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Kesler RM, Powell J, Nguyen D, Massey KA, Joshi S, Xu S, Zhuang Z, Horn GP, Burd NA, Masoud F. Evaluation of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) weight on firefighter stamina, comfort, and postural stability. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38972717 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2375026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Firefighters wear personal protective equipment to protect them from the thermal and chemical environment in which they operate. The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) provides isolation of the airway from the hazardous fireground. National standards limit SCBA weight, however, integration of additional features could result in an SCBA exceeding the current limit. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased SCBA weight on firefighters' physiological responses, work output, dynamic stability, and comfort. Completion of simulated firefighting activities induced a strong physiological response. Peak oxygen consumption was higher with the lightest SCBA than the heaviest SCBA. Few other physiological differences were noted as SCBA weight increased. Importantly, increased SCBA weight resulted in significantly more negative perceptions by the firefighters and a trend towards significance for the duration of work time prior to reaching volitional fatigue. These results should be considered when assessing changes to existing SCBA weight limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Kesler
- Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Columbia, MD, USA
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Powell
- National Personal Protective Technologies Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dac Nguyen
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kristen A Massey
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sarthak Joshi
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Susan Xu
- National Personal Protective Technologies Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziqing Zhuang
- National Personal Protective Technologies Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Horn
- Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Columbia, MD, USA
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Farzaneh Masoud
- Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Stevenson RDM, Warwick J, Bilzon JLJ. Physiological Responses and Performance of Simulated High-Rise Firefighting. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:141-147. [PMID: 37948191 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to determine the physiological effects of breathing apparatus and ascent strategies during a simulated 120-m vertical high-rise firefighting ascent. METHODS Twenty-eight firefighters completed four high-rise firefighting trials wearing standard- or extended-duration breathing apparatus with continuous ascent (SDBA-C/EDBA-C) or with breaks (SDBA-B/EDBA-B). Task time, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, core body temperature, and thermal comfort were recorded at predetermined elevations. RESULTS Task time took significantly longer during the EDBA-C compared with SDBA-C trial. Heart rate (at 40, 80, and 100 m) was significantly lower in trials following breaks compared with the continuous trials. Core body temperature rose by 0.11°C every 10 m of ascent. During the SDBA trials, 89% to 96% of firefighters activated their low air alarm compared with only 7% in EDBA. CONCLUSIONS Firefighters should wear EDBA beyond 80 m of ascent and are encouraged to take regular breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Daniel Mark Stevenson
- From the University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (RD, J.L.J.); and University College London, London, United Kingdom (J.W.)
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3
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Loewen B, Melton B, Maupin D, Ryan G. Comparing Acute Responses Between Single Session Circuit Training and Fireground Suppression Tasks. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1667-1678. [PMID: 37494119 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Loewen, B, Melton, B, Maupin, D, and Ryan, G. Comparing acute responses between single session circuit training and fireground suppression tasks. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1667-1678, 2023-The purpose of this study was to compare the cardio-metabolic and perceived demands of task-specific circuit training to fireground suppression tasks (FST). Twenty-three career, structural firefighters performed three separate testing days (i.e., FST, CT, and CTW). FST consisted of performing seven common occupational tasks in full gear (∼22.5kg). The weighted (CTW: 18.9kg vest) and unweighted (CT) circuit utilized seven exercises designed to mimic the FST's. Measurements included relative heart rate (%HRmax), post-training blood lactate (Lapost), change in countermovement jump height (▵CMJ), change in dominant and non-dominant handgrip strength (▵DHG and ▵NDHG), total training time, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and job-specific rating of relevance. A repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Bonferroni post-hoc, was performed for each variable, excluding RPE and rating of relevance. Friedman's ANOVA was used to assess differences in RPE and rating of relevance, with Wilcoxen Signed Rank tests follow-up. Significant mean differences were found in %HRmax between CT and FST (∼8.6%, p < 0.01, d = 1.12) and CTW and FST (∼5.3%, p < 0.01, d = 0.75), ▵CMJ between CT and FST (p < 0.01, d = 1.35) and CTW and FST (p < 0.01, d = 1.09), ▵NDHG between CTW and FST (p = 0.01, d = 0.79), training time between CT and FST (p < 0.01, d = 1.00) and CTW and FST (p < 0.01, d = 1.81), and rating of relevance between CT and FST (PSdep = 0.67). In conclusion, CT and CTW were able to elicit similar metabolic and perceived demands as FST, while producing a lower cardiovascular response. Therefore, while circuit training may be a beneficial training tool for firefighters, it cannot replicate FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Loewen
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Bridget Melton
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Daniel Maupin
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia; and
| | - Greg Ryan
- Piedmont University, Demorest, Georgia
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Boggi A, do Amaral J, Bacchi A, Nascimento V, Voegels R, dos Santos J, Grimaldi G, Basseto de Oliveira Araújo K, Pavão V, Passaretti D, Aldred A, Gomes G, Pezato R. Evaluation of the Impact of Exposure To Heat and to By-Products of Combustion on the Health of Firefighters. ANNALS OF BURNS AND FIRE DISASTERS 2023; 36:100-110. [PMID: 38681946 PMCID: PMC11041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Firefighters are often exposed to high temperatures and by-products of combustion, which can affect their health. In this study, we assessed the impact of acute exposure of firefighters in fire simulators. Twenty male firefighters were exposed to fire simulators, and observed in four phases: pre-exposure (group 0, control) and after the end of the first (group 1), second (group 2), and fourth (group 3) weeks of training. Blood samples were collected and dosed to evaluate the response of the immune, inflammatory (C-reactive protein, IL6, and IL10), and endocrine systems (cortisone, total testosterone, free testosterone, SHBG, bioavailable testosterone, TSH, and free T4). In groups 0, 1, and 3, a thermographic evaluation was also carried out to study the temperature and body heat flow of the participants. Regarding the inflammatory process, an increase in C-reactive protein and a reduction in IL-10 were observed. With respect to hormonal markers, an increase in cortisol and reduced levels of free T4 and bioavailable testosterone were found after exposure, with recovery of testosterone levels in the final week of training. Thermoregulatory adaptation of the organism has been associated with changes in heat flow in the organism in people subjected to extreme temperatures, with emphasis on the performance of the lower limbs. Our findings demonstrate an inflammatory response with hormonal changes after exposure to fire and an adaptive response of thermal balance, which could aid understanding of the physiology of the human body in extreme situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.C. Boggi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fire Department, Escola Superior de Bombeiros -– Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Franco da Rocha, Brazil
| | - J.B. do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A.L.L. Bacchi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V.M. Nascimento
- Fire Department, Escola Superior de Bombeiros -– Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Franco da Rocha, Brazil
| | - R.L. Voegels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J.M.B. dos Santos
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - G. Grimaldi
- Hospital da Polícia Militar, Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - V. Pavão
- Fire Department, Escola Superior de Bombeiros -– Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Franco da Rocha, Brazil
| | - D.A. Passaretti
- Fire Department, Escola Superior de Bombeiros -– Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Franco da Rocha, Brazil
| | - A. Aldred
- Predikta Soluções em Pesquisa LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. Gomes
- Predikta Soluções em Pesquisa LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Pezato
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre of Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Tochihara Y, Lee JY, Son SY, Bakri I. Heat strain of Japanese firefighters wearing personal protective equipment: a review for developing a test method. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:676-689. [PMID: 35959644 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to develop a test method for the evaluation of heat strain for structural firefighters wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in Japan. We analysed a series of our laboratory's questionnaires and experimental studies and reviewed international standards on test methods. We investigated the actual average working conditions (total firefighting time on one incidence, working time with full PPE, maximum temperature and humidity during firefighting) at structural firefighting site in Japan by conducting a large-scale questionnaire survey of Japanese firefighters. We discussed test subjects (firefighters vs. non-firefighters; body size; physical fitness), exercise intensity (absolutes vs. relative; light vs. heavy) and duration, experimental temperature and relative humidity, experimental clothing items including station uniforms (shorts vs. long), and measurement variables (physiological and subjective responses), and suggested a standard test method to evaluate the heat strain of firefighters in hot and humid environments.Practitioner summary: We reviewed studies on human wear trials of firefighting personal protective equipment (PPE) in hot environments and suggested a standard test method to evaluate the heat strain of firefighters. The test method can be internationally utilised to examine the comfort functions and heat stress of PPE in hot, humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tochihara
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Graphene Research Center for Convergence Technology, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Korea
| | - Su-Young Son
- Department of Home Economics Education Teachers College, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ilham Bakri
- Industrial Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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McMorrow C, Feairheller DL. Blood Pressure Responses in Firefighters: A Review. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:145-152. [PMID: 34979891 DOI: 10.2174/1573402118666220103094201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) responses are controlled by various factors and understanding how BP changes is important to occupational health. This paper presents a review of the literature that reports BP responses in the firefighter population. Hypertension is one of the main risk factors underlying the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cardiac incidents remain the leading cause of line-of-duty deaths in firefighters. Risk factors for line-of-duty deaths include obesity, previous or underlying heart disease, and hypertension. The occupation of firefighting is one of the most hazardous and dangerous jobs, yet over 50 % of firefighters are volunteers. Tactical operations and the hazardous nature of firefighting are exposures that influence stress responses and, therefore, affect BP. In fact, hypertension in firefighters often remains undocumented or undiagnosed. CVD risk and elevated BP in tactical populations, like firefighters, maybe a combination of physical and emotional stress due to the nature of the job. Cross-sectional studies have reported that firefighters have higher levels of BP and higher rates of hypertension compared to civilians. Interestingly, there is a limited amount of research that reports BP values before and after firefighting- related activities, and very few studies on interventional changes in BP. Here, we synthesize the literature on firefighting and provide a summary of the studies that report pre- and post- BP levels that relate to CVD risk factors, occupational factors, firefighting activities, and the data on exercise training and BP. More studies are needed that examine BP in firefighters and report on the changes in BP with occupational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly McMorrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH, USA
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Fullagar H, Notley SR, Fransen J, Richardson A, Stadnyk A, Lu D, Brown G, Duffield R. Cooling strategies for firefighters: Effects on physiological, physical, and visuo-motor outcomes following fire-fighting tasks in the heat. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hemostatic Responses to Multiple Bouts of Firefighting Activity: Female vs. Male Differences in a High Demand, High Performance Occupation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042124. [PMID: 35206312 PMCID: PMC8872043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While the fire service has long been a male-dominated occupation, women's participation in this strenuous, high risk, high performance activity has increased in recent years. Firefighting induces significant cardiovascular strain, including hemostatic disruption; however, the effect of sex on hemostatic responses has not been investigated despite evidence that there are sex-related differences in hemostatic variables at rest and following exercise. Thus, we investigated hemostatic responses in age- and BMI-matched male and female firefighters who performed 3-4 evolutions of firefighting drills over a 3 h period. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the firefighting training drills and hemostatic variables were assessed. Firefighting significantly increased platelet count and factor VIII, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, and t-PA activity, and decreased activated partial thromboplastin time and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity. Females had lower values for epinephrine-induced platelet closure time, antithrombin III, PAI-1 activity, and PAI-1 antigen. There were no interactions between sex and time for any variables assessed. In conclusion, multiple bouts of firefighting activity resulted in a procoagulatory state. Although there were sex differences for several hemostatic variables, male and female firefighters did not differ in their hemostatic response to multiple bouts of firefighting.
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9
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Graham EL, Khaja S, Caban-Martinez AJ, Smith DL. Firefighters and COVID-19: An Occupational Health Perspective. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e556-e563. [PMID: 34138822 PMCID: PMC8327761 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Khaja
- Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL
- Hanover Park Fire Department, Hanover Park, IL
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
| | - Denise L Smith
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
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Kesler RM, Mayer A, Fent KW, Chen IC, Deaton AS, Ormond RB, Smith DL, Wilkinson A, Kerber S, Horn GP. Effects of firefighting hood design, laundering and doffing on smoke protection, heat stress and wearability. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:755-767. [PMID: 33393449 PMCID: PMC9066276 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1867241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Firefighter hoods must provide protection from elevated temperatures and products of combustion (e.g. particulate) while simultaneously being wearable (comfortable and not interfering with firefighting activities). The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of (1) hood design (traditional knit hood vs particulate-blocking hood), (2) repeated laundering, and (3) hood removal method (traditional vs overhead doffing) on (a) protection from soot contamination on the neck, (b) heat stress and (c) wearability measures. Using a fireground exposure simulator, 24 firefighters performed firefighting activities in realistic smoke and heat conditions using a new knit hood, new particulate-blocking hood and laundered particulate-blocking hood. Overall, soot contamination levels measured from neck skin were lower when wearing the laundered particulate-blocking hoods compared to new knit hoods, and when using the overhead hood removal process. No significant differences in skin temperature, core temperature, heart rate or wearability measures were found between the hood conditions. Practitioner Summary: The addition of a particulate-blocking layer to firefighters' traditional two-ply hood was found to reduce the PAH contamination reaching the neck but did not affect heat stress measurements or thermal perceptions. Modifying the process for hood removal resulted in a larger reduction in neck skin contamination than design modification. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; B: new particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); FES: fireground exposure simulator; GI: gastrointestinal; K: new knit hood and PPE (PPE configuration); L: laundered particulate-blocking hood and PPE (PPE configuration); LOD: limit of detection; MLE: maximum likelihood estimation; NFPA: National fire protection association; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PPE: personal protective equipment; SCBA: self-contained breathing apparatus; THL: total heat loss; TPP: thermal protective performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Kesler
- University of Illinois, Fire Service Institute; Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alex Mayer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth W. Fent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Denise L. Smith
- University of Illinois, Fire Service Institute; Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Skidmore College; Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Wilkinson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health; Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Skidmore College; Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Steve Kerber
- Underwriters Laboratories Firefighter Safety Research Institute; Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Gavin P. Horn
- University of Illinois, Fire Service Institute; Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Underwriters Laboratories Firefighter Safety Research Institute; Columbia, MD, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effectiveness of firefighter exposure reduction interventions. METHODS Fireground interventions included use of self-contained breathing apparatus by engineers, entry team wash down, contaminated equipment isolation, and personnel showering and washing of gear upon return to station. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAH-OHs) were measured after structural fire responses before and after intervention implementation. Separately, infrared sauna use following live-fire training was compared to standard postfire care in a randomized trial. RESULTS The fireground interventions significantly reduced mean total urinary postfire PAH-OHs in engineers (-40.4%, 95%CI -63.9%, -2.3%) and firefighters (-36.2%, 95%CI -56.7%, -6.0%) but not captains (-11.3% 95%CI -39.4%, 29.9%). Sauna treatment non-significantly reduced total mean PAH-OHs by -43.5% (95%CI -68.8%, 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS The selected fireground interventions reduced urinary PAH-OHs in engineers and firefighters. Further evaluation of infrared sauna treatment is needed.
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12
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Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Dickman NE, Scammell ML, Steenland K, Hertzberg VS, McCauley L. Cooling intervention studies among outdoor occupational groups: A review of the literature. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:988-1007. [PMID: 32886396 PMCID: PMC7745167 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this systematic review is to examine cooling intervention research in outdoor occupations, evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions, and offer recommendations for future studies. This review focuses on outdoor occupational studies conducted at worksites or simulated occupational tasks in climatic chambers. METHODS This systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify original research on intervention studies published in peer-reviewed journals that aimed at reducing heat stress or heat-related illness from January 2000 to August 2020. RESULTS A systematic search yielded a total of 1042 articles, of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Occupations with cooling intervention studies included agriculture (n = 5), construction (n = 5), industrial workers (n = 4), and firefighters (n = 7). The studies focused on multiple types of cooling interventions cooling gear (vest, bandanas, cooling shirts, or head-cooling gel pack), enhanced heat dissipation clothing, forearm or lower body immersion in cold water, water dousing, ingestion of a crushed ice slush drink, electrolyte liquid hydration, and modified Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommendations of drinking water and resting in the shade. CONCLUSION Current evidence indicates that using multiple cooling gears along with rest cycles may be the most effective method to reduce heat-related illness. Occupational heat-related illnesses and death may be mitigated by targeted cooling intervention and workplace controls among workers of vulnerable occupational groups and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Chicas
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Madeleine L. Scammell
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vicki S. Hertzberg
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Linda McCauley
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wassell SD, Edwards ES, Saunders MJ, Womack CJ. Effect of Caffeine on the Hemostatic Response to Firefighting Drills. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2020.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sierra D. Wassell
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J. Saunders
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher J. Womack
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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Horn GP, Kerber S, Fent KW, Smith DL. Management of Firefighters' Chemical & Cardiovascular Exposure Risks on the Fireground. INTERNATIONAL FIRE SERVICE JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 14:7-16. [PMID: 35673618 PMCID: PMC9169513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fire service research community around the world has focused substantial resources on reducing firefighter risk for sudden cardiac events and chemical exposures that may lead to cancer. Research presented here summarizes important lessons learned from a full-scale residential Fire Study that allowed quantification of the risks as well as the effectiveness of interventions to reduce those risks. To address fireground exposure concerns, personal protective equipment (PPE) and administrative controls exist. But, these controls are not always straightforward to apply. Leadership and management concerns with ongoing implementation of these controls are introduced and opportunities for change management are discussed. While research provides a solid basis upon which to institute policy and practice, fireground leadership and management is critical to ensure appropriate implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Horn
- UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Columbia, MD and University of Illinois, Fire Service Institute, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Steve Kerber
- UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Columbia, MD
| | - Kenneth W Fent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Denise L Smith
- University of Illinois, Fire Service Institute, Urbana-Champaign, IL and Skidmore College, First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Saratoga Springs, NY
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15
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Wilkinson AF, Matias AA, Eddy CIK, Soares EM, King JL, Smith DL. Physiologic strain of SCBA confidence course training compared to circuit training and live-fire training. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 82:102966. [PMID: 31600711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Firefighting is a dangerous occupation and even training carries substantial risks. Self-contained breathing apparatus confidence courses (SCBACC) are a common type of training. PURPOSE Compare the physiological strain of SCBACC to live-fire training (LFT) and circuit training (CT) among academy cadets. METHODS Cadets wore physiologic status monitors to assess heart rate (HR) and estimated core temperature (ECT) during CT, LFT, and SCBACC of similar duration (33-38 min). RESULTS Data from 52 cadet firefighters (28 ± 4 yrs old) were analyzed. ECT (38.6 ± 0.4 vs 39.3 ± 0.7 vs. 39.3 ± 0.6ᵒC), peak HR (182.6 ± 9.1 vs. 192.7 ± 9.5 vs 195.9 ± 9.6 bpm), and age-predicted maximal HR (APMHR%; 94.6 ± 4.6 vs 99.9 ± 4.9 vs. 101.5 ± 4.8%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for CT than SCBACC and LFT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SCBACC produced physiological strain greater than CT and similar to LFT. SCBACC resulted in sustained HR at 100% of age-predicted maximal values, a peak ECT of 39.3 °C, and should be considered as physiologically stressful as LFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Wilkinson
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
| | - Alexs A Matias
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
| | - Cassandra I K Eddy
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
| | - Edgard Mkvk Soares
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | - Denise L Smith
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
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Frazier SE, Parker SH. Measurement of physiological responses to acute stress in multiple occupations: A systematic review and implications for front line healthcare providers. Transl Behav Med 2019. [PMID: 29522140 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/iby019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing performance of individuals in acutely stressful work-related situations requires a deeper understanding of the interaction between the demands of the stimuli and an individual's associated physiological response. Identifying these responses is particularly germane for healthcare professionals, who experience episodes of acute stress on a regular basis. The purpose of this review was to examine and synthesize empirical literature to identify studies assessing physiological responses to acute stress, determine common methods for measuring acute stress in near real-time, and identify common research designs employed across industries. A modified PRISMA approach was followed. Systematic searches were conducted of four databases (PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed, and Turning Research into Practice [TRIP]) to access eligibility. Reference list searches and a hand search were also conducted to identify other articles suitable for inclusion. Studies selected examined an acute physiological response while participants were engaged in a stress-inducing task. Twenty-two articles were included. Fifteen (68.2%) were centered on the human service industry while only three (13.6%) focused on healthcare professionals. Half of the studies incorporated a simulation into the research design while only two (9.1%) articles looked at physiological responses in real-world settings. Heart rate and cortisol emerged as the most common physiological measures collected. This review demonstrates that acute stress is primarily assessed retrospectively, and that there is a pragmatic gap in methodological approach, with many data collection methods inappropriate for the healthcare environment. Future research should capitalize on advancements in sensor technology to passively examine acute stress in healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Frazier
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational, Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sarah H Parker
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Kim SC, Lee HJ, Shin DM, Ku BS, Oh JH, Cho BJ, In H, Ma JY. Cardiovascular risk in fire academy instructors during live-fire simulation activity. ANNALS OF BURNS AND FIRE DISASTERS 2018; 31:313-321. [PMID: 30983932 PMCID: PMC6441576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Firefighting is an extreme occupation with a risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death due to strenuous physical exertion and psychological stress during fire suppression activity. This study aimed to investigate the vital signs (hemodynamic status) and biomarkers related to cardiac disease during live firefighting activity. In this pilot case-controlled study, seven firefighting training instructors performed a live-fire simulation for 40 min in a multi-storey training tower at the Gyenoggi-do Fire Service Academy Institute. Seven participants in the control group undertook similar exercises while wearing personal protective equipment. Cardiovascular evaluation, including vital signs and related biomarkers, was done before and after simulation until 24 h later. Nonparametric statistics were used to compare between the two groups and within the simulation group. After live-fire simulation, pulse pressure, heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) in the simulation group were higher than in the control group (pulse pressure 74.6 mmHg vs. 53.3 mmHg, HR 110 beats per minute (bpm) vs. 77 bpm, and BT 37.6 °C vs. 36.0 °C, P < 0.05 for all). Inflammatory cytokines (IL- 6), coagulation protein (fibrinogen), and stress hormones (cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone) were elevated immediately after live-fire simulation, and IL-6 and fibrinogen remained elevated until 24 h after the simulation (all P < 0.05). Our exploratory analysis found increased altered hemodynamic status and stress-related biomarkers in live-fire firefighting simulations compared to controls. These markers have the potential to be used to decrease cardiovascular risk for firefighters, and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C. Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - H-J. Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - D-M. Shin
- Department of Paramedic Science, Korea National University of Transportation, South Korea
| | - B-S. Ku
- Fire & Rescue Training Team, Gyeonggi-do Fire Service Academy, South Korea
| | - J-H. Oh
- Fire & Rescue Training Team, Gyeonggi-do Fire Service Academy, South Korea
| | - B-J. Cho
- Department of Paramedic Science, Kangwon National University, South Korea
| | - H. In
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - J-Y. Ma
- Gyeonggi-do Fire Service Academy, South Korea
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Poplin GS, Griffin S, Pollack Porter K, Mallett J, Hu C, Day-Nash V, Burgess JL. Efficacy of a proactive health and safety risk management system in the fire service. Inj Epidemiol 2018; 5:18. [PMID: 29658098 PMCID: PMC5899967 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-018-0148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the efficacy of a fire department proactive risk management program aimed at reducing firefighter injuries and their associated costs. Methods Injury data were collected for the intervention fire department and a contemporary control department. Workers’ compensation claim frequency and costs were analyzed for the intervention fire department only. Total, exercise, patient transport, and fireground operations injury rates were calculated for both fire departments. Results There was a post-intervention average annual reduction in injuries (13%), workers’ compensation injury claims (30%) and claims costs (21%). Median monthly injury rates comparing the post-intervention to the pre-intervention period did not show statistically significant changes in either the intervention or control fire department. Conclusions Reduced workers’ compensation claims and costs were observed following the risk management intervention, but changes in injury rates were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Poplin
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Stephanie Griffin
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | | | - Joshua Mallett
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Virginia Day-Nash
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
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Ensari I, Motl RW, Klaren RE, Fernhall B, Smith DL, Horn GP. Firefighter exercise protocols conducted in an environmental chamber: developing a laboratory-based simulated firefighting protocol. ERGONOMICS 2017; 60:657-668. [PMID: 27403712 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1198496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A standard exercise protocol that allows comparisons across various ergonomic studies would be of great value for researchers investigating the physical and physiological strains of firefighting and possible interventions for reducing the demands. We compared the pattern of cardiorespiratory changes from 21 firefighters during simulated firefighting activities using a newly developed firefighting activity station (FAS) and treadmill walking both performed within an identical laboratory setting. Data on cardiorespiratory parameters and core temperature were collected continuously using a portable metabolic unit and a wireless ingestible temperature probe. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated distinct patterns of change in cardiorespiratory parameters and heart rate between conditions. The pattern consisted of alternating periods of peaks and nadirs in the FAS that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to live fire activities, whereas the same parameters increased logarithmically in the treadmill condition. Core temperature increased in a similarly for both conditions, although more rapidly in the FAS. Practitioner Summary: The firefighting activity station (FAS) yields a pattern of cardiorespiratory responses qualitatively and quantitatively similar to live fire activities, significantly different than treadmill walking. The FAS can be performed in a laboratory/clinic, providing a potentially standardised protocol for testing interventions to improve health and safety and conducting return to duty decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Ensari
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Rachel E Klaren
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Bo Fernhall
- b Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Denise L Smith
- c Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
| | - Gavin P Horn
- c Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
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Hunter AL, Shah ASV, Langrish JP, Raftis JB, Lucking AJ, Brittan M, Venkatasubramanian S, Stables CL, Stelzle D, Marshall J, Graveling R, Flapan AD, Newby DE, Mills NL. Fire Simulation and Cardiovascular Health in Firefighters. Circulation 2017; 135:1284-1295. [PMID: 28373523 PMCID: PMC5377985 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of myocardial infarction in firefighters are increased during fire suppression duties, and are likely to reflect a combination of factors including extreme physical exertion and heat exposure. We assessed the effects of simulated fire suppression on measures of cardiovascular health in healthy firefighters. METHODS In an open-label randomized crossover study, 19 healthy firefighters (age, 41±7 years; 16 males) performed a standardized training exercise in a fire simulation facility or light duties for 20 minutes. After each exposure, ex vivo thrombus formation, fibrinolysis, platelet activation, and forearm blood flow in response to intra-arterial infusions of endothelial-dependent and -independent vasodilators were measured. RESULTS After fire simulation training, core temperature increased (1.0±0.1°C) and weight reduced (0.46±0.14 kg, P<0.001 for both). In comparison with control, exposure to fire simulation increased thrombus formation under low-shear (73±14%) and high-shear (66±14%) conditions (P<0.001 for both) and increased platelet-monocyte binding (7±10%, P=0.03). There was a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with all vasodilators (P<0.001), which was attenuated by fire simulation in response to acetylcholine (P=0.01) and sodium nitroprusside (P=0.004). This was associated with a rise in fibrinolytic capacity, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, and an increase in plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations (1.4 [0.8-2.5] versus 3.0 [1.7-6.4] ng/L, P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to extreme heat and physical exertion during fire suppression activates platelets, increases thrombus formation, impairs vascular function, and promotes myocardial ischemia and injury in healthy firefighters. Our findings provide pathogenic mechanisms to explain the association between fire suppression activity and acute myocardial infarction in firefighters. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01812317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Hunter
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Anoop S V Shah
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Jeremy P Langrish
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Jennifer B Raftis
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew J Lucking
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Mairi Brittan
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Sowmya Venkatasubramanian
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Catherine L Stables
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - James Marshall
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Richard Graveling
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew D Flapan
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - David E Newby
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.)
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.L.H., A.S.V.S., J.P.L., A.J.L., M.B., S.V., C.L.S., D.S., D.E.N., N.L.M.); ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, United Kingdom (J.B.R.); Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (J.M.); Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (R.G.); and Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (A.D.F.).
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Yeargin S, McKenzie AL, Eberman LE, Kingsley JD, Dziedzicki DJ, Yoder P. Physiological and Perceived Effects of Forearm or Head Cooling During Simulated Firefighting Activity and Rehabilitation. J Athl Train 2016; 51:927-935. [PMID: 28068165 PMCID: PMC5224734 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cooling devices aim to protect firefighters by attenuating a rise in body temperature. Devices for head cooling (HC) while firefighting and forearm cooling (FC) during rehabilitation (RHB) intervals are commonly marketed, but research regarding their efficacy is limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the physiological and perceived effects of HC and FC during firefighting drills and RHB. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING Firefighter training center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven male career firefighters (age = 39 ± 7 years; height = 169 ± 7 cm; weight = 95.4 ± 16.8 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Firefighters were randomly assigned to 1 condition: HC (n = 9), in which participants completed drills wearing a cold gel pack inside their helmet; FC (n = 8), in which participants sat on a collapsible chair with water-immersion arm troughs during RHB; or control (n = 10), in which participants used no cooling devices. Firefighters completed four 15-minute drills (D1-D4) wearing full bunker gear and breathing apparatus. Participants had a 15-min RHB after D2 (RHB1) and D4 (RHB2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Change (Δ) in gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), heart rate (HR), physiological strain index, and perceived thermal sensation. RESULTS The TGI increased similarly in the HC and control groups, respectively (D1: 0.57°C ± 0.41°C, 0.73°C ± 0.30°C; D2: 0.92°C ± 0.28°C, 0.85°C ± 0.27°C; D3: -0.37°C ± 0.34°C, -0.01°C ± 0.72°C; D4: 0.25°C ± 0.42°C, 0.57°C ± 0.26°C; P > .05). The ΔHR, Δ physiological strain index, and Δ thermal sensation were similar between the HC and control groups during drills (P > .05). The FC group demonstrated a decreased TGI compared with the control group after RHB1 (-1.61°C ± 0.35°C versus -0.23°C ± 0.34°C; P < .001) and RHB2 (-1.40°C ± 0.38°C versus -0.38°C ± 0.24°C; P < .001). The physiological strain index score decreased in the FC group compared with the control group after RHB1 (-7.9 ± 1.3 versus -2.6 ± 1.7; P < .001) and RHB2 (-7.9 ± 1.6 versus -3.6 ± 1.1; P < .001), but no differences between groups were demonstrated for ΔHR or Δ thermal sensation (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The HC did not attenuate rises in physiological or perceptual variables during firefighting drills. The FC effectively reduced TGI and the physiological strain index score but not HR or thermal sensation during RHB. Clinicians and firefighters should not recommend the use of HC during firefighting but can consider using FC during RHB intervals in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeargin
- Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | | | - Lindsey E. Eberman
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute
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Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2464-72. [PMID: 25910052 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold water immersion (CWI) provides rapid cooling in events of exertional heat stroke. Optimal procedures for CWI in the field are not well established. This meta-analysis aimed to provide structured analysis of the effectiveness of CWI on the cooling rate in healthy adults subjected to exercise-induced hyperthermia. METHODS An electronic search (December 2014) was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science. The mean difference of the cooling rate between CWI and passive recovery was calculated. Pooled analyses were based on a random-effects model. Sources of heterogeneity were identified through a mixed-effects model Q statistic. Inferential statistics aggregated the CWI cooling rate for extrapolation. RESULTS Nineteen studies qualified for inclusion. Results demonstrate CWI elicited a significant effect: mean difference, 0.03°C·min(-1); 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.04°C·min(-1). A conservative, observed estimate of the CWI cooling rate was 0.08°C·min(-1) across various conditions. CWI cooled individuals twice as fast as passive recovery. Subgroup analyses revealed that cooling was more effective (Q test P < 0.10) when preimmersion core temperature ≥38.6°C, immersion water temperature ≤10°C, ambient temperature ≥20°C, immersion duration ≤10 min, and using torso plus limbs immersion. There is insufficient evidence of effect using forearms/hands CWI for rapid cooling: mean difference, 0.01°C·min(-1); 95% confidence interval, -0.01°C·min(-1) to 0.04°C·min(-1). A combined data summary, pertaining to 607 subjects from 29 relevant studies, was presented for referencing the weighted cooling rate and recovery time, aiming for practitioners to better plan emergency procedures. CONCLUSIONS An optimal procedure for yielding high cooling rates is proposed. Using prompt vigorous CWI should be encouraged for treating exercise-induced hyperthermia whenever possible, using cold water temperature (approximately 10°C) and maximizing body surface contact (whole-body immersion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 1Chinese Badminton Association, Zhejiang Jiaxing Badminton Association, Zhejiang Province, CHINA; 2Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL; 3Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; and 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
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Effect of Aspirin Supplementation on Hemostatic Responses in Firefighters Aged 40 to 60 Years. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118:275-80. [PMID: 27241836 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiovascular events account for approximately 45% to 50% of all duty-related deaths among firefighters and a disproportionate number of these fatalities occur after strenuous fire suppression activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute and chronic aspirin supplementation on hemostatic function before and after live firefighting activities in older firefighters. A double-blind, crossover design included 4 treatments: a 2-week aspirin/placebo treatment ("chronic") and a single prefirefighting aspirin/placebo treatment ("acute"). Hemostatic function was assessed in 24 male firefighters (mean age = 48.2 ± 5.9 years) immediately before and after 18 minutes of live-fire firefighting activity. An acute bout of firefighting activity significantly decreased platelet aggregation time and decreased activated partial thromboplastin time. Compared with placebo, acute aspirin supplementation resulted in a significant increase in epinephrine closure time, which was further augmented by chronic supplementation. Aspirin supplementation had no effect on coagulatory or fibrinolytic factors. Our findings suggest that an acute bout of firefighting leads to increased coagulatory potential in older firefighters. In conclusion, aspirin supplementation had an antiplatelet effect that decreased platelet aggregability at rest and after an acute bout of firefighting compared with placebo.
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Hostler D, McEntire SJ, Rittenberger JC. Emergency Incident Rehabilitation: Resource Document to the Position Statement of the National Association of EMS Physicians. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2016; 20:300-6. [PMID: 26847801 DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2015.1111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Position Statement: Emergency Incident Rehabilitation The National Association of EMS Physicians® believes that: Emergency operations and training conducted while wearing protective clothing and respirators is physiologically and cognitively demanding. The heat stress and fatigue created by working in protective clothing and respirators creates additional risk of illness/injury for the public safety provider. Emergency incident rehabilitation provides a structured rest period for rehydration and correction of abnormal body core temperature following work in protective clothing and respirators. Emergency incident rehab should be conducted at incidents (e.g. fireground, hazardous materials, and heavy rescue emergencies) and trainings involving activities that may lead to exceeding safe levels of physical and mental exertion. Emergency incident rehabilitation is incident care, not fitness for duty, and meant to reduce physiologic strain and prepare the responder to return to duty at the current incident and for the remainder of the shift. EMS should play a role in emergency incident rehabilitation with providers trained to understand the physiologic response of healthy individuals to environmental, exertional, and cognitive stress and implement appropriate mitigation strategies. An appropriately qualified physician should have oversight over the creation and implementation of emergency incident rehabilitation protocols and may be separate from the roles and responsibilities of the occupational medicine physician. There are no peer-reviewed data related to cold weather rehabilitation. Future studies should address this limitation to the literature.
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Nogueira EC, Porto LGG, Nogueira RM, Martins WR, Fonseca RM, Lunardi CC, de Oliveira RJ. Body Composition is Strongly Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Large Brazilian Military Firefighter Cohort. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:33-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brearley M, Walker A. Water immersion for post incident cooling of firefighters; a review of practical fire ground cooling modalities. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2015; 4:15. [PMID: 26425341 PMCID: PMC4588265 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly cooling firefighters post emergency response is likely to increase the operational effectiveness of fire services during prolonged incidents. A variety of techniques have therefore been examined to return firefighters core body temperature to safe levels prior to fire scene re-entry or redeployment. The recommendation of forearm immersion (HFI) in cold water by the National Fire and Protection Association preceded implementation of this active cooling modality by a number of fire services in North America, South East Asia and Australia. The vascularity of the hands and forearms may expedite body heat removal, however, immersion of the torso, pelvis and/or lower body, otherwise known as multi-segment immersion (MSI), exposes a greater proportion of the body surface to water than HFI, potentially increasing the rates of cooling conferred. Therefore, this review sought to establish the efficacy of HFI and MSI to rapidly reduce firefighters core body temperature to safe working levels during rest periods. A total of 38 studies with 55 treatments (43 MSI, 12 HFI) were reviewed. The core body temperature cooling rates conferred by MSI were generally classified as ideal (n = 23) with a range of ~0.01 to 0.35 °C min(-1). In contrast, all HFI treatments resulted in unacceptably slow core body temperature cooling rates (~0.01 to 0.05 °C min(-1)). Based upon the extensive field of research supporting immersion of large body surface areas and comparable logistics of establishing HFI or MSI, it is recommended that fire and rescue management reassess their approach to fireground rehabilitation of responders. Specifically, we question the use of HFI to rapidly lower firefighter core body temperature during rest periods. By utilising MSI to restore firefighter Tc to safe working levels, fire and rescue services would adopt an evidence based approach to maintaining operational capability during arduous, sustained responses. While the optimal MSI protocol will be determined by the specifics of an individual response, maximising the body surface area immersed in circulated water of up to 26 °C for 15 min is likely to return firefighter Tc to safe working levels during rest periods. Utilising cooler water temperatures will expedite Tc cooling and minimise immersion duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Brearley
- />National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Level 8 Royal Darwin Hospital, Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, NT 0810 Australia
| | - Anthony Walker
- />Discipline of Sports Studies, Faculty of Health, UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- />Australian Capital Territory Fire and Rescue, Amberley Avenue, Fairbairn Business Park, Majura, ACT 2609 Australia
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Smith DL, Haller JM, Benedict R, Moore-Merrell L. Firefighter Incident Rehabilitation: Interpreting Heart Rate Responses. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2015; 20:28-36. [DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2015.1037477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Fehling PC, Haller JM, Lefferts WK, Hultquist EM, Wharton M, Rowland TW, Smith DL. Effect of exercise, heat stress and dehydration on myocardial performance. Occup Med (Lond) 2015; 65:317-23. [PMID: 25868467 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial dysfunction is a well-documented outcome of extended periods of high cardiac output. Whether similar effects occur during firefighting, an occupation characterized by repeated periods of work compounded by dehydration and heat stress, is uncertain. AIMS To investigate the independent and combined effects of moderate heat stress and dehydration on indicators of myocardial performance following intermittent, submaximal treadmill exercise while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS Twelve aerobically fit young men (age 21.5±2.6 years; maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 60.3±4.4ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed intermittent treadmill walking exercise consisting of three 20min bouts at an intensity of ~40% VO2max separated by two periods of rest in four different conditions in random order: (i) no heat stress-euhydrated, (ii) heat stress-euhydrated (heat stress created by wearing PPE, (iii) no heat stress-dehydrated and (iv) heat stress-dehydrated. We measured core temperature by a telemetric gastrointestinal pill. We determined cardiac variables by standard echocardiographic techniques immediately before and ~30min after exercise. RESULTS We recorded no significant changes in markers of systolic (ejection fraction, shortening fraction, tissue Doppler-S) or diastolic (mitral peak E velocity, tissue Doppler-E' and E/E') function following exercise in any of the four conditions. CONCLUSIONS In this model of exercise designed to mimic the work, heat stress and dehydration associated with firefighting activities, we observed no negative effects on myocardial inotropic or lusitropic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Fehling
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - J M Haller
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - W K Lefferts
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - E M Hultquist
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - M Wharton
- Saratoga Hospital, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - T W Rowland
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - D L Smith
- First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA,
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Horn GP, Kesler RM, Motl RW, Hsiao-Wecksler ET, Klaren RE, Ensari I, Petrucci MN, Fernhall B, Rosengren KS. Physiological responses to simulated firefighter exercise protocols in varying environments. ERGONOMICS 2015; 58:1012-1021. [PMID: 25597759 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.997806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For decades, research to quantify the effects of firefighting activities and personal protective equipment on physiology and biomechanics has been conducted in a variety of testing environments. It is unknown if these different environments provide similar information and comparable responses. A novel Firefighting Activities Station, which simulates four common fireground tasks, is presented for use with an environmental chamber in a controlled laboratory setting. Nineteen firefighters completed three different exercise protocols following common research practices. Simulated firefighting activities conducted in an environmental chamber or live-fire structures elicited similar physiological responses (max heart rate: 190.1 vs 188.0 bpm, core temperature response: 0.047°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and accelerometry counts. However, the response to a treadmill protocol commonly used in laboratory settings resulted in significantly lower heart rate (178.4 vs 188.0 bpm), core temperature response (0.037°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and physical activity counts compared with firefighting activities in the burn building. Practitioner Summary: We introduce a new approach for simulating realistic firefighting activities in a controlled laboratory environment for ergonomics assessment of fire service equipment and personnel. Physiological responses to this proposed protocol more closely replicate those from live-fire activities than a traditional treadmill protocol and are simple to replicate and standardise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Horn
- a Fire Service Institute , University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA
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SMITH DENISEL, HORN GAVINP, PETRUZZELLO STEVENJ, FAHEY GEORGE, WOODS JEFFREY, FERNHALL BO. Clotting and Fibrinolytic Changes after Firefighting Activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:448-54. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a76dd2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Horn GP, Blevins S, Fernhall B, Smith DL. Core temperature and heart rate response to repeated bouts of firefighting activities. ERGONOMICS 2013; 56:1465-1473. [PMID: 23869685 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.818719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During live-fire firefighting operations and training evolutions, firefighters often consume multiple cylinders of air and continue to wear their personal protective equipment even after fire suppression activities have ceased. However, most studies have only reported core temperature changes during short-term firefighting activities and have shown a very modest increase in core temperature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate core temperature and heart rate (HR) during repeated bouts of firefighting activity over ∼3 h. The results of this study show that core temperatures increase by an average of 1.9°C--to a larger magnitude than previously reported--and continue to increase during subsequent work cycles (38.4 vs. 38.7) even after long breaks of more than 30 min. The rate of core temperature increase during work continues to increase later in the training exercise (from 0.036 to 0.048°C/min), increasing the risk for exertional heat stress particularly if long-duration firefighting activity is required at these later times. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY To date, core temperature and HR changes during firefighting have been reported for short-term studies, which may significantly underestimate the physiological burden of typical firefighting activities. Firefighter core temperatures are shown to increase to a larger magnitude than previously observed and the rate of rise in core temperature increases during subsequent firefighting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Horn
- a University of Illinois Fire Service Institute , 11 Gerty Drive , Champaign , IL , 61820 , USA
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