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Conen D, Aeschbacher S, Thijs L, Li Y, Boggia J, Asayama K, Hansen TW, Kikuya M, Björklund-Bodegård K, Ohkubo T, Jeppesen J, Gu YM, Torp-Pedersen C, Dolan E, Kuznetsova T, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Tikhonoff V, Schoen T, Malyutina S, Casiglia E, Nikitin Y, Lind L, Sandoya E, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Mena L, Maestre GE, Filipovský J, Imai Y, O'Brien E, Wang JG, Risch L, Staessen JA. Age-specific differences between conventional and ambulatory daytime blood pressure values. Hypertension 2014; 64:1073-9. [PMID: 25185130 PMCID: PMC11006446 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mean daytime ambulatory blood pressure (BP) values are considered to be lower than conventional BP values, but data on this relation among younger individuals <50 years are scarce. Conventional and 24-hour ambulatory BP were measured in 9550 individuals not taking antihypertensive treatment from 13 population-based cohorts. We compared individual differences between daytime ambulatory and conventional BP according to 10-year age categories. Age-specific prevalences of white coat and masked hypertension were calculated. Among individuals aged 18 to 30, 30 to 40, and 40 to 50 years, mean daytime BP was significantly higher than the corresponding conventional BP (6.0, 5.2, and 4.7 mm Hg for systolic; 2.5, 2.7, and 1.7 mm Hg for diastolic BP; all P<0.0001). In individuals aged 60 to 70 and ≥70 years, conventional BP was significantly higher than daytime ambulatory BP (5.0 and 13.0 mm Hg for systolic; 2.0 and 4.2 mm Hg for diastolic BP; all P<0.0001).The prevalence of white coat hypertension exponentially increased from 2.2% to 19.5% from those aged 18 to 30 years to those aged ≥70 years, with little variation between men and women (8.0% versus 6.1%; P=0.0003). Masked hypertension was more prevalent among men (21.1% versus 11.4%; P<0.0001). The age-specific prevalences of masked hypertension were 18.2%, 27.3%, 27.8%, 20.1%, 13.6%, and 10.2% among men and 9.0%, 9.9%, 12.2%, 11.9%, 14.7%, and 12.1% among women. In conclusion, this large collaborative analysis showed that the relation between daytime ambulatory and conventional BP strongly varies by age. These findings may have implications for diagnosing hypertension and its subtypes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Conen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Lutgarde Thijs
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Yan Li
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - José Boggia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Kei Asayama
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Tine W Hansen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Masahiro Kikuya
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Kristina Björklund-Bodegård
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Jørgen Jeppesen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Yu-Mei Gu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Eamon Dolan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Valérie Tikhonoff
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Tobias Schoen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Edoardo Casiglia
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Yuri Nikitin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Lars Lind
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Edgardo Sandoya
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Kalina Kawecka-Jaszcz
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Luis Mena
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Gladys E Maestre
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Jan Filipovský
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Yutaka Imai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Eoin O'Brien
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Ji-Guang Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Lorenz Risch
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
| | - Jan A Staessen
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institut Basel and Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (D.C., S.A., T.S.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (L.T., K.A., Y.-M.G., T.K., J.A.S.); Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials and Center for Vascular Evaluations, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.L., J.-G.W.); Centro de Nefrologìa and Departamento de Fisiopatologìa, Hospital de Clìnicas, Universidad de la Repûblica, Montevideo, Uruguay (J.B.); Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark (T.W.H.); Department of Planning for Drug Development and Clinical Evaluation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan (K.A., M.K., T.O., Y.I.); Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B.-B.); Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.A., T.O.); Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (J.J.); Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.-P.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.D.); First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakòw, Poland (K.S.-S., K.K.-J.); Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (V.T., E.C.); Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation (S.M., Y.N.); Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (L.L.); Asoci
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