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Ramada DL, de Vries J, Vollenbroek J, Noor N, Ter Beek O, Mihăilă SM, Wieringa F, Masereeuw R, Gerritsen K, Stamatialis D. Portable, wearable and implantable artificial kidney systems: needs, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023:10.1038/s41581-023-00726-9. [PMID: 37277461 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Haemodialysis is life sustaining but expensive, provides limited removal of uraemic solutes, is associated with poor patient quality of life and has a large carbon footprint. Innovative dialysis technologies such as portable, wearable and implantable artificial kidney systems are being developed with the aim of addressing these issues and improving patient care. An important challenge for these technologies is the need for continuous regeneration of a small volume of dialysate. Dialysate recycling systems based on sorbents have great potential for such regeneration. Novel dialysis membranes composed of polymeric or inorganic materials are being developed to improve the removal of a broad range of uraemic toxins, with low levels of membrane fouling compared with currently available synthetic membranes. To achieve more complete therapy and provide important biological functions, these novel membranes could be combined with bioartificial kidneys, which consist of artificial membranes combined with kidney cells. Implementation of these systems will require robust cell sourcing; cell culture facilities annexed to dialysis centres; large-scale, low-cost production; and quality control measures. These challenges are not trivial, and global initiatives involving all relevant stakeholders, including academics, industrialists, medical professionals and patients with kidney disease, are required to achieve important technological breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Loureiro Ramada
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost de Vries
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vollenbroek
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA + Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522, NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nazia Noor
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Odyl Ter Beek
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko Wieringa
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Autonomous Therapeutics, IMEC, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), WG3 "Breakthrough Innovation", Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, P.O Box 217, 7500, AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), WG3 "Breakthrough Innovation", Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Copur S, Tanriover C, Yavuz F, Soler MJ, Ortiz A, Covic A, Kanbay M. Novel strategies in nephrology: what to expect from the future? Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:230-244. [PMID: 36755838 PMCID: PMC9900595 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will become the fifth global case of death by 2040. Its largest impact is on premature mortality but the number of persons with kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is also increasing dramatically. Current RRT is suboptimal due to the shortage of kidney donors and dismal outcomes associated with both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney care needs a revolution. In this review, we provide an update on emerging knowledge and technologies that will allow an earlier diagnosis of CKD, addressing the current so-called blind spot (e.g. imaging and biomarkers), and improve renal replacement therapies (wearable artificial kidneys, xenotransplantation, stem cell-derived therapies, bioengineered and bio-artificial kidneys).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Furkan Yavuz
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maria J Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain,Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, ‘C.I. PARHON’ University Hospital, and ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
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3
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Peired AJ, Mazzinghi B, De Chiara L, Guzzi F, Lasagni L, Romagnani P, Lazzeri E. Bioengineering strategies for nephrologists: kidney was not built in a day. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:467-480. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1709439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Julie Peired
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia De Chiara
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Guzzi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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4
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Wragg NM, Burke L, Wilson SL. A critical review of current progress in 3D kidney biomanufacturing: advances, challenges, and recommendations. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-019-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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5
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Ashammakhi N, Elkhammas E, Hasan A. Translating advances in organ‐on‐a‐chip technology for supporting organs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:2006-2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of SurgeryOulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- School of Technology and InnovationsUniversity of Vaasa Vaasa Finland
- Biotechnology Research CenterAuthority for Natural Sciences Research and Technology Tripoli Libya
| | - Elmahdi Elkhammas
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Transplant Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringQatar University Doha Qatar
- Biomedical Research CenterQatar University Doha Qatar
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6
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Ashammakhi N, Wesseling-Perry K, Hasan A, Elkhammas E, Zhang YS. Kidney-on-a-chip: untapped opportunities. Kidney Int 2018; 94:1073-1086. [PMID: 30366681 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The organs-on-a-chip technology has shown strong promise in mimicking the complexity of native tissues in vitro and ex vivo, and recently significant advances have been made in applying this technology to studies of the kidney and its diseases. Individual components of the nephron, including the glomerulus, proximal tubule, and distal tubule/medullary collecting duct, have been successfully mimicked using organs-on-a-chip technology and yielding strong promises in advancing the field of ex vivo drug toxicity testing and augmenting renal replacement therapies. Although these models show promise over 2-dimensional cell systems in recapitulating important nephron features in vitro, nephron functions, such as tubular secretion, intracellular metabolism, and renin and vitamin D production, as well as prostaglandin synthesis are still poorly recapitulated in on-chip models. Moreover, construction of multiple-renal-components-on-a-chip models, in which various structures and cells of the renal system interact with each other, has remained a challenge. Overall, on-chip models show promise in advancing models of normal and pathological renal physiology, in predicting nephrotoxicity, and in advancing treatment of chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Biotechnology Research Center, Libyan Authority for Research, Science and Technology, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Katherine Wesseling-Perry
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Elmahdi Elkhammas
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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van Gelder MK, Mihaila SM, Jansen J, Wester M, Verhaar MC, Joles JA, Stamatialis D, Masereeuw R, Gerritsen KGF. From portable dialysis to a bioengineered kidney. Expert Rev Med Devices 2018; 15:323-336. [PMID: 29633900 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2018.1462697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the advent of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the 1970s, the principles of dialysis have changed little. In the coming decades, several major breakthroughs are expected. AREAS COVERED Novel wearable and portable dialysis devices for both hemodialysis (HD) and PD are expected first. The HD devices could facilitate more frequent and longer dialysis outside of the hospital, while improving patient's mobility and autonomy. The PD devices could enhance blood purification and increase technique survival of PD. Further away from clinical application is the bioartificial kidney, containing renal cells. Initially, the bioartificial kidney could be applied for extracorporeal treatment, to partly replace renal tubular endocrine, metabolic, immunoregulatory and secretory functions. Subsequently, intracorporeal treatment may become possible. EXPERT COMMENTARY Key factors for successful implementation of miniature dialysis devices are patient attitudes and cost-effectiveness. A well-functioning and safe extracorporeal blood circuit is required for HD. For PD, a double lumen PD catheter would optimize performance. Future research should focus on further miniaturization of the urea removal strategy. For the bio-artificial kidney (BAK), cost effectiveness should be determined and a general set of functional requirements should be defined for future studies. For intracorporeal application, water reabsorption will become a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike K van Gelder
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M Mihaila
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,b Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jitske Jansen
- b Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Wester
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- c (Bio)artificial organs, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine , University of Twente , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Roos Masereeuw
- b Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Karin G F Gerritsen
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Engineering the Future One Cell at a Time: Advancements in Cell-Based Techniques from Novel Three-Dimensional Cell Culture to a Bionic Kidney. ASAIO J 2017; 63:236-238. [PMID: 28459740 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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Jansen K, Schuurmans CCL, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Vermonden T. Hydrogel-Based Cell Therapies for Kidney Regeneration: Current Trends in Biofabrication and In Vivo Repair. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:3845-3857. [PMID: 28699526 PMCID: PMC6302346 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170710155726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Facing the problems of limited renal regeneration capacity and the persistent shortage of donor kidneys, dialysis remains the only treatment option for many end-stage renal disease patients. Unfortunately, dialysis is only a medium-term solution because large and protein-bound uremic solutes are not efficiently cleared from the body and lead to disease progression over time. Current strategies for improved renal replacement therapies (RRTs) range from whole organ engineering to biofabrication of renal assist devices and biological injectables for in vivo regeneration. Notably, all approaches coincide with the incorporation of cellular components and biomimetic micro-environments. Concerning the latter, hydrogels form promising materials as scaffolds and cell carrier systems due to the demonstrated biocompatibility of most natural hydrogels, tunable biochemical and mechanical properties, and various application possibilities. In this review, the potential of hydrogel-based cell therapies for kidney regeneration is discussed. First, we provide an overview of current trends in the development of RRTs and in vivo regeneration options, before examining the possible roles of hydrogels within these fields. We discuss major application-specific hydrogel design criteria and, subsequently, assess the potential of emergent biofabrication technologies, such as micromolding, microfluidics and electrodeposition for the development of new RRTs and injectable stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jansen
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Carl C L Schuurmans
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Utrecht University Div. Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht. Netherlands
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