1
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Monreal G, Koenig SC, Sangwan A, Guida R, Huang J, Demirors E, Melodia T, Jimenez JH, Slaughter MS. Feasibility Testing of the Bionet Sonar Ultrasound Transcutaneous Energy Transmission (UTET) System for Wireless Power and Communication of a LVAD. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2024:10.1007/s13239-024-00748-9. [PMID: 39230796 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-024-00748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To address the clinical need for totally implantable mechanical circulatory support devices, Bionet Sonar is developing a novel Ultrasonic Transcutaneous Energy Transmission (UTET) system that is designed to eliminate external power and/or data communication drivelines. METHODS UTET systems were designed, fabricated, and pre-clinically tested using a non-clinical HeartWare HVAD in static and dynamic mock flow loop and acute animal models over a range of pump speeds (1800, 2400, 3000 RPM) and tissue analogue thicknesses (5, 10, 15 mm). RESULTS The prototypes demonstrated feasibility as evidenced by meeting/exceeding function, operation, and performance metrics with no system failures, including achieving receiver (harvested) power exceeding HVAD power requirements and data communication rates of 10kB/s and pump speed control (> 95% sensitivity and specificity) for all experimental test conditions, and within healthy tissue temperature range with no acute tissue damage. CONCLUSION During early-stage development and testing, engineering challenges for UTET size reduction and stable and safe operation were identified, with solutions and plans to address the limitations in future design iterations also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Monreal
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, room 411, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Steven C Koenig
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, room 411, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark S Slaughter
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, room 411, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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2
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Baturalp TB, Bozkurt S. Design and Analysis of a Polymeric Left Ventricular Simulator via Computational Modelling. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:269. [PMID: 38786479 PMCID: PMC11117906 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical testing of medical devices is an essential step in the product life cycle, whereas testing of cardiovascular implants requires specialised testbeds or numerical simulations using computer software Ansys 2016. Existing test setups used to evaluate physiological scenarios and test cardiac implants such as mock circulatory systems or isolated beating heart platforms are driven by sophisticated hardware which comes at a high cost or raises ethical concerns. On the other hand, computational methods used to simulate blood flow in the cardiovascular system may be simplified or computationally expensive. Therefore, there is a need for low-cost, relatively simple and efficient test beds that can provide realistic conditions to simulate physiological scenarios and evaluate cardiovascular devices. In this study, the concept design of a novel left ventricular simulator made of latex rubber and actuated by pneumatic artificial muscles is presented. The designed left ventricular simulator is geometrically similar to a native left ventricle, whereas the basal diameter and long axis length are within an anatomical range. Finite element simulations evaluating left ventricular twisting and shortening predicted that the designed left ventricular simulator rotates approximately 17 degrees at the apex and the long axis shortens around 11 mm. Experimental results showed that the twist angle is 18 degrees and the left ventricular simulator shortens 5 mm. Twist angles and long axis shortening as in a native left ventricle show it is capable of functioning like a native left ventricle and simulating a variety of scenarios, and therefore has the potential to be used as a test platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Batuhan Baturalp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41021, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Selim Bozkurt
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast BT15 1AP, UK
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3
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Meissner F, Galbas MC, Szvetics S, von Zur Mühlen C, Heidt T, Maier A, Bock M, Czerny M, Bothe W, Reiss S. Cardioaortic dimensions in German landrace pigs derived from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1869. [PMID: 38253776 PMCID: PMC10803781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are frequently applied as animal models in cardiovascular research due to their anatomical and physiological similarity to humans. For study planning and refinement, precise knowledge of the cardioaortic dimensions is essential. In a retrospective single-center study, the cardioaortic dimensions and left ventricular function of German Landrace pigs were assessed using cardiac MRI. All parameters were compared between male and female pigs and analyzed for correlation with body weight. In total, 15 pigs were included (7 male and 8 female, weight 60.9 ± 7.0 kg). The left ventricle revealed an end-diastolic diameter of 50.5 ± 4.4 mm and an ejection fraction of 51.2 ± 9.8%. The diameters of the ascending and descending aorta were 21.3 ± 2.3 and 16.2 ± 1.4 mm, respectively. There were no significant differences between male and female pigs, except that males had a smaller end-diastolic left ventricular volume (p = 0.041). A moderate correlation was found between body weight and the aortic annulus diameter (R = 0.57, p = 0.027). In conclusion, cardiac MRI allows precise quantification of porcine cardioaortic dimensions. For medical device testing, size differences between pigs and humans should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meissner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michelle Costa Galbas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Szvetics
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von Zur Mühlen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Heidt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Maier
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bock
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5a, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Czerny
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bothe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Reiss
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5a, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Karigyo CJT, Fonseca JWG, Boscarato AG, Matsumoto MMS, Andrade AJP. Ventricular Assist Device Research and Development in Brazil: A Long and Promising Relationship Between Medicine and Engineering. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 38:e20230074. [PMID: 37801429 PMCID: PMC10550219 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2023-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. T. Karigyo
- Centro de Engenharia em Assistência Circulatória,
Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em
Medicina/Tecnologia e Intervenção em Cardiologia, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeison W. G. Fonseca
- Centro de Engenharia em Assistência Circulatória,
Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em
Medicina/Tecnologia e Intervenção em Cardiologia, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André G. Boscarato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência
Animal com Ênfase em Produtos Bioativos, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama,
Paraná, Brazil
- Clínica Cirúrgica de Grandes Animais, Hospital
Veterinário, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mônica M. S. Matsumoto
- Medical Electrical Devices Laboratory, Electronics Engineering
Division, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José
dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aron J. P. Andrade
- Centro de Engenharia em Assistência Circulatória,
Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em
Medicina/Tecnologia e Intervenção em Cardiologia, Universidade de
São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Kourouklis AP, Kaemmel J, Wu X, Baños M, Chanfon A, de Brot S, Ferrari A, Cesarovic N, Falk V, Mazza E. Transdermal wires for improved integration in vivo. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213568. [PMID: 37591177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternative engineering approaches have led the design of implants with controlled physical features to minimize adverse effects in biological tissues. Similar efforts have focused on optimizing the design features of percutaneous VAD drivelines with the aim to prevent infection, omitting however a thorough look on the implant-skin interactions that govern local tissue reactions. Here, we utilized an integrated approach for the biophysical modification of transdermal implants and their evaluation by chronic sheep implantation in comparison to the standard of care VAD drivelines. We developed a novel method for the transfer of breath topographical features on thin wires with modular size. We examined the impact of implant's diameter, surface topography, and chemistry on macroscopic, histological, and physical markers of inflammation, fibrosis, and mechanical adhesion. All implants demonstrated infection-free performance. The fibrotic response was enhanced by the increasing diameter of implants but not influenced by their surface properties. The implants of small diameter promoted mild inflammatory responses with improved mechanical adhesion and restricted epidermal downgrowth, in both silicone and polyurethane coated transdermal wires. On the contrary, the VAD drivelines with larger diameter triggered severe inflammatory reactions with frequent epidermal downgrowth. We validated these effects by quantifying the infiltration of macrophages and the level of vascularization in the fibrotic zone, highlighting the critical role of size reduction for the benign integration of transdermal implants with skin. This insight on how the biophysical properties of implants impact local tissue reactions could enable new solutions on the transdermal transmission of power, signal, and mass in a broad range of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Kourouklis
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julius Kaemmel
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Baños
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Chanfon
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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6
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Nguyen KT, Hecking J, Berg IC, Kannappan R, Ismail E, Cheng X, Giridharan GA, Sethu P. von Willebrand Factor and Angiopoietin-2 are Sensitive Biomarkers of Pulsatility in Continuous-Flow Ventricular Assist Device Patients. ASAIO J 2023; 69:569-575. [PMID: 37000917 PMCID: PMC11365739 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsurgical bleeding occurs in a significant proportion of patients implanted with continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (CF-VADs) and is associated with nonphysiologic flow with diminished pulsatility. An in vitro vascular pulse perfusion model seeded with adult human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was used to identify biomarkers sensitive to changes in pulsatility. Diminished pulsatility resulted in an ~45% decrease in von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels from 9.80 to 5.32 ng/ml (n = 5, p < 0.05) and a threefold increase in angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT-2) levels from 775.29 to 2471.93 pg/ml (n = 5, p < 0.05) in cultured HAECs. These changes are in agreement with evaluation of patient blood samples obtained pre-CF-VAD implant and 30-day postimplant: a decrease in plasma vWF level by 50% from ~45.59 to ~22.49 μg/ml (n = 15, p < 0.01) and a 64% increase in plasma ANGPT-2 level from 7,073 to 11,615 pg/ml (n = 8, p < 0.05). This study identified vWF and ANGPT-2 as highly sensitive to changes in pulsatility, in addition to interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α). These biomarkers may help determine the optimal level of pulsatility and help identify patients at high risk of nonsurgical bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jana Hecking
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ian C. Berg
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Esraa Ismail
- Department of Bioengineering and Material Science, School of Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Xuanhong Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Material Science, School of Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
| | | | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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7
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Georges G, Couture T, Voisine P. Assessment of Large Animal Vascular Dimensions for Intra-Aortic Device Research and Development: A Systematic Review. INNOVATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES IN CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2023; 18:144-151. [PMID: 37029653 PMCID: PMC10159216 DOI: 10.1177/15569845231164134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies are often required to evaluate new cardiovascular medical devices before they reach the market. Moreover, first-generation novel devices including aortic endovascular prostheses and circulatory support devices are often larger than later iterations or tested in a limited range of sizes. One of the challenges in evaluating these devices is finding a model that is both accessible and anatomically similar to humans, as there is a paucity of data on vascular dimensions in large animals. We set out to complete a comprehensive review of available reports on vascular dimensions in swine, ovine, and bovine models, with a particular focus on the descending aorta and ilio-femoral arteries. We searched Embase and MEDLINE databases for reports of descending aorta and peripheral vascular dimension in large animal models. Data from swine, ovine, and bovine models were separated by weight into 3 categories: 40 to 60 kg, 61 to 80 kg, and >80 kg. We also incorporate our computed tomography angiography data from 4 large sheep and 9 calves into this review. Swine, sheep, and calf >80 kg may serve as the best models to maximize aortic diameter resemblance to humans. If device implantation can be achieved in aortas of smaller dimensions, care should be taken to ensure access site suitability such as the common femoral artery in these smaller animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Georges
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Quebec Heart
and Lung Institute, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Couture
- General Surgery Division, Laval
University Hospital Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Voisine
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Quebec Heart
and Lung Institute, QC, Canada
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8
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Kloss M, Moerke C, Woitschach F, Wulf K, Illner S, Schulz S, Pauker VI, Riedel K, Grabow N, Ince H, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Novel dalbavancin-PLLA implant coating prevents hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus infection in a minimally invasive mouse tail vein model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1021827. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1021827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective/bacterial endocarditis is a rare but life-threatening disease with a hospital mortality rate of 22.7% and a 1-year mortality rate of 40%. Therefore, continued research efforts to develop efficient anti-infective implant materials are of the utmost importance. Equally important is the development of test systems that allow the performance of new materials to be comprehensively evaluated. In this study, a novel antibacterial coating based on dalbavancin was tested in comparison to rifampicin/minocycline, and the suitability of a recently developed mouse tail vein model for testing the implant coatings was validated. Small polymeric stent grafts coated with a poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) layer and incorporated antibiotics were colonized with Staphylococcus (S.) aureus before implantation into the tail vein of mice. The main assessment criteria were the hematogenous spread of the bacteria and the local tissue reaction to the contaminated implant. For this purpose, colony-forming units (CFU) in the blood, spleen and kidneys were determined. Tail cross sections were prepared for histological analysis, and plasma cytokine levels and expression values of inflammation-associated genes were examined. Both antibiotic coatings performed excellently, preventing the onset of infection. The present study expands the range of available methods for testing the anti-infectivity of cardiovascular implants, and the spectrum of agents for effective surface coating.
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9
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Weisskopf M, Glaus L, Trimmel NE, Hierweger MM, Leuthardt AS, Kukucka M, Stolte T, Stoeck CT, Falk V, Emmert MY, Kofler M, Cesarovic N. Dos and don'ts in large animal models of aortic insufficiency. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:949410. [PMID: 36118338 PMCID: PMC9478759 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.949410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic insufficiency caused by paravalvular leakage (PVL) is one of the most feared complications following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) in patients. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) are a popular large animal model to study such conditions and develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, the models based on prosthetic valve implantation are time intensive, costly, and often hamper further hemodynamic measurements such as PV loop and 4D MRI flow by causing implantation-related wall motion abnormalities and degradation of MR image quality. This study describes in detail, the establishment of a minimally invasive porcine model suitable to study the effects of mild-to-moderate “paravalvular“ aortic regurgitation on left ventricular (LV) performance and blood flow patterns, particularly under the influence of altered afterload, preload, inotropic state, and heart rate. Six domestic pigs (Swiss large white, female, 60–70 kg of body weight) were used to establish this model. The defects on the hinge point of aortic leaflets and annulus were created percutaneously by the pierce-and-dilate technique either in the right coronary cusp (RCC) or in the non-coronary cusp (NCC). The hemodynamic changes as well as LV performance were recorded by PV loop measurements, while blood flow patterns were assessed by 4D MRI. LV performance was additionally challenged by pharmaceutically altering cardiac inotropy, chronotropy, and afterload. The presented work aims to elaborate the dos and don'ts in porcine models of aortic insufficiency and intends to steepen the learning curve for researchers planning to use this or similar models by giving valuable insights ranging from animal selection to vascular access choices, placement of PV Loop catheter, improvement of PV loop data acquisition and post-processing and finally the induction of paravalvular regurgitation of the aortic valve by a standardized and reproducible balloon induced defect in a precisely targeted region of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Weisskopf
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Glaus
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina E. Trimmel
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M. Hierweger
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea S. Leuthardt
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marian Kukucka
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorald Stolte
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian T. Stoeck
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikola Cesarovic
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10
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Systems of conductive skin for power transfer in clinical applications. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 51:171-184. [PMID: 34477935 PMCID: PMC8964546 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this article is to review the clinical challenges related to the supply of power in implanted left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) by means of transcutaneous drivelines. In effect of that, we present the preventive measures and post-operative protocols that are regularly employed to address the leading problem of driveline infections. Due to the lack of reliable wireless solutions for power transfer in LVADs, the development of new driveline configurations remains at the forefront of different strategies that aim to power LVADs in a less destructive manner. To this end, skin damage and breach formation around transcutaneous LVAD drivelines represent key challenges before improving the current standard of care. For this reason, we assess recent strategies on the surface functionalization of LVAD drivelines, which aim to limit the incidence of driveline infection by directing the responses of the skin tissue. Moreover, we propose a class of power transfer systems that could leverage the ability of skin tissue to effectively heal short diameter wounds. In this direction, we employed a novel method to generate thin conductive wires of controllable surface topography with the potential to minimize skin disruption and eliminate the problem of driveline infections. Our initial results suggest the viability of the small diameter wires for the investigation of new power transfer systems for LVADs. Overall, this review uniquely compiles a diverse number of topics with the aim to instigate new research ventures on the design of power transfer systems for IMDs, and specifically LVADs.
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11
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Weisskopf M, Kron M, Giering T, Walker T, Cesarovic N. The sheep as a pre-clinical model for testing intra-aortic percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices. Int J Artif Organs 2021; 44:703-710. [PMID: 34405723 PMCID: PMC8450982 DOI: 10.1177/03913988211025537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The save deployment of intra-aortic percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices is highly dependent on the inner aortic diameter. Finding the anatomically and ethically most suitable animal model for performance testing of new pMCS devices remains challenging. For this study, an ovine model using adult ewes of a large framed breed (Swiss White Alpine Sheep) was developed to test safety, reliability, and biocompatibility of catheter-mounted mechanical support devices placed in the descending thoracic aorta. Following the drawback of fluctuating aortic diameter and device malfunction in the first four animals, the model was improved by stenting the following animals with an aortic stent. Stenting the animals with an intra-aortic over the balloon stent was found to standardize the experimental set-up and to avoid early termination of the experiment due to non-device related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Weisskopf
- Center of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Kron
- Center of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Yairo A, Mandour AS, Matsuura K, Yoshida T, Ma D, Kitpipatkun P, Kato K, Cheng CJ, El-Husseiny HM, Tanaka T, Shimada K, Hamabe L, Uemura A, Takahashi K, Tanaka R. Effect of Loading Changes on the Intraventricular Pressure Measured by Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Rats. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1403. [PMID: 34441337 PMCID: PMC8391789 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of diastolic function is a pivotal challenge due to limitations of the conventional echocardiography, especially when the heart rate is rapid as in rats. Currently, by using color M-mode echocardiography (CMME), intraventricular pressure difference (IVPD) and intraventricular pressure gradient (IVPG) in early diastole can be generated and are available as echocardiographic indices. These indices are expected to be useful for the early diagnosis of heart failure (HF), especially diastolic dysfunction. There have not been any studies demonstrating changes in IVPD and IVPG in response to changes in loading conditions in rats. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG changes in rats under various loading conditions. Twenty rats were included, divided into two groups for two different experiments, and underwent jugular vein catheterization under inhalational anesthetics. Conventional echocardiography, CMME, and 2D speckle tracking echocardiography were measured at the baseline (BL), after intravenous infusion of milrinone (MIL, n = 10), and after the infusion of hydroxyethyl starch (HES, n = 10). Left ventricular IVPD and IVPG were calculated from color M-mode images and categorized into total, basal, mid-to-apical, mid, and apical parts, and the percentage of the corresponding part was calculated. In comparison to the BL, the ejection fraction, mid-to-apical IVPG, mid IVPG, and apical IVPD were significantly increased after MIL administration (p < 0.05); meanwhile, the end-diastolic volume, E-wave velocity, total IVPD, and basal IVPD were significantly increased with the administration of HES (p < 0.05). The increase in mid-to-apical IVPD, mid IVPD, and apical IVPD indicated increased relaxation. A significant increase in basal IVPD reflected volume overloading by HES. CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG are useful tools for the evaluation of various loading conditions in rats. The approach used in this study provides a model for continuous data acquisition in chronic cardiac disease models without drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yairo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Ahmed S. Mandour
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Katsuhiro Matsuura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Danfu Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Pitipat Kitpipatkun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Konosuke Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Chieh-Jen Cheng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Hussein M. El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Kazumi Shimada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Akiko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Division of Veterinary Research, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan; (A.Y.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (D.M.); (P.K.); (K.K.); (C.-J.C.); (H.M.E.-H.); (T.T.); (K.S.); (L.H.)
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13
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Sorguven E, Bozkurt S, Baldock C. Computer simulations can replace in-vivo experiments for implantable medical devices. Phys Eng Sci Med 2021; 44:1-5. [PMID: 33559037 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-021-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sorguven
- Thermo Fluid Mechanics Research Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Selim Bozkurt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Clive Baldock
- Research and Innovation Division, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Left Ventricular Assist Device Flow Pattern Analysis Using a Novel Model Incorporating Left Ventricular Pulsatility. ASAIO J 2021; 67:724-732. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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15
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Right Ventricular Failure Post-Implantation of Left Ventricular Assist Device: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Predictors. ASAIO J 2021; 66:610-619. [PMID: 31651460 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology, right ventricular failure (RVF) continues to be a complication after implantation. Most patients undergoing LVAD implantation have underlying right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (either as a result of prolonged LV failure or systemic disorders) that becomes decompensated post-implantation. Additional insults include intra-operative factors or a sudden increase in preload in the setting of increased cardiac output. The current literature estimates post-LVAD RVF from 3.9% to 53% using a diverse set of definitions. A few of the risk factors that have been identified include markers of cardiogenic shock (e.g., dependence on inotropes and Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support profiles) as well as evidence of cardiorenal or cardiohepatic syndromes. Several studies have devised multivariable risk scores; however, their performance has been limited. A new functional assessment of RVF and a novel hepatic marker that describe cholestatic properties of congestive hepatopathy may provide additional predictive value. Furthermore, future studies can help better understand the relationship between pulmonary hypertension and post-LVAD RVF. To achieve our ultimate goal-to prevent and effectively manage RVF post-LVAD-we must start with a better understanding of the risk factors and pathophysiology. Future research on the different etiologies of RVF-ranging from acute post-surgical complication to late-onset RV cardiomyopathy-will help standardize definitions and tailor therapies appropriately.
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Mandour AS, Samir H, Yoshida T, Matsuura K, Abdelmageed HA, Elbadawy M, Al-Rejaie S, El-Husseiny HM, Elfadadny A, Ma D, Takahashi K, Watanabe G, Tanaka R. Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2320. [PMID: 33297474 PMCID: PMC7762359 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide a complete conventional echocardiographic protocol in adult male Shiba goats by using two-dimensional, M-mode, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography, and to study concomitantly xylazine-induced alteration of cardiac functions in a highly sensitive species. For this purpose, 12 male Shiba goats were included and complete conventional echocardiography from the standard right and left parasternal views was carried to report the echocardiographic data in male Shiba goats, and also before and after xylazine (Pre-Xyl and Post-Xyl) administration (0.05 mg/IM/kg). Results revealed that the full echocardiographic protocol was feasible in all goats through different cardiac windows and good Doppler alignment was achieved with non-significant variability for assessment of the left ventricular dimensions, trans-pulmonary, trans-aortic, and trans-mitral blood flow. The TDI, which was not reported previously in goats, was successfully assessed from the standard left apical view and showed distinct systolic and diastolic patterns. Xylazine administration was found to significantly reduce heart rate, fractional shortening, and cardiac output as well as the Doppler hemodynamic parameters of the pulmonary artery, aortic and mitral inflows (p < 0.05). For TDI, the Post-Xyl group revealed a significant decrease in the myocardial velocities of the septal and lateral wall of the left ventricle. The present study provides, for the first time, complete data of conventional echocardiography in male goats using the full protocol, which is routinely used in pet's practice. Further, we illustrate in-depth the adverse effect of short-term sedative, xylazine, as used under field conditions and emphasize a simultaneous reduction in both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in goats based on full echocardiography assessment of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Katsuhiro Matsuura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Hend A. Abdelmageed
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Ismailia lab, First District, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt;
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hussein M. El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elfadadny
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, El-Beheira 22511, Egypt;
| | - Danfu Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
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Torregroza C, Sadat N, Gomez Hamacher CJR, Scheiber D, von der Beek JC, Westenfeld R, Knorr IJ, Akhyari P, Sager M, Lichtenberg A, Saeed D. Chronic stable heart failure model in ovine species. Artif Organs 2020; 44:947-954. [PMID: 32645761 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Establishing a chronic heart failure (HF) model is challenging, particularly in the ovine model. The aim of this study was to establish a reproducible model of HF in an ovine model. Seventeen sheep were operated using the left thoracotomy approach. Chronic HF was induced through ligation of the diagonal and marginal branches only. Perioperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were compared. A total of (3 ± 1) coronary ligations were used. Thirteen animals survived the procedure and were followed up for (15 ± 5) days. The mean arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), central venous pressure, and cardiac output at baseline and prior to animal sacrifice was (75 ± 14 mmHg) and (68 ± 16 mmHg) P = .261; (72 ± 9 bpm), (100 ± 28 bpm) P = .01; (15 ± 4 mmHg) and (18 ± 5 mmHg) P = .034; (10 ± 6 mmHg) and (8 ± 4 mmHg) P = .326; (3.4 ± 1 L/min) and (3.9 ± 1 L/min) P = .286, respectively. The LVEF at baseline and prior to animal sacrifice was (63 ± 13%) and (43 ± 6%) P = .012. Twelve surviving animals were supported with LVAD in a follow-up procedure. Chronic stable HF in sheep was successively established. Clinical symptoms and drastic increase in the mPAP and HR as well as echo findings were the most sensitive parameters of HF. This reproducible ovine model has proven to be highly promising for research regarding HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Torregroza
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Najla Sadat
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Scheiber
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jil-Cathrin von der Beek
- Central Unit for Animal Research and Animal Welfare Affairs, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Westenfeld
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivonne Jeanette Knorr
- Central Unit for Animal Research and Animal Welfare Affairs, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Sager
- Central Unit for Animal Research and Animal Welfare Affairs, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Diyar Saeed
- University Department for Cardiac Surgery, Leipzig Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Lipiski M, Eberhard M, Fleischmann T, Halvachizadeh S, Kolb B, Maisano F, Sauer M, Falk V, Emmert MY, Alkadhi H, Cesarovic N. Computed Tomography-based evaluation of porcine cardiac dimensions to assist in pre-study planning and optimized model selection for pre-clinical research. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6020. [PMID: 32265478 PMCID: PMC7138799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig (Sus Scrofa Domestica) is an accepted model for preclinical evaluation of prosthetic heart valves and trans-catheter implantation techniques. Understanding porcine cardiac dimensions through three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), increases preclinical study success, leading to higher cost efficiency and to the observance of the obligation to the 3 R principles. Cardiac CT images of twenty-four Swiss large white pigs were segmented; aortic root, mitral valve, pulmonary trunk, tricuspid valve, as well as the aorto-mitral angle and left atrial height were analyzed. Correlation coefficient (r) was calculated in relation to body weight. In Swiss large white pigs, valvular dimensions, length of the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta as well as left atrial height correlate with body weight. Coronary ostia heights and aorto-mitral angle size can be neglected in animal size selection; no changes were found for either of the two parameters with increasing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lipiski
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Eberhard
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thea Fleischmann
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beate Kolb
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Maisano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Sauer
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y Emmert
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hatem Alkadhi
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Saeed MY, Van Story D, Payne CJ, Wamala I, Shin B, Bautista-Salinas D, Zurakowski D, del Nido PJ, Walsh CJ, Vasilyev NV. Dynamic Augmentation of Left Ventricle and Mitral Valve Function With an Implantable Soft Robotic Device. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:229-242. [PMID: 32215347 PMCID: PMC7091510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular failure is strongly associated with secondary mitral valve regurgitation. Implantable soft robotic devices are an emerging technology that enables augmentation of a native function of a target tissue. We demonstrate the ability of a novel soft robotic ventricular assist device to dynamically augment left ventricular contraction, provide native pulsatile flow, simultaneously reshape the mitral valve apparatus, and eliminate the associated regurgitation in an Short-term large animal model of acute left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
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Key Words
- FS, fractional shortening
- HF, heart failure
- IQR, interquartile range
- IVS, interventricular septum
- LHF, left heart failure
- LV, left ventricular
- LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
- LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction
- MV, mitral valve
- MVR, mitral valve regurgitation
- RV, right ventricle
- SRVAD, soft robotic ventricular assist device
- left ventricular systolic dysfunction
- mitral valve
- secondary mitral regurgitation
- soft robotic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mossab Y. Saeed
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Van Story
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher J. Payne
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- John A. Paulson Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac Wamala
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Borami Shin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Bautista-Salinas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Industrial Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pedro J. del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Conor J. Walsh
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- John A. Paulson Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikolay V. Vasilyev
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Animal Surgery and Care of Animals. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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WU GUANGHUI, YANG LIN, LI HAIYANG, HOU XIAOTONG, CHEN CHEN, YANG PENG, LIN CHANGYAN. ESTABLISHMENT OF OVINE MODEL FOR CH-VAD IMPLANTABLE VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941940027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish an ovine model for CH-VAD (CH Biomedical Inc., JiangSu, China) implantable ventricular assist device (IVAD) to evaluate experimental protocols, including anesthesia management, surgical process, autopsy criteria and a validated anticoagulation procedure. Method: IVAD was implanted into the chest of sheep without stopping the beating heart through a left thoracotomy, and the inflow cannula was connected to the left ventricular apex and the outflow cannula was anastomosed to the descending aorta. Results: Totally 23 cases were established: 6 died of an anaesthetic or surgical reasons, one died of lung infection, the other 16 cases survived for more than 15 days, among which four cases were terminated because of decrease of pump flow and the other 12 cases survived for more than 30 days. Conclusions: Sheep models suitable for implantation of CH-VAD implantable LVAD were successfully established and the appropriate safety evaluation indicators of this model were validated in the course of the animal experiments, and the survival rate of the experiments were improved gradually over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUANGHUI WU
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - LIN YANG
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - HAIYANG LI
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - XIAOTONG HOU
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - CHEN CHEN
- CH Biomedical, Inc, Jiangsu 215125, P. R. China
| | - PENG YANG
- CH Biomedical, Inc, Jiangsu 215125, P. R. China
| | - CHANGYAN LIN
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Sonntag SJ, Meyns B, Ahn HC, Pahlm F, Hellers G, Najar A, Pieper IL. Virtual implantations to transition from porcine to bovine animal models for a total artificial heart. Artif Organs 2019; 44:384-393. [PMID: 31596507 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Realheart total artificial heart (TAH) is a novel, pulsatile, four-chamber total artificial heart which had been successfully tested acutely in a porcine animal model. However, the bovine model is better suited for long-term testing and thus an evaluation of how the design would fit the bovine anatomy was required. Virtual implantation is a method that enables a computer simulated implantation based on anatomical 3D-models created from computer tomography images. This method is used clinically, but not yet adopted for animal studies. Herein, we evaluated its suitability in the redesign of the outer dimensions and vessel connections of Realheart TAH to transition from the porcine to the bovine animal model. Virtual implantations in combination with bovine cadaver studies enabled a series of successful acute bovine implantations. Virtual implantations are a useful tool to replace the use of animals in early device development and refine subsequent necessary in vivo experiments. The next steps are to carry out human virtual implantations and cadaver studies to ensure the design is optimized for all stages of testing as well as the final recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Sonntag
- Virtonomy.io, Munich, Germany.,enmodes GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bart Meyns
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henrik C Ahn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Heart and Medicine Center, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Azad Najar
- R&D, Scandinavian Real Heart AB, Västerås, Sweden.,Region Västmanland, Västmanlands sjukhus, Västerås, Sweden
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Gulbulak U, Ertas A. Finite Element Driven Design Domain Identification of a Beating Left Ventricular Simulator. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030083. [PMID: 31540196 PMCID: PMC6784146 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost ten percent of the American population have heart diseases. Since the number of available heart donors is not promising, left ventricular assist devices are implemented as bridge therapies. Development of the assist devices benefits from both in-vivo animal and in-vitro mock circulation studies. Representation of the heart is a crucial part of the mock circulation setups. Recently, a beating left ventricular simulator with latex rubber and helically oriented McKibben actuators has been proposed. The simulator was able to mimic heart wall motion, however, flow rate was reported to be limited to 2 liters per minute. This study offers a finite element driven design domain identification to identify the combination of wall thickness, number of actuators, and the orientation angle that results in better deformation. A nonlinear finite element model of the simulator was developed and validated. Design domain was constructed with 150 finite element models, each with varying wall thickness and number of actuators with varying orientation angles. Results showed that the combination of 4 mm wall thickness and 8 actuators with 90 degrees orientation performed best in the design domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Gulbulak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Atila Ertas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Haglund TA, Rajasekaran NS, Smood B, Giridharan GA, Hoopes CW, Holman WL, Mauchley DC, Prabhu SD, Pamboukian SV, Tallaj JA, Rajapreyar IN, Kirklin JK, Sethu P. Evaluation of flow-modulation approaches in ventricular assist devices using an in-vitro endothelial cell culture model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 38:456-465. [PMID: 30503074 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (CF-VADs) produce non-physiologic flow with diminished pulsatility, which is a major risk factor for development of adverse events, including gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Introduction of artificial pulsatility by modulating CF-VAD flow has been suggested as a potential solution. However, the levels of pulsatility and frequency of CF-VAD modulation necessary to prevent adverse events are currently unknown and need to be evaluated. METHODS The purpose of this study was to use human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) cultured within an endothelial cell culture model (ECCM) to: (i) identify and validate biomarkers to determine the effects of pulsatility; and (ii) conclude whether introduction of artificial pulsatility using flow-modulation approaches can mitigate changes in endothelial cells seen with diminished pulsatile flow. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2)-regulated anti-oxidant genes and proteins and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/endothelin-1 (eNOS/ET-1) signaling pathway are known to be differentially regulated in response to changes in pulsatility. RESULTS Comparison of HAECs cultured within the ECCM (normal pulsatile vs CF-VAD) with aortic wall samples from patients (normal pulsatile [n = 5] vs CF-VADs [n = 5]) confirmed that both the Nrf-2-activated anti-oxidant response and eNOS/ET-1 signaling pathways were differentially regulated in response to diminished pulsatility. Evaluation of 2 specific CF-VAD flow-modulation protocols to introduce artificial pulsatility, synchronous (SYN, 80 cycles/min, pulse pressure 20 mm Hg) and asynchronous (ASYN, 40 cycles/min, pulse pressure 45 mm Hg), suggested that both increased expression of Nrf-2-regulated anti-oxidant genes and proteins along with changes in levels of eNOS and ET-1 can potentially be minimized with ASYN and, to a lesser extent, with SYN. CONCLUSIONS HAECs cultured within the ECCM can be used as an accurate model of large vessels in patients to identify biomarkers and select appropriate flow-modulation protocols. Pressure amplitude may have a greater effect in normalizing anti-oxidant response compared with frequency of modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Haglund
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Benjamin Smood
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guruprasad A Giridharan
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charles W Hoopes
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William L Holman
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David C Mauchley
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Salpy V Pamboukian
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jose A Tallaj
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Indranee N Rajapreyar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James K Kirklin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Differences in clotting parameters between species for preclinical large animal studies of cardiovascular devices. J Artif Organs 2017; 21:138-141. [PMID: 29124459 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-017-1003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several species of domestic animals are used in preclinical studies evaluating the safety and feasibility of medical devices; however, the relevance of animal models to human health is often not clear. The purpose of this study was to compare the clotting parameters of animal models to determine which animals most adequately mimic human clotting parameters. The clotting parameters of the different species were assessed in whole blood by in vitro thromboelastography using the clotting activators, such as tissue factor (extrinsic clotting screening test, EXTEM®) and partial thromboplastin phospholipid (intrinsic clotting screening test, IINTEM®). The measurements were performed using normal blood samples from humans (n = 13), calves (n = 18), goats (n = 56) and pigs (n = 8). Extrinsic clotting time (CT) and the intrinsic CT were significantly prolonged in calves compared to humans (249.9 ± 91.3 and 376.4 ± 124.4 s vs. 63.5 ± 11.8 and 192.5 ± 29.0 s, respectively, p < 0.01). The maximum clot firmness (MCF) in domestic animals (EXTEM®: 77-87 mm, IINTEM®: 66-78 mm) was significantly higher than that of humans (EXTEM®: 59.1 ± 6.0 mm, IINTEM®: 58.8 ± 1.5 mm, p < 0.01), and calves and goats exhibited longer time to MCF (MCF-t) than did humans and pigs (p < 0.01). Our results show that there are relevant differences in the four species' extrinsic and intrinsic clotting parameters. These cross-comparisons indicate that it is necessary to clarify characteristics of clotting properties in preclinical animal studies.
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Heterotopic Abdominal Rat Heart Transplantation as a Model to Investigate Volume Dependency of Myocardial Remodeling. Transplantation 2017; 101:498-505. [PMID: 27906830 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic abdominal rat heart transplantation has been extensively used to investigate ischemic-reperfusion injury, immunological consequences during heart transplantations and also to study remodeling of the myocardium due to volume unloading. We provide a unique review on the latter and present a summary of the experimental studies on rat heart transplantation to illustrate changes that occur to the myocardium due to volume unloading. We divided the literature based on whether normal or failing rat heart models were used. This analysis may provide a basis to understand the physiological effects of mechanical circulatory support therapy.
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Soucy KG, Bartoli CR, Phillips D, Giridharan GA, Sobieski MA, Wead WB, Dowling RD, Wu ZJ, Prabhu SD, Slaughter MS, Koenig SC. Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Support Improves Myocardial Supply:Demand in Chronic Heart Failure. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:1475-1486. [PMID: 28168379 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF LVADs) are rotary blood pumps that improve mean blood flow, but with potential limitations of non-physiological ventricular volume unloading and diminished vascular pulsatility. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that left ventricular unloading with increasing CF LVAD flow increases myocardial flow normalized to left ventricular work. Healthy (n = 8) and chronic ischemic heart failure (IHF, n = 7) calves were implanted with CF LVADs. Acute hemodynamics and regional myocardial blood flow were measured during baseline (LVAD off, clamped), partial (2-4 L/min) and full (>4 L/min) LVAD support. IHF calves demonstrated greater reduction of cardiac energy demand with increasing LVAD support compared to healthy calves, as calculated by rate-pressure product. Coronary artery flows (p < 0.05) and myocardial blood flow (left ventricle (LV) epicardium and myocardium, p < 0.05) decreased with increasing LVAD support in normal calves. In the IHF model, blood flow to the septum, LV, LV epicardium, and LV myocardium increased significantly with increasing LVAD support when normalized to cardiac energy demand (p < 0.05). In conclusion, myocardial blood flow relative to cardiac demand significantly increased in IHF calves, thereby demonstrating that CF LVAD unloading effectively improves cardiac supply and demand ratio in the setting of ischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Soucy
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Carlo R Bartoli
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dustin Phillips
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | - Michael A Sobieski
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - William B Wead
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | - Zhongjun J Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mark S Slaughter
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Steven C Koenig
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Abstract
In the event of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) failure, we hypothesized that rotary blood pumps will experience significant retrograde flow and induce adverse physiologic responses. Catastrophic LVAD failure was investigated in computer simulation with pulsatile, axial, and centrifugal LVAD, mock flow loop with pulsatile (PVAD) and centrifugal (ROTAFLOW), and healthy and chronic ischemic heart failure bovine models with pulsatile (PVAD), axial (HeartMate II), and centrifugal (HVAD) pumps. Simulated conditions were LVAD "off" with outflow graft clamped (baseline), LVAD "off" with outflow graft unclamped (LVAD failure), and LVAD "on" (5 L/min). Hemodynamics (aortic and ventricular blood pressures, LVAD flow, and left ventricular volume), echocardiography (cardiac volumes), and end-organ perfusion (regional blood flow microspheres) were measured and analyzed. Retrograde flow was observed with axial and centrifugal rotary pumps during LVAD failure in computer simulation (axial = -3.4 L/min, centrifugal = -2.8 L/min), mock circulation (pulsatile = -0.1 L/min, centrifugal = -2.7 L/min), healthy (pulsatile = -1.2 ± 0.3 L/min, axial = -2.2 ± 0.2 L/min, centrifugal = -1.9 ± 0.3 L/min), and ischemic heart failure (centrifugal = 2.2 ± 0.7 L/min) bovine models for all test conditions (p < 0.05). Differences between axial and centrifugal LVAD were statistically indiscernible. Retrograde flow increased ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and workload, and decreased myocardial and end-organ perfusion during LVAD failure compared with baseline, LVAD support, and pulsatile LVAD failure.
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A New Animal Model for Investigation of Mechanical Unloading in Hypertrophic and Failing Hearts: Combination of Transverse Aortic Constriction and Heterotopic Heart Transplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148259. [PMID: 26841021 PMCID: PMC4739720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous small animal models for simulation of mechanical unloading are solely performed in healthy or infarcted hearts, not representing the pathophysiology of hypertrophic and dilated hearts emerging in heart failure patients. In this article, we present a new and economic small animal model to investigate mechanical unloading in hypertrophic and failing hearts: the combination of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and heterotopic heart transplantation (hHTx) in rats. Methods To induce cardiac hypertrophy and failure in rat hearts, three-week old rats underwent TAC procedure. Three and six weeks after TAC, hHTx with hypertrophic and failing hearts in Lewis rats was performed to induce mechanical unloading. After 14 days of mechanical unloading animals were euthanatized and grafts were explanted for further investigations. Results 50 TAC procedures were performed with a survival of 92% (46/50). When compared to healthy rats left ventricular surface decreased to 5.8±1.0 mm² (vs. 9.6± 2.4 mm²) (p = 0.001) after three weeks with a fractional shortening (FS) of 23.7± 4.3% vs. 28.2± 1.5% (p = 0.01). Six weeks later, systolic function decreased to 17.1± 3.2% vs. 28.2± 1.5% (p = 0.0001) and left ventricular inner surface increased to 19.9±1.1 mm² (p = 0.0001). Intraoperative graft survival during hHTx was 80% with 46 performed procedures (37/46). All transplanted organs survived two weeks of mechanical unloading. Discussion Combination of TAC and hHTx in rats offers an economic and reproducible small animal model enabling serial examination of mechanical unloading in a truly hypertrophic and failing heart, representing the typical pressure overloaded and dilated LV, occurring in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
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Tseng CCS, Ramjankhan FZ, de Jonge N, Chamuleau SAJ. Advanced Strategies for End-Stage Heart Failure: Combining Regenerative Approaches with LVAD, a New Horizon? Front Surg 2015; 2:10. [PMID: 25905105 PMCID: PMC4387859 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improved treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the population with end-stage heart failure (HF) is progressively growing. The scarcity of the gold standard therapy, heart transplantation, demands novel therapeutic approaches. For patients awaiting transplantation, ventricular-assist devices have been of great benefit on survival. To allow explantation of the assist device and obviate heart transplantation, sufficient and durable myocardial recovery is necessary. However, explant rates so far are low. Combining mechanical circulatory support with regenerative therapies such as cell (-based) therapy and biomaterials might give rise to improved long-term results. Although synergistic effects are suggested with mechanical support and stem cell therapy, evidence in both preclinical and clinical setting is lacking. This review focuses on advanced and innovative strategies for the treatment of end-stage HF and furthermore appraises clinical experience with combined strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne C S Tseng
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Faiz Z Ramjankhan
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas de Jonge
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Steven A J Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center , Utrecht , Netherlands
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Latrémouille C, Duveau D, Cholley B, Zilberstein L, Belbis G, Boughenou MF, Meleard D, Bruneval P, Adam C, Neuschwander A, Perles JC, Jansen P, Carpentier A. Animal studies with the Carmat bioprosthetic total artificial heart. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 47:e172-8; discussion e178-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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