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McGrath TM, Fontana MA, Toresdahl BG. Injury patterns and healthcare utilisation by runners of the New York City Marathon. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001766. [PMID: 38562153 PMCID: PMC10982772 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe injury patterns and healthcare utilisation of marathon runners. Methods This was a previously reported 16-week prospective observational study of runners training for the New York City Marathon. Runners completed a baseline survey including demographics, running experience and marathon goal. Injury surveys were collected every 4 weeks during training, as well as 1 week before and 1 week after the race. Injury details collected included anatomic location, diagnosis, onset, and treatment received. Results A total of 1049 runners were enrolled. Injuries were reported by 398 (38.4%) during training and 128 (14.1%) during the marathon. The overall prevalence of injury was 447/1049 (42.6%). Foot, knee and hip injuries were most common during training, whereas knee, thigh and foot injuries were most common during the race. The most frequent tissue type affected was the category of muscle, tendon/fascia and bursa. The prevalence of overuse injuries increased, while acute injuries remained constant throughout training. Hamstring injuries had the highest prevalence of diagnosis with 38/564 injuries (6.7%). Of the 447 runners who reported an injury, 224 (50.1%) received medical care. Physical therapy was the most common medical care received with 115/1037 (11.1%) runners during training and 44/907 (4.9%) postrace. Conclusion Runners training and participating in a marathon commonly experience injuries, especially of the foot and knee, which often are overuse soft tissue injuries. Half of the injured runners sought out medical care for their injury. Understanding the patterns of injuries affecting marathon runners could help guide future injury prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Michael McGrath
- Department of Primary Sports Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Analytics, Modeling and Performance, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Xia Y, Shen S, Jia SW, Teng J, Gu Y, Fekete G, Korim T, Zhao H, Wei Q, Yang F. Gender differences in footwear characteristics between half and full marathons in China: a cross-sectional survey. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13020. [PMID: 37563273 PMCID: PMC10415251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the risk of injuries caused by marathons in China. Since male and female runners have different injury risks, gender differences in running shoe functionality should be further complemented. A supervised questionnaire survey of 626 marathon runners was collected. The questionnaire was categorized into four sections: (1) participant profile, (2) importance of shoe properties, (3) functional evaluation of shoe properties and (4) importance ranking of shoe properties. The Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test of cross tabulation and Chi-square test, and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the results of this survey. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. The full marathon participants were older than the half marathon participants. There was no gender difference in the importance of shoe features to elite runners. In addition, women are more concerned about upper elasticity and have higher requirements for running shoes than men. Women were more focused on injury prevention, while men were more focused on running performance. Heel cushioning was identified by all participants as the most important running shoe feature. There were no gender differences between elite players' demand for running shoes, but significant gender differences were found between genders at other running levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Xia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqin Shen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Sheng-Wei Jia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Teng
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
- Department of Physical Education and Research, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Burke A, Dillon S, O'Connor S, Whyte EF, Gore S, Moran KA. Aetiological Factors of Running-Related Injuries: A 12 Month Prospective "Running Injury Surveillance Centre" (RISC) Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 37310517 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-related injuries (RRIs) are a prevalent issue for runners, with several factors proposed to be causative. The majority of studies to date are limited by retrospective study design, small sample sizes and seem to focus on individual risk factors in isolation. This study aims to investigate the multifactorial contribution of risk factors to prospective RRIs. METHODS Recreational runners (n = 258) participated in the study, where injury history and training practices, impact acceleration, and running kinematics were assessed at a baseline testing session. Prospective injuries were tracked for one year. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was performed in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 51% of runners sustained a prospective injury, with the calf most commonly affected. Univariate analysis found previous history of injury < 1 year ago, training for a marathon, frequent changing of shoes (every 0-3 months), and running technique (non-rearfoot strike pattern, less knee valgus, greater knee rotation) to be significantly associated with injury. The multivariate analysis revealed previous injury, training for a marathon, less knee valgus, and greater thorax drop to the contralateral side to be risk factors for injury. CONCLUSION This study found several factors to be potentially causative of injury. With the omission of previous injury history, the risk factors (footwear, marathon training and running kinematics) identified in this study may be easily modifiable, and therefore could inform injury prevention strategies. This is the first study to find foot strike pattern and trunk kinematics to relate to prospective injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Burke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarah Dillon
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda F Whyte
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Gore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran A Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, XG08, Lonsdale Building, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Athletic Therapy and Training, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Chang L, Fu S, Li J, Wu S, Adams R, Han J, Han C. Effects of compression running pants and treadmill running stages on knee proprioception and fatigue-related physiological responses in half-marathon runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1035424. [PMID: 36569751 PMCID: PMC9768588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1035424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Knee injury is common in half-marathon runners, however, the effect of compression running pants on fatigue and knee proprioception remains unclear. Objectives: The study aims to investigate whether wearing compression running pants (CRP) and treadmill running stages affect knee proprioception and fatigue-related physiological responses during half-marathon running. Methods: Eighteen half-marathon runners completed two self-paced 21 km treadmill running trials, once wearing CRP and once wearing loose running shorts (LRS). For each 21 km run, RPE, heart rate, blood lactic acid, and knee flexion proprioception were assessed before starting, and after each 7 km stage. Results: Data analysis revealed no difference between CRP and LRS conditions in heart rate, RPE, or blood lactic acid. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant garment condition main effect whereby wearing CRP was associated with higher knee proprioceptive acuity (p = 0.006). Polynomial trend analysis showed a significant linear downwards trend in proprioceptive acuity across the four measurement occasions (p = 0.048). Stage analysis showed that wearing CRP was associated with better knee proprioception at running distances of 14 km (p = 0.007, 95%CI = -0.054, -0.010) and 21 km (p = 0.016, 95%CI = -0.051, -0.006). Conclusion: Compression running pants provide an overall positive effect on knee proprioception, particularly after 14 km and 21km, which may reduce the probability of knee injury. CRP had no significant effect on physiological measures in half-marathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Silin Fu
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Department of Physical Education, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Sam Wu
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Han
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Chunying Han, ; Jia Han,
| | - Chunying Han
- School of Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Chunying Han, ; Jia Han,
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Toresdahl B, McElheny K, Metzl J, Kinderknecht J, Quijano B, Ammerman B, Fontana MA. Factors associated with injuries in first-time marathon runners from the New York City marathon. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:227-232. [PMID: 33750264 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1907257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how baseline characteristics of first-time marathon runners and training patterns are associated with risk of injuries during training and the race. METHODS First-time adult marathon runners who were registered for the 2017 New York City Marathon were monitored starting 12 weeks prior to the race. Baseline data collection included demographics and running experience. Running frequency, distance, and injury occurrence were self-reported using online surveys every 2 weeks. RESULTS A total of 720 runners participated of which 675 completed the study. There were 64/675 (9.5%) who had major injuries during training or the race that preventing starting or finishing the race. An additional 332 (49.2%) had minor injuries interfering with training and/or affecting race performance. Injury incidence was not significantly different based on age or sex. Runners who completed a half marathon prior to the study were less likely to report getting injured [multivariable odds ratio (OR) 0.40, (0.22, 0.76), p= 0.005]. Runners who averaged <4 training runs per week during the study were less likely to report getting injured compared to those who averaged ≥4 per week [relative risk 1.36, (1.13-1.63), p= 0.001]. Longest training run distance during the study was inversely associated with race-day injury incidence [OR 0.87 (0.81, 0.94), p< 0.001]. CONCLUSION Injuries are common among first-time marathon runners. We found that risk of injury during training was associated with lack of half marathon experience and averaging ≥4 training runs per week. Longer training runs were associated with a lower incidence of race-day injuries. These results can inform the development of targeted injury-prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Toresdahl
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McElheny
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Metzl
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Kinderknecht
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brianna Quijano
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Chang L, Fu S, Wu S, Witchalls J, Adams R, Waddington G, Han J. Effects of graduated compression socks on ankle inversion proprioception of half-marathon runners at different running distances. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:529-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Łyszczarz M, Kobierecki M, Mostowy M, Szadkowska I. An analysis of self-reported upper and lower limb injuries in Polish obstacle course races participants. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1226-1234. [PMID: 34156177 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstacle course racing (OCR) is characterized by various distance, terrain, obstacles and weather conditions. We hypothesized that various specific factors could increase the probability of traumas, especially limb injuries. METHODS An online questionnaire survey was conducted among OCR participants in Poland. The questionnaire consisted of 5 sets of questions: demographic parameters, participating in obstacle course races last year, characteristic of the trainings, participant-assessed race safety and injury characteristics. RESULTS We analyzed the data collected from 153 obstacle course races participants: 95 men (62.1%) and 58 women (37.9%), mean age 30.3±7.4 years. Forty-two respondents (27.4%) reported race-related extremity injury. In univariable analysis the risk of limb injuries increased with longer time per week devoted to training sessions with obstacles (P=0.025) and participating in higher number of obstacle course races last year (P=0.006). Furthermore, training in groups during preparation was associated with a higher risk of limb trauma (P=0.015). Moreover, people doing more running interval sessions per week (P=0.0343) and spending more time on interval training sessions per week - both run (P=0.0098) and other than run (P=0.0063) are more prone to suffer limb injuries in OCR. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of limb injuries in OCR is elevated and it is desirable to be reduced by establishment and elimination above mentioned risk factors. Further researches are needed for deepening the knowledge of injuries in OCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Łyszczarz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland -
| | | | - Marcin Mostowy
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Szadkowska
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Bonet JB, Magalhães J, Viscor G, Pagès T, Javierre C, Torrella JR. High-intensity interval versus moderate-intensity continuous half-marathon training programme for middle-aged women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1083-1096. [PMID: 32193662 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the effectiveness on recreational female middle-aged runners of a programme of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for a half-marathon race contrasted to a conventional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). METHODS Twenty recreational female runners (40 ± 7 years) followed MICT or HIIT schedules for training a half-marathon. The MICT group trained a mean of 32 km/week at intensities below 80% VO2max. The HIIT group ran 25 km/week at intensities between 80 and 100% VO2max, combined with uphill running and resistance training. Women following HIIT ran 21% less distance and invested 17% less time than those from MICT group. All the women were evaluated at the beginning and end of the training and participated in the same half-marathon run. RESULTS Women following both schedules reduced their previous finishing times by 2-3%, which for HIIT group would have meant rising up to 90 positions out of 1454 participants in the local half-marathon race. The high intensity performed during series of high power output (200 m and 400 m) and resistance sessions in HIIT programme promoted changes that allowed modifying efficiency at high workloads. At the same time, the HIIT training programme elicited changes in oxygen uptake and transport as indicated the cardiorespiratory parameters obtained during recovery in lab tests. Moreover, HIIT registered a 14% baseline decrease in heart rate contrasting to the not significant 6% decrease in MICT. CONCLUSIONS Runners following HIIT training obtained similar registers as with a traditional MICT schedule, expending less time and running shorter distances, yet improving their anaerobic and aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jèssica B Bonet
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Magalhães
- LaMetEx, Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação Em Atividade Física E Lazer (CIAFEL), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de La Salut I Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R Torrella
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Biologia Cel·Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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