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Im KM, Chung JH. Intestinal Rehabilitation Program for Adult Patients with Intestinal Failure: A 20-Year Analysis of Outcomes in the Single-Center Experience at a Tertiary Hospital. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:1770-1777. [PMID: 38446306 PMCID: PMC11098894 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal rehabilitation program (IRP) is a specialized approach to managing patients with intestinal failure (IF). The goal of IRP is to reduce the patient's dependence on parenteral nutrition by optimizing nutrition intake while minimizing the risk of complications and providing individualized medical and surgical treatment. We aimed to provide a thorough overview of our extensive history in adult IRP. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of adults with IF treated at our center's IRP over the past two decades. We collected data on demographic and clinical results, such as the causes of IF, the current status of the remaining bowel, nutritional support, and complications or mortality related to IF or prolonged parenteral nutrition. RESULTS We analyzed a total of 47 adult patients with a median follow-up of 6.7 years. The most common cause of IF was massive bowel resection due to mesenteric vessel thrombosis (38.3%). Twenty-eight patients underwent rehabilitative surgery, including 12 intestinal transplants. The 5-year survival rate was 81.9% with 13 patients who expired due to sepsis, liver failure, or complication after transplantation. Of the remaining 34 patients, 18 were successfully weaned off from parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION Our results of IRP over two decades suggest that the individualized and multidisciplinary program for adult IF is a promising approach for improving patient outcomes and achieving nutritional autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Moo Im
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Chung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Douda L, Hyšpler R, Mžik M, Vokurková D, Drahošová M, Řeháček V, Čermáková E, Douda T, Cyrany J, Fejfar T, Jirkovský V, Kopáčová M, Kupková B, Vašátko T, Tachecí I, Bureš J. Serum Citrulline and Ornithine: Potential Markers of Coeliac Disease Activity. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE) 2023; 65:75-82. [PMID: 36735884 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2022.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, there is not generally accepted and universal indicator of activity, and functional integrity of the small intestine in patients with coeliac disease. The aim of our study was to investigate whether serum concentrations of the non-essential amino acids citrulline and ornithine might have this function. METHODS We examined serum citrulline and ornithine concentrations in a subgroup of patients with proven coeliac disease and healthy controls (blood donors). RESULTS A total of 94 patients with coeliac disease (29 men, mean age 53 ± 18 years; 65 women, mean age 44 ± 14 years) and 35 healthy controls (blood donors) in whom coeliac disease was serologically excluded (10 men, mean age 51 ± 14 years; 25 women, mean age 46 ± 12 years) were included in the study. Significantly lower concentrations of serum ornithine were found in patients with coeliac disease (mean 65 ± 3 μmol/L; median 63 μmol/L, IQR 34 μmol/L, p < 0.001). No statistically nor clinically significant differences were found in the citrulline concentrations between the study and control group. CONCLUSIONS Serum ornithine (but not citrulline) may be useful for assessing the functional status of the small intestine in uncomplicated coeliac disease. Further studies involving more detailed analysis of dietary and metabolic changes in patients will be needed to reach definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Hyšpler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mžik
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Vokurková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Drahošová
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Řeháček
- Transfusion Department, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Čermáková
- Department of Medical Biophysic, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Douda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Cyrany
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Fejfar
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Jirkovský
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Kopáčová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kupková
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vašátko
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Tachecí
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Bureš
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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De Luis Román D, Domínguez Medina E, Molina Baena B, Matía-Martín P. Oligomeric Formulas in Surgery: A Delphi and Consensus Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061922. [PMID: 34205024 PMCID: PMC8227417 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional management of patients with intestinal failure often includes the use of oligomeric formulas. Implementing the use of oligomeric formulas in surgical patients with maldigestion or malabsorption could be a nutritional strategy to be included in clinical protocols. We aim to generate knowledge from a survey focused on the effectiveness of nutritional therapy with oligomeric formulas with Delphi methodology. Each statement that reached an agreement consensus among participants was defined as a median consensus score ≥7 and as an interquartile range ≤3. The use of oligomeric formulas in surgical patients, starting enteral nutrition in the post-operative phase in short bowel syndrome and in nonspecific diarrhea after surgical procedures, could improve nutritional therapy implementation. Stakeholders agreed that early jejunal enteral nutrition with oligomeric formula is more effective compared to intravenous fluid therapy and it is useful in patients undergoing upper gastro-intestinal tract major surgery when malabsorption or maldigestion is suspected. Finally, oligomeric formulas may be useful when a feeding tube is placed distally to the duodenum. This study shows a practical approach to the use of oligomeric formulas in surgical patients with intestinal disorders and malabsorption, and it helps clinicians in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel De Luis Román
- Center of Investigation Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Medicine School University, 47002 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Domínguez Medina
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | | | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-639851411
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Dyhre-Petersen N, Køhler M, Rasmussen HH. Urinary creatinine based equations for estimation of fat free mass in patients with intestinal insufficiency or intestinal failure. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:522-531. [PMID: 34024565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Assessment of body composition is an important aspect of disease management in patients with intestinal insufficiency (INS) or intestinal failure (IF). However, in daily clinical settings most body composition methods are too expensive or impractical, leaving body composition to be assessed by less reliable methods such as skin fold thickness. The aim of this study was to investigate and validate the use of an equation for the estimation of fat-free mass (FFM) with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as reference method. METHODS A literature search for identification of urinary creatinine-based FFM-prediction equations was carried out a long side the creation of an equation by multiple linear regression. The correlation of each equation with FFM (measured by BIA in 277 patients with either INS or IF) was done by Pearson's correlation. Further investigation and validation of performance was done for the equations with the strongest correlation by Bland-Altman analysis, determination of root mean square error (RMSE), and intraclass correlation (ICC). The validation was carried out in a new group of 37 patients with either INS or IF. RESULTS A total of 11 prediction equations were correlated with FFM measured by BIA. The equation called FFMmultiple and FFM-5 had the strongest correlation (r = 0.969, p < 0.01 and r = 0.950, p < 0.01, respectively). FFMmultiple was superior to FFM-5 regarding Bland-Altman analysis, RMSE, and ICC in the study group (Mean bias ± Standard Deviation = 0.042 ± 2.352 versus 0.309 ± 3.196; 95% limits of agreement = [-4.568; 4.651] versus [-5.955; 6.578]; RMSE = 0.158 versus 0.236; ICC = 0.969 versus 0.948). Cross-validation resulted in a Bland-Altman analysis with a statistically significant difference between FFMmultiple and FFM by BIA. FFM-5 showed wide 95% limits of agreement ([-6.977; 6.421]). CONCLUSIONS Two urinary creatinine-based equations (FFMmultiple and FFM-5) showed promising results as possible substitutes to BIA, however further investigation and cross validation revealed inauspicious results. Thus, the present study cannot recommend the use of a prediction equation instead of BIA for the assessment of FFM in patients with INS and IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Dyhre-Petersen
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marianne Køhler
- Center for Nutrition and Bowel Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Henrik Højgaard Rasmussen
- Center for Nutrition and Bowel Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Retracing our STEPs: Four decades of progress in intestinal lengthening procedures for short bowel syndrome. Am J Surg 2019; 217:772-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Parreiras-E-Silva LT, de Araújo IM, Elias J, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Suen VMM, Marchini JS, Bonella J, Nahas AK, Salmon CEG, de Paula FJA. Short bowel syndrome: influence of nutritional therapy and incretin GLP1 on bone marrow adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1415:47-56. [PMID: 29509291 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy deprivation leads to a decrease in white adipose tissue and bone mineral density (BMD), while simultaneously inducing the expansion of marrow adipose tissue (MAT). In short bowel syndrome (SBS), parenteral nutrition mitigates the deterioration of nutritional status, including decreases in MAT. Osteoporosis is, however, a frequent complication of SBS. The objective of our study here was to evaluate the association of fat deposit sites (subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues: intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and MAT) and the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) with BMD in individuals with SBS. MAT was negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD in normal individuals, but not in those in the SBS group, who otherwise showed a positive correlation between MAT and GLP1. In addition, in individuals with SBS, IHL was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD and positively associated with C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (a serum biomarker of bone turnover). Caloric maintenance in individuals with SBS, therefore, seems to positively affect the relationship between MAT and BMD, which may be modulated, at least in part, by GLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iana M de Araújo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Elias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcello H Nogueira-Barbosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian M M Suen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio S Marchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Bonella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa K Nahas
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E G Salmon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Arts of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco J A de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Effect of a fish oil-based lipid emulsion on intestinal failure-associated liver disease in children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1364-1372. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lauro A, D'Amico F, Gondolesi G. The current therapeutic options for Crohn's disease: from medical therapy to intestinal transplantation. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1105-1117. [PMID: 28805088 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1367665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) has an annual incidence per 100.000 person-year of 20.2 in North America and 12.7 in Europe, and the purpose of this review is to evaluate its medical management, from diagnosis to transplant. Pharmacologic manipulation with nutritional care aims to achieve and maintain remission, but more than half of patients will undergo an intestinal resection, very often repeated over time. They could experience short bowel syndrome (SBS) requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Intestinal transplantation (ITx) represents an alternative in case of irreversible intestinal failure (IF) with life-threatening TPN complications. Patient survival after ITx is 79%, 53% and 43% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively, with no differences among ITx for other disorders. Areas covered: The research discussed medical therapy with nutritional support, evaluating the role of endoscopy, surgery and transplant in CD. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed search engine up to May 31th, 2017 without restriction of the language. The decision on paper's eligibility was reached by consensus between the 3 screening authors. Expert commentary: CD treatment is mainly medical, leaving endoscopy and surgery for a complex course. ITx represents a therapeutic option if TPN complications with IF arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Lauro
- a Liver and Multiorgan Transplant Unit , St. Orsola University Hospital , Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesco D'Amico
- b Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit , University Hospital of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Gabriel Gondolesi
- c Intestinal Failure, Rehabilitation and Transplantation Unit , Fundación Favaloro University Hospitals , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Duodenal Disaccharidase Activities During and After Weaning off Parenteral Nutrition in Pediatric Intestinal Failure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:777-782. [PMID: 27482764 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data on factors affecting absorptive function in children with intestinal failure (IF) are sparse. We evaluated duodenal disaccharidase activities and inflammation in relation to parenteral nutrition (PN) and intestinal resection in pediatric onset IF. METHODS Disaccharidase (maltase, sucrase, and lactase) activities and histologic inflammation were evaluated from duodenal biopsies in 58 patients during PN (n = 23) or full enteral nutrition (n = 40) and in 43 matched controls. The first and the last postresection biopsies were analyzed separately after 4.3 (1.2-9.7) years and 6.5 (2.3-12.4) years, respectively. RESULTS During PN, maltase and sucrase activities were 1.6-fold lower and mucosal inflammation more frequent (22% vs 3%) when compared to matched controls (P < 0.05 for both). In patients on full enteral nutrition, activities of maltase and sucrase were significantly higher than that in patients receiving PN and comparable to those of matched controls. Postresection time correlated positively (r = 0.448 and r = 0.369) and percentage length of the remaining small intestine inversely (r = -0.337 and r = -0.407) with maltase and sucrase activity in patients on full enteral nutrition (P < 0.05 for all), whereas proportional length of remaining colon correlated positively with maltase and lactase activity (r = 0.424-0.544, P < 0.05) in patients receiving PN. CONCLUSIONS In children with IF, PN dependency associated with decreased duodenal maltase and sucrase activities and mucosal inflammation, which may disturb intestinal absorptive function. Localization and extent of intestinal resection and post-resection time correlated with duodenal disaccharidase activities.
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Schall KA, Thornton ME, Isani M, Holoyda KA, Hou X, Lien CL, Grubbs BH, Grikscheit TC. Short bowel syndrome results in increased gene expression associated with proliferation, inflammation, bile acid synthesis and immune system activation: RNA sequencing a zebrafish SBS model. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28118819 PMCID: PMC5264326 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Much of the morbidity associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS) is attributed to effects of decreased enteral nutrition and administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We hypothesized that acute SBS alone has significant effects on gene expression beyond epithelial proliferation, and tested this in a zebrafish SBS model. Methods In a model of SBS in zebrafish (laparotomy, proximal stoma, distal ligation, n = 29) or sham (laparotomy alone, n = 28) surgery, RNA-Seq was performed after 2 weeks. The proximal intestine was harvested and RNA isolated. The three samples from each group with the highest amount of RNA were spiked with external RNA controls consortium (ERCC) controls, sequenced and aligned to reference genome with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis performed. Gene expression of ctnnb1, ccnb1, ccnd1, cyp7a1a, dkk3, ifng1-2, igf2a, il1b, lef1, nos2b, saa1, stat3, tnfa and wnt5a were confirmed to be elevated in SBS by RT-qPCR. Results RNA-seq analysis identified 1346 significantly upregulated genes and 678 significantly downregulated genes in SBS zebrafish intestine compared to sham with Ingenuity analysis. The upregulated genes were involved in cell proliferation, acute phase response signaling, innate and adaptive immunity, bile acid regulation, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, cellular barrier and coagulation. The downregulated genes were involved in folate synthesis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty-acid oxidation and activation and drug and steroid metabolism. RT-qPCR confirmed gene expression differences from RNA-Sequencing. Conclusion Changes of gene expression after 2 weeks of SBS indicate complex and extensive alterations of multiple pathways, some previously implicated as effects of TPN. The systemic sequelae of SBS alone are significant and indicate multiple targets for investigating future therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3433-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A Schall
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Mubina Isani
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Kathleen A Holoyda
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Mailstop 100, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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