post-harvest storage. The efficacy of EF against both aphids in terms of the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LCt50%) and LCt99% was 1.36-2.61 g h/m3 and 3.73-7.55 g h/m3 under greenhouse conditions (23 °C), and 1.37-2.02 g h/m3 and 3.80-14.59 g h/m3 post-harvest (5 °C), respectively. EF at 4 g/m3 for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality of A. spiraecola, which was more resistant to EF, without causing phytotoxic damage to the trees in a 340 m3 greenhouse. Post-harvest fruit fumigation at 10 g/m3 for 4 h in a mid-size (0.8 m3) fumigation chamber resulted in complete disinfection. Moreover, the EF level decreased below the EF threshold within 10 min after natural ventilation in the greenhouse. Therefore, our results suggest EF fumigation as an effective method for controlling A. spiraecola and A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Oh Yang
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongbin Kim
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Product, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (B.-H.L.)
| | - Young Su Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong 18388, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki-Jeong Hong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Product, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (D.K.); (B.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Kim SY, Choi NR, Park MG. Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation as a Quarantine Treatment for the Control of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Wood. INSECTS 2024; 15:379. [PMID: 38921093 PMCID: PMC11204071 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
High-risk termites in wood imported to the Republic of Korea are currently treated with methyl bromide (MB), which has ozone-depleting properties and is highly toxic. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) as a quarantine treatment against Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in wood, along with its wood sorption and penetration capacity. The LCt50 and LCt99 values for SF were 30.87 and 42.53 mg h/L at 23 °C and 151.62 and 401.9 mg h/L at 5 °C, respectively. The SF Ct values did not significantly differ between dry and wet wood at loading ratios of 10%, 30%, and 50% at both 5 °C and 23 °C (p > 0.05). In a closed wooden cube, the LCt50 and LCt99 for SF for R. speratus were 31.59 and 53.34 mg h/L, respectively, indicating an excellent wood penetration ability. SF caused 100% termite mortality with a 90% loading ratio in the scale-up trials (500 L). The SF concentration during ventilation decreased below the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm within 30 min, confirming that the working conditions were safe. This study provides a basis for the use of SF as an alternative to MB for the treatment of termites in wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (N.-R.C.)
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Choi J, Cha W, Park MG. Evaluation of the effect of photoplethysmograms on workers' exposure to methyl bromide using second derivative. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1224143. [PMID: 37818301 PMCID: PMC10560719 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1224143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl bromide (MB) is worldwide the only effective fumigant heavily used for quarantine pre-shipment treatment and has a critical use exemption for soil fumigations due to its excellent permeability and insecticidal effect. However, MB should be replaced as it is an an ozone-depleting substance and also highly toxic to humans. Recently, MB has been shown to be hazardous even for asymptomatic workers, affecting their central and autonomic nervous systems. However, the effects of MB exposure on vascular health have not been explored. This study aimed to determine whether MB affects the arterial system of asymptomatic workers. We measured the second derivative of the photoplethysmogram (SDPTG) indices, which are indicators of vascular load and aging, and urinary bromide ion (Br-) concentrations in 44 fumigators (study group) and 20 inspectors (control group) before and after fumigation. In fumigators, the mean values of post-work SDPTG indices (b/a, c/a, d/a, e/a, and SDPTG aging index) and Br- levels were significantly changed compared to their pre-work values (p < 0.05), indicating a negative effect on their cardiovascular health. In contrast, SDPTG indices and Br- levels in inspectors did not show any differences before and after work. All SDPTG indices except c/a showed significant correlations with Br- levels in all individuals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the Br- levels and SDPTG indices of fumigators varied after MB work, and they experienced negative effects on their health despite being asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Kwon TH, Cho JH, Kim DB, Kwon GM, Hong KJ, Ren Y, Lee BH, Park MG. Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Control of the Scale Insect Asiacornococcus kaki, a Quarantine Pest on Sweet Persimmon, Diospyros kaki: Efficacy, Phytotoxicity and Safety. INSECTS 2023; 14:341. [PMID: 37103156 PMCID: PMC10144637 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sweet persimmons are a valuable export commodity. However, the presence of live insects such as Asiacornococcus kaki limits their access to many export markets. Methyl bromide, traditionally used for pest control, is damaging to human health and the environment. Ethyl formate (EF) is a viable alternative; however, its effectiveness against A. kaki on sweet persimmon fruit is unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation in controlling A. kaki present under the calyx of persimmon fruit. The hatching rate of eggs and the survival rates of nymphs and adults of A. kaki at low temperatures, its LCt50 and LCt99 after EF exposure, and phytotoxic damage caused by EF were evaluated in laboratory-scale and commercial-scale tests. The dose-response tests showed that the EF LCt99 at 5 °C was 9.69, 42.13, and 126.13 g h m-3 for adults, nymphs, and eggs, respectively. Commercial-scale tests demonstrated EF efficacy against all A. kaki stages without causing phytotoxic effects on persimmons, though the eggs of A. kaki were not completely controlled in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-packaged fruit. This study demonstrated that EF is a potential fumigant for quarantine pretreatment, especially before persimmon fruit is packed with LLDPE film, to control A. kaki infesting sweet persimmon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Komohana Research Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa 875, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Jin-Hun Cho
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Bin Kim
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Myon Kwon
- Bio Utilization Institute, Sesamkeingil 83-10, Andong 36614, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Hong
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Kwon TH, Kim DB, Lee BH, Cha DH, Park MG. Comparison of Methyl Bromide and Ethyl Formate for Fumigation of Snail and Fly Pests of Imported Orchids. INSECTS 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 36661994 PMCID: PMC9866921 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Invasive snails and flies are major pests of imported orchids, controlled by methyl bromide (MB) fumigation in Korea. We compared the efficacy and phytotoxicity of ethyl formate (EF) and MB on four species of imported orchids using juvenile stages of Achatina fulica and third and fourth instars of Lycoriella mali. EF was as effective as MB. The LCt99 values of EF were 68.1 and 73.1 g h/m3 at 15 °C; and those of MB were 95.9 and 78.4 g h/m3 at 15 °C for A. fulica and L. mali, respectively. In the scale-up trials, EF treatment at 35 g/m3 for 4 h at 15 °C resulted in complete control of both pests. MB treatment based on the current treatment guidelines for imported orchids (48 g/m3, 2 h, at >15 °C) resulted in complete control of L. mali but not of A. fulica. Chlorophyll content and hue values of treated orchids were not affected by EF treatment but significantly changed by MB (p-value < 0.05). All four treated species of orchids died within 30 d of MB treatment, while only one species died from EF treatment. Our results suggest that EF is a potential alternative to MB in phytosanitary treatment of imported orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Komohana Research Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa 875, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dong-Bin Kim
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong H. Cha
- Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Min-Goo Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Hinz R, 't Mannetje A, Glass B, McLean D, Douwes J. Neuropsychological symptoms in workers handling cargo from shipping containers and export logs. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 95:1661-1677. [PMID: 35524148 PMCID: PMC9489567 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute poisonings of workers handling shipping containers by fumigants and other harmful chemicals off-gassed from cargo have been reported but (sub)-chronic neuropsychological effects have not been well studied. METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed, using standardised questionnaires, current (past 3-months) neuropsychological symptoms in 274 container handlers, 38 retail workers, 35 fumigators, and 18 log workers, all potentially exposed to fumigants and off-gassed chemicals, and a reference group of 206 construction workers. Prevalence odds ratios (OR), adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, personality traits and BMI, were calculated to assess associations with the total number of symptoms (≥ 3, ≥ 5 or ≥ 10) and specific symptom domains (neurological, psychosomatic, mood, memory/concentration, fatigue, and sleep). RESULTS Compared to the reference group, exposed workers were more likely to report ≥ 10 symptoms, statistically significant only for retail workers (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.9-24.3) who also reported more fatigue (OR 10.7, 95% CI 2.7-42.7). Container handlers with the highest exposure-duration were more likely to report ≥ 10 symptoms, both when compared with reference workers (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.4-11.7) and with container handlers with shorter exposure duration (OR 7.5, 95% CI 1.7-32.8). The duration of container handling was particularly associated with symptoms in the memory/concentration domain, again both when compared to reference workers (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.5-31.4) and workers with the lowest exposure-duration (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.5-30.3). CONCLUSION Container handlers may have an increased risk of neuropsychological symptoms, especially in the memory/concentration domain. Retail workers may also be at risk, but this requires confirmation in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hinz
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bill Glass
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dave McLean
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Postharvest Disinfestation Treatments for False Codling Moth and Fruit Flies in Citrus from South Africa. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
South Africa is the 13th largest producer and second largest exporter of citrus fruit globally. The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, and the fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata, C. rosa and Bactrocera dorsalis, can potentially infest citrus fruit and therefore pose a phytosanitary risk for export markets. Consequently, a wide range of postharvest phytosanitary treatments for disinfestation of citrus fruit from these pests have been investigated. These include cold treatments, irradiation, fumigation, heat treatments, and combinations of some of these. Due to the potential phytotoxic effects of all these treatments, the use of a systems approach that depends on two or more independent measures for acceptable phytosanitary risk mitigation is a preferable option. To date, the only postharvest disinfestation treatments used commercially for T. leucotreta and fruit flies for South African citrus, are stand-alone cold treatments and partial cold treatments, as a component in a multi-tiered systems approach. Research on development of novel and improvement of existing postharvest measures continues as a high priority. This includes postharvest detection technologies, in addition to treatment technologies.
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Park MG, Lee BH, Yang JO, Kim BS, Roh GH, Kendra PE, Cha DH. Ethyl Formate as a Methyl Bromide Alternative for Fumigation of Citrus: Efficacy, Fruit Quality, and Workplace Safety. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2290-2296. [PMID: 34622933 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl formate (EF) was evaluated as a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus fruit in the Republic of Korea. Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a mealybug with known tolerance against EF and MB, was used as a representative pest to test efficacy of the two fumigants against eggs. In nine commercial-scale refrigerated container (67.5 m3) trials using imported orange, lemon and grapefruit, EF applied at the currently approved dose for citrus (70 g·m-3 at 5°C for 4 h, developed for Aspidiotus excisus Green (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a species less EF tolerant than P. citri) resulted in 76.9-98.3% mortality of P. citri eggs. The EF treatment did not affect the sugar content or the color of peel and pulp of the treated fruit. When oranges were treated according to the current MB (64 g·m-3 at >5°C for 2 h) or EF treatment guidelines, the concentration of fumigant around the fruit fluctuated between 9.4 and 185.1 ppm for EF and 9.5-203.0 ppm for MB during the 72-h post-fumigation processes (venting [0-2 h], transportation to storage [2-24 h], and storage periods [24-72 h]) with both EF and MB maintained between 10 and 100 ppm during the storage period. Considering the efficacy of EF, its apparent lack of phytotoxicity, and its more manageable threshold limit value for humans (100 ppm EF compared to 1 ppm MB for an 8-h time weighted average exposure), our results suggest that EF may be a promising alternative to MB for the phytosanitary treatment of imported citrus in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyun Roh
- USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul E Kendra
- USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dong H Cha
- USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
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Park MG, Ren Y, Lee BH. Preliminary study to evaluate ethanedinitrile (C 2 N 2 ) for quarantine treatment of four wood destroying pests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5213-5219. [PMID: 34270154 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl bromide is an ozone depleting substance and is still being used for quarantine treatment of wood products and logs. Ethanedinitrile (C2 N2 ) is a new potential alternative fumigant and has been investigated as a timber fumigant because it has shown better penetration through timber and responds fast to insects and nematodes. This article reports on laboratory and commercial-scale trials with C2 N2 for important wood destroying pests namely Tomicus piniperda (Pine bark beetle) adults, Hyphantria cunea (Fall webworm) lavae, Reticulitermes speratus (Japanese Termite) adults and Cryphalus fulvus (Scolytidae) (Yellow minute bark beetle) which naturally infests pine logs. RESULTS Tomicus pi:niperda adults were more tolerance than H. cunea lavae and R. speratus adults with lethal concentration × time affecting 99% mortality (LCt99 ) values of 27.84, 7.49 and 3.30 g h m-3 , respectively. Ethanedinitrile shows exceptionally high toxicity to adult R. speratus which was almost 26 times more toxic than methyl bromide. The complete control of larvae and adults stages of C. fulvus was achieved at concentration × time (Ct) products from 89.6 g h m-3 in a 6-8 L fumigation chamber. Temperature-depending trials on C. fulvus were conducted with C2 N2 doses of 30 at 21 ± 6 and 40 g m-3 at 9 ± 3 and 2 ± 2 °C for 24 h. The Ct products of 182.2, 227.8 and 268.6 g h m-3 were obtained and C. fulvus was completely controlled at all tested temperatures. CONCLUSION Ethanedinitrile could offer quarantine treatment for wood products and logs for the control of wood destroying insect pests and termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Byung-Ho Lee
- Institute Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongmam, Republic of Korea
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Park MG, Hong YS, Park CG, Gu DC, Mo HH. Variations in methyl bromide concentration with distance and time during quarantine fumigation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:397. [PMID: 34105044 PMCID: PMC8263420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (MB) is a highly toxic and ozone-depleting substance and should be replaced. Worker exposure to high MB concentrations during fumigation has been previously reported. However, variations in MB concentration as a function of distance from fumigated objects or of time after degassing have not been reported so far. In this study, air samples were collected at various distances from fumigated objects (oranges, wood in containers, and wood in tarpaulin) during injection and degassing and analyzed via gas chromatography according to the Occupational Safety and Health Agency method. In addition, MB concentrations were directly measured over time using a gas detector during degassing. Non-linear regression analysis of the logarithmically transformed data indicated a clear decrease in MB concentration with distance as well as time. Non-linear regression models were constructed to describe the decrease in MB concentration with distance from the objects and with time during degassing (P < 0.05 for all models). The results of this study could aid in establishing appropriate safety guidelines, and hence, in preventing risks related to MB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Park
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Gyoo Park
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21+ Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Gu
- Department of Public Health, Medical Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Gugil Environment and Industrial Hygiene. Co. Ltd, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ho Mo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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