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Amarsi R, Furse S, Cleaton MAM, Maurel S, Mitchell AL, Ferguson-Smith AC, Cenac N, Williamson C, Koulman A, Charalambous M. A co-ordinated transcriptional programme in the maternal liver supplies long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the conceptus using phospholipids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6767. [PMID: 39117683 PMCID: PMC11310303 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The long and very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are preferentially transported by the mother to the fetus. Failure to supply LC-PUFAs is strongly linked with stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, and impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, dietary supplementation during pregnancy is unable to simply reverse these outcomes, suggesting imperfectly understood interactions between dietary fatty acid intake and the molecular mechanisms of maternal supply. Here we employ a comprehensive approach combining untargeted and targeted lipidomics with transcriptional profiling of maternal and fetal tissues in mouse pregnancy. Comparison of wild-type mice with genetic models of impaired lipid metabolism allows us to describe maternal hepatic adaptations required to provide LC-PUFAs to the developing fetus. A late pregnancy-specific, selective activation of the Liver X Receptor signalling pathway dramatically increases maternal supply of LC-PUFAs within circulating phospholipids. Crucially, genetic ablation of this pathway in the mother reduces LC-PUFA accumulation by the fetus, specifically of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a critical nutrient for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Amarsi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE19RT, UK
- Pregnancy Physiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Samuel Furse
- Biological chemistry group, Jodrell laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mary A M Cleaton
- Department of Genetics, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sarah Maurel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice L Mitchell
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Anne C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marika Charalambous
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE19RT, UK.
- Pregnancy Physiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
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Bolluk G, Oğlak SC, Kayaoğlu Yıldırım Z, Zengi O. Maternal serum fatty acid binding protein-4 level is upregulated in fetal growth restriction with abnormal Doppler flow patterns. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2024; 50:430-437. [PMID: 38148278 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP-4) concentrations in maternal serum of fetal growth restriction (FGR) pregnancies and controls of normal pregnancies. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the alterations in FABP-4 levels might correlate with FGR severity. METHODS We performed this prospective case-control study with 83 pregnant women. The study groups included 26 FGR pregnancies without abnormal fetal Doppler flow patterns and 25 pregnancies complicated with FGR accompanied by abnormal fetal Doppler flow patterns. RESULTS The median serum FABP-4 concentrations were significantly higher in the FGR cases with abnormal Doppler flow pattern group (2.09 ng/mL) than in the FGR cases without abnormal Doppler flow pattern group (1.62 ng/mL) and the control group (1.20 ng/mL, p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between maternal serum FABP-4 levels and time to birth from blood sample collection (r = -0.356 and p = 0.001), gestational week at birth (r = -0.386 and p < 0.001), and birth weight (r = -0.394 and p < 0.001). A 1.35 ng/mL cut-off value of serum FABP-4 level could be used to discriminate FGR cases with a 78.4% sensitivity and 60.6% specificity. The optimal cut-off value of FABP-4 levels as an indicator for the diagnosis of FGR with abnormal Doppler flow pattern was estimated to be 1.76 ng/mL, which yielded a sensitivity of 84.0% and a specificity of 75.8%. CONCLUSION FABP-4 is a crucial biomarker in the diagnosis and determining the severity of pregnancies with restricted fetal growth. We consider that FABP-4 is a powerful, reliable, and unique biomarker to diagnose FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Bolluk
- Department of Perinatology, Health Sciences University, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Cemil Oğlak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kayaoğlu Yıldırım
- Department of Perinatology, Health Sciences University, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Zengi
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Sciences University, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jackson KH, Klatt KC, Caudill MA, McDougall MQ, West AA, Perry CA, Malysheva OV, Harris WS. Baseline red blood cell and breast milk DHA levels affect responses to standard dose of DHA in lactating women on a controlled feeding diet. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 166:102248. [PMID: 33516092 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of providing the newborn infant with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from breast milk is well established. However, women in the United States, on average, have breast milk DHA levels of 0.20%, which is below the worldwide average (and proposed target) of >0.32%. Additionally, the relationship between maternal red blood cell (RBC) and breast milk DHA levels may provide insight into the sufficiency of DHA recommendations during lactation. Whether the standard recommendation of at least 200 mg/day of supplemental DHA during lactation is sufficient for most women to achieve a desirable RBC and breast milk DHA status is unknown. METHODS Lactating women (n = 27) at about 5 weeks postpartum were enrolled in a 10-12 week controlled feeding study that included randomization to 480 or 930 mg choline/d (diet plus supplementation). As part of the intervention, all participants were required to consume a 200 mg/d of microalgal DHA. RBC and breast milk DHA levels were measured by capillary gas chromatography in an exploratory analysis. RESULTS Median RBC DHA was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.3, 5.5) at baseline and 5.1% (4.6, 5.4) after 10 weeks of supplementation (P = 0.6). DHA as a percent of breast milk fatty acids increased from 0.19% (0.18, 0.33) to 0.34% (0.27, 0.38) after supplementation (P<0.05). The proportion of women meeting the target RBC DHA level of >5% was unchanged (52% at baseline and week 10). The proportion of women achieving a breast milk DHA level of >0.32% approximately doubled from 30% to 56% (p = 0.06). Baseline RBC and breast milk DHA levels affected their responses to supplementation. Those with baseline RBC and breast milk DHA levels above the median (5% and 0.19%, respectively) experienced no change or a slight decrease in levels, while those below the median had a significant increase. Choline supplementation did not significantly influence final RBC or breast milk DHA levels. CONCLUSIONS On average, the standard prenatal DHA dose of 200 mg/d did not increase RBC DHA but did increase breastmilk DHA over 10 weeks in a cohort of lactating women in a controlled-feeding study. Baseline DHA levels in RBC and breast milk affected the response to DHA supplementation, with lower levels being associated with a greater increase and higher levels with no change or a slight decrease. Additional larger, dose-response DHA trials accounting for usual intakes and baseline DHA status are needed to determine how to best achieve target breast milk DHA levels and to identify additional modifiers of the variable breast milk DHA response to maternal DHA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Harris Jackson
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC. Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA.
| | - Kevin C Klatt
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Allyson A West
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cydne A Perry
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA; Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
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Zhu N, Ji X, Geng X, Yue H, Li G, Sang N. Maternal PM 2.5 exposure and abnormal placental nutrient transport. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111281. [PMID: 32919195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of human and animal experiments indicated that gestational exposure to atmospheric pollutants could be followed by the abnormal placental development. However, the effects of this exposure on the placental transportation for nutrients have not been systematically investigated. In this study, fine particulate matters (PM2.5) samples were collected in Taiyuan and pregnant rodent models were administered with 3 mg/kg b.w. PM2.5 by oropharyngeal aspiration every other day starting on embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5). Then the pregnant mice were sacrificed and their placentas were collected at different time points. The results showed that maternal PM2.5 exposure (MPE) disrupted the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at all time points and inhibited the cell proliferation in placenta. Following that, the capacity for placental nutrient transport was impaired. The changes at E18.5 were observed most significantly, showing the altered mRNA expression of amino acid, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), glucose and folate transporters. In addition, the glycogen content was elevated at E18.5, and the triglyceride content was increased at E13.5 and E15.5 and decreased at E18.5 in the placenta after MPE. In a word, the adverse effect induced by MPE revealed that MPE led tothe disruption on the nutrient supply to the developing fetus via modulating the abundance of placental nutrient transporters (PNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Xilin Geng
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
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Hellström A, Hellström W, Hellgren G, E. H. Smith L, Puttonen H, Fyhr IM, Sävman K, Nilsson AK, Klevebro S. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Levels Are Associated with Early Systemic Inflammation in Extremely Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071996. [PMID: 32635612 PMCID: PMC7400618 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and early postnatal inflammation have been associated with increased morbidity in extremely preterm infants. This study aimed to demonstrate if postpartum levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were associated with early inflammation. In a cohort of 90 extremely preterm infants, DHA and AA in cord blood, on the first postnatal day and on postnatal day 7 were examined in relation to early systemic inflammation, defined as elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6) within 72 h from birth, with or without positive blood culture. Median serum level of DHA was 0.5 mol% (95% CI (confidence interval) 0.2–0.9, P = 0.006) lower than the first postnatal day in infants with early systemic inflammation, compared to infants without signs of inflammation, whereas levels of AA were not statistically different between infants with and without signs of inflammation. In cord blood, lower serum levels of both DHA (correlation coefficient −0.40; P = 0.010) and AA (correlation coefficient −0.54; p < 0.001) correlated with higher levels of IL-6. Levels of DHA or AA did not differ between infants with and without histological signs of chorioamnionitis or fetal inflammation. In conclusion, serum levels of DHA at birth were associated with the inflammatory response during the early postnatal period in extremely preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hellström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.H.); (G.H.); (A.K.N.)
| | - William Hellström
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41686 Gothenburg, Sweden; (W.H.); (H.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Gunnel Hellgren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.H.); (G.H.); (A.K.N.)
- Institute of Bioscience, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lois E. H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Henri Puttonen
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41686 Gothenburg, Sweden; (W.H.); (H.P.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pathology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ing-Marie Fyhr
- Department of Pathology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Karin Sävman
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41686 Gothenburg, Sweden; (W.H.); (H.P.); (K.S.)
- Department of Neonatology, Region Västra Götaland, the Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders K. Nilsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.H.); (G.H.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Susanna Klevebro
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.H.); (G.H.); (A.K.N.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Wilson NA, Mantzioris E, Middleton PF, Muhlhausler BS. Influence of clinical characteristics on maternal DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy: A systematic review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 154:102063. [PMID: 32058894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omega-3 DHA is important for the prevention of preterm birth, however there is limited knowledge of the determinants of omega-3 status during pregnancy. The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise data from existing studies assessing relationships between clinical factors and maternal DHA status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Medline, Embase, Amed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting measures of maternal omega-3 status and one or more clinical characteristics. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included in the final analyses. Factors associated with a higher BMI (overweight, higher gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes), or lower parity were each associated with higher omega-3 status in the majority of studies, with mixed findings for other comparisons. DISCUSSION Inconsistent findings between studies make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the relationship between clinical factors and maternal omega-3 DHA status. However, maternal overweight and associated metabolic conditions may increase lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - E Mantzioris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - P F Middleton
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute SAHMRI Women and Kids, Level 7, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Dept of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia; Nutrition and Health Program, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Ennis MA, Rasmussen BF, Lim K, Ball RO, Pencharz PB, Courtney-Martin G, Elango R. Dietary phenylalanine requirements during early and late gestation in healthy pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:351-359. [PMID: 31758682 PMCID: PMC6997087 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylalanine is an indispensable amino acid and, via tyrosine, is the precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Currently, dietary requirements for phenylalanine during pregnancy are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study's aim was to determine phenylalanine requirements (in the presence of excess tyrosine) during early and late gestation using direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO; with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine) and indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO; with l-[1-13C]leucine). METHODS Twenty-three healthy women (age: 30.4 ± 3.1 y, mean ± SD) were studied at a range of phenylalanine intakes (5.5-30.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1 in early and late pregnancy using DAAO, and 2.5-30.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1 in late pregnancy using IAAO) for a total of 76 study days. Test intakes were provided as 8 isocaloric and isonitrogenous meals with 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 protein and energy at 1.7 times the measured resting energy expenditure. Breath samples were analyzed on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer for 13C enrichment. Phenylalanine requirement was determined using a 2-phase linear regression crossover model to identify a breakpoint in 13CO2 production (representing the mean requirement) in response to phenylalanine intakes. RESULTS Phenylalanine requirement during early pregnancy was determined to be 15 mg · kg-1 · d-1 (95% CI: 10.4, 19.9 mg · kg-1 · d-1); during late pregnancy, it was determined to be 21 mg · kg-1 · d-1 by DAAO (95% CI: 17.4, 24.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1) and IAAO (95% CI: 10.5, 32.2 mg · kg-1 · d-1). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a higher requirement (40%) for phenylalanine during late pregnancy than during early pregnancy. Moreover, the early pregnancy requirements are higher than the previous adult male requirement (9.1 mg · kg-1 · d-1; 95% CI: 4.6, 13.6 mg · kg-1 · d-1), although the 95% CIs overlap. Both DAAO and IAAO methods provided similar breakpoints in late pregnancy, showing that the DAAO method was appropriate even though low phenylalanine intakes could not be tested. These results have potential implications for gestation stage-specific dietary phenylalanine recommendations in future.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02669381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Ennis
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Betina F Rasmussen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lim
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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James WPT, Johnson RJ, Speakman JR, Wallace DC, Frühbeck G, Iversen PO, Stover PJ. Nutrition and its role in human evolution. J Intern Med 2019; 285:533-549. [PMID: 30772945 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of human evolution has improved rapidly over recent decades, facilitated by large-scale cataloguing of genomic variability amongst both modern and archaic humans. It seems clear that the evolution of the ancestors of chimpanzees and hominins separated 7-9 million years ago with some migration out of Africa by the earlier hominins; Homo sapiens slowly emerged as climate change resulted in drier, less forested African conditions. The African populations expanded and evolved in many different conditions with slow mutation and selection rates in the human genome, but with much more rapid mutation occurring in mitochondrial DNA. We now have evidence stretching back 300 000 years of humans in their current form, but there are clearly four very different large African language groups that correlate with population DNA differences. Then, about 50 000-100 000 years ago a small subset of modern humans also migrated out of Africa resulting in a persistent signature of more limited genetic diversity amongst non-African populations. Hybridization with archaic hominins occurred around this time such that all non-African modern humans possess some Neanderthal ancestry and Melanesian populations additionally possess some Denisovan ancestry. Human populations both within and outside Africa also adapted to diverse aspects of their local environment including altitude, climate, UV exposure, diet and pathogens, in some cases leaving clear signatures of patterns of genetic variation. Notable examples include haemoglobin changes conferring resistance to malaria, other immune changes and the skin adaptations favouring the synthesis of vitamin D. As humans migrated across Eurasia, further major mitochondrial changes occurred with some interbreeding with ancient hominins and the development of alcohol intolerance. More recently, an ability to retain lactase persistence into adulthood has evolved rapidly under the environmental stimulus of pastoralism with the ability to husband lactating ruminants. Increased amylase copy numbers seem to relate to the availability of starchy foods, whereas the capacity to desaturase and elongate monounsaturated fatty acids in different societies seems to be influenced by whether there is a lack of supply of readily available dietary sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The process of human evolution includes genetic drift and adaptation to local environments, in part through changes in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. These genetic changes may underlie susceptibilities to some modern human pathologies including folate-responsive neural tube defects, diabetes, other age-related pathologies and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P T James
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D C Wallace
- Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Frühbeck
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P O Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P J Stover
- Vice Chancellor and Dean for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX, USA
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Herrera E, Ortega-Senovilla H. Implications of Lipids in Neonatal Body Weight and Fat Mass in Gestational Diabetic Mothers and Non-Diabetic Controls. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:7. [PMID: 29399727 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-0978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Maternal lipid metabolism greatly changes during pregnancy and we review in this article how they influence fetal adiposity and growth under non-diabetic and gestational diabetic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS In pregnant women without diabetes (control), maternal glycemia correlates with neonatal glycemia, neonatal body weight and fat mass. In pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal glucose correlates with neither neonatal glycemia, neonatal birth weight nor fat mass, but maternal triacylglycerols (TAG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol do correlate with birth weight and neonatal adiposity. The proportions of maternal plasma arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids decrease from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy, and at term these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher in cord blood plasma than in mothers, indicating efficient placental transfer. In control or pregnant women with GDM at term, the maternal concentration of individual fatty acids does not correlate with neonatal body weight or fat mass, but cord blood fatty acid levels correlate with birth weight and neonatal adiposity-positively in controls, but negatively in GDM. The proportion of AA and DHA in umbilical artery plasma in GDM is lower than in controls but not in umbilical vein plasma. Therefore, an increased utilization of those two fatty acids by fetal tissues, rather than impaired placental transfer, is responsible for their smaller proportion in plasma of GDM newborns. In control pregnant women, maternal glycemia controls neonatal body weight and fat mass, whereas in mothers with GDM-even with good glycemic control-maternal lipids and their greater utilization by the fetus play a critical role in neonatal body weight and fat mass. We propose that altered lipid metabolism rather than hyperglycemia constitutes a risk for macrosomia in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Herrera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, E-28925, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Henar Ortega-Senovilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, E-28925, Madrid, Spain
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田 鎏, 廖 晖, 杨 慧, 马 妮, 张 昌, 刁 红. [Expression of FABP7 in mouse placenta tissue and human trophoblast HTR-8/Svneo cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:594-599. [PMID: 28539280 PMCID: PMC6780475 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the expression of FABP7 in the placenta of pregnant mice and in HTR-8/Svneo cells. METHODS Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect FABP7 mRNA and protein expressions in the uterine and placental tissue of pregnant mice at different days of gestation. FABP7 expression was also detected in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells using immunofluorescence assay. The mice were treated with E2, P4 or their combination for 6 and 24 h and Fabp7 mRNA level in the uterus was detected with real-time PCR. RESULTS At 7.5-10.5 days of gestation, the pregnant mice showed positive expressions of Fabp7 mRNA in the uterus and placenta, and FABP7 protein was detected in the decidualized cells and trophoblast giant cells. The expressions of FABP7 were detected at both the mRNA and protein levels in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells. In mice treated with P4 alone or with E2+P4 for 6 and 24 h, the expression level of Fabp7 mRNA was upregulated in the uterus. Fabp7 upregulation was observed in mice at 24 h following E2 treatment but not at 6 h. CONCLUSION FABP7 is expressed in trophoblast giant cells and decidual cells in the placental tissue of mice and in cultured HTR-8/Svneo cells, suggesting the involvement of FABP7 in placental development and in maintenance of pregnancy. E2 and P4 can regulate the expression of FABP7 in mouse uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- 鎏 田
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院生物工程学院,湖北 十堰 442000College of Bioengineering, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - 晖淇 廖
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院生物工程学院,湖北 十堰 442000College of Bioengineering, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - 慧 杨
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - 妮 马
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院生物工程学院,湖北 十堰 442000College of Bioengineering, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - 昌军 张
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院生物工程学院,湖北 十堰 442000College of Bioengineering, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院胚胎干细胞湖北省重点实验室,湖北 十堰 442000Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - 红录 刁
- 湖北医药学院附属人民医院生殖医学中心,湖北 十堰 442000Reproductive Medicine Center, People's Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院生物工程学院,湖北 十堰 442000College of Bioengineering, Shiyan 442000, China
- 湖北医药学院胚胎干细胞湖北省重点实验室,湖北 十堰 442000Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Shiyan 442000, China
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Mani I, Dwarkanath P, Thomas T, Thomas A, Kurpad AV. Maternal fat and fatty acid intake and birth outcomes in a South Indian population. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:523-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Meher A, Randhir K, Mehendale S, Wagh G, Joshi S. Maternal Fatty Acids and Their Association with Birth Outcome: A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147359. [PMID: 26815428 PMCID: PMC4729437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition, especially LCPUFA, is an important factor in determining fetal growth and development. Our earlier cross sectional study reports lower docosahexanoic acid (DHA) levels at the time of delivery in mothers delivering low birth weight (LBW) babies. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the maternal omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profile across the gestation in fetal growth. This is a hospital based study where women were recruited in early gestation. Maternal blood was collected at 3 time points, i.e., T1 = 16th–20th week, T2 = 26th–30th week and T3 = at delivery. Cord blood was collected at delivery. At delivery, these women were divided into 2 groups: those delivering at term a baby weighing >2.5kg [Normal birth weight (NBW) group] and those delivering at term a baby weighing <2.5kg [LBW group]. The study reports data on 111 women recruited at T1, out of which 60 women delivered an NBW baby at term and 51 women delivered an LBW baby at term. Fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. At T1 of gestation, maternal erythrocyte DHA levels were positively (p<0.05) associated with baby weight. Maternal plasma and erythrocyte arachidonic acid and total erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acid levels at T2 were higher (p<0.05 for both) in the LBW group. Total erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid levels were lower (p<0.05) while total erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acid levels were higher (p<0.05) in the LBW group at delivery. Our data demonstrates the possible role of LCPUFA in the etiology of LBW babies right from early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Meher
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Karuna Randhir
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Savita Mehendale
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Girija Wagh
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
- * E-mail:
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Wadhwani NS, Narang AS, Mehendale SS, Wagh GN, Gupte SA, Joshi SR. Reduced Maternal Erythrocyte Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Exist in Early Pregnancy in Preeclampsia. Lipids 2015; 51:85-94. [PMID: 26626477 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present prospective study examines proportions of maternal erythrocyte fatty acids across gestation and their association with cord erythrocyte fatty acids in normotensive control (NC) and preeclamptic pregnancies. We hypothesize that maternal fatty acid status in early pregnancy influences fetal fatty acid stores in preeclampsia. 137 NC women and 58 women with preeclampsia were included in this study. Maternal blood was collected at 3 time points during pregnancy (16-20th weeks, 26-30th weeks and at delivery). Cord blood was collected at delivery. Fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography. The proportions of maternal erythrocyte α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, nervonic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p < 0.05 for all) were lower while total n-6 fatty acids were higher (p < 0.05) at 16-20th weeks of gestation in preeclampsia as compared with NC. Cord 18:3n-3, 22:6n-3, 24:1n-9, MUFA, and total n-3 fatty acids (p < 0.05 for all) were also lower in preeclampsia as compared with NC. A positive association was observed between maternal erythrocyte 22:6n-3 and 24:1n-9 at 16-20th weeks with the same fatty acids in cord erythrocytes (p < 0.05 for both) in preeclampsia. Our study for the first time indicates alteration in maternal erythrocyte fatty acids at 16th weeks of gestation which is further reflected in cord erythrocytes at delivery in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S Wadhwani
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Ankita S Narang
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Savita S Mehendale
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Girija N Wagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, 411043, India
| | | | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India.
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Astbury S, Mostyn A, Symonds ME, Bell RC. Nutrient availability, the microbiome, and intestinal transport during pregnancy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1100-6. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adequate adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract is important during pregnancy to ensure that the increased metabolic demands by the developing fetus are met. These include changes in surface area mediated by villus hypertrophy and enhanced functional capacity of individual nutrient receptors, including those transporting glucose, fructose, leucine, and calcium. These processes are regulated either by the enhanced nutrient demand or are facilitated by changes in the secretion of pregnancy hormones. Our review also covers recent research into the microbiome, and how pregnancy could lead to microbial adaptations, which are beneficial to the mother, yet are also similar to those seen in the metabolic syndrome. The potential role of diet in modulating the microbiome during pregnancy, as well as the potential for the intestinal microbiota to induce pregnancy complications, are examined. Gaps in the current literature are highlighted, including those where only historical evidence is available, and we suggest areas that should be a priority for further research. In summary, although a significant degree of adaptation has been described, there are both well-established processes and more recent discoveries, such as changes within the maternal microbiome, that pose new questions as to how the gastrointestinal tract effectively adapts to pregnancy, especially in conjunction with maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alison Mostyn
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael E. Symonds
- Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rhonda C. Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Bridges KM, Pereira-da-Silva L, Tou JC, Ziegler J, Brunetti L. Bone metabolism in very preterm infants receiving total parenteral nutrition: do intravenous fat emulsions have an impact? Nutr Rev 2015; 73:823-36. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Khot V, Chavan-Gautam P, Joshi S. Proposing interactions between maternal phospholipids and the one carbon cycle: A novel mechanism influencing the risk for cardiovascular diseases in the offspring in later life. Life Sci 2015; 129:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Makkar A, Mishima T, Chang G, Scifres C, Sadovsky Y. Fatty acid binding protein-4 is expressed in the mouse placental labyrinth, yet is dispensable for placental triglyceride accumulation and fetal growth. Placenta 2014; 35:802-7. [PMID: 25096952 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 (FABP4) is a member of a family of FABP proteins that regulate intracellular lipid trafficking in diverse tissues. We recently showed that FABP4 regulates triglyceride accumulation in primary human trophoblasts. To assess the function of placental FABP4 in vivo, we tested the hypothesis that FABP4 is expressed in the murine placenta, and regulates placenta triglyceride accumulation. METHODS C57Bl/6 wild type or Fabp4-null mice were time-bred, and fetuses and placentas harvested at different time points during pregnancy. Placental FABP4 expression was assessed at different gestational ages, using quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western immunoblotting. FABPs expression was examined by RT-qPCR. Placental lipids were extracted using the Folch method and triglyceride levels determined using a colorimetric quantification kit. RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry, we found that FABP4 was expressed in the placental labyrinthine layer, predominantly in endothelial cells in association with CD31 positive fetal capillaries. The level of placental FABP4 mRNA and protein increased from E12.5 to E16.5 and slightly decreased at E18.5. Breeding of Fabp4 heterozygous mice resulted in embryonic genotypes that followed a Mendelian distribution and exhibited normal weight and morphology, triglyceride content, and expression of other FABP family members. Exposure to hypoxia (O2 = 12%) between E12.5-E18.5 did not uncover a difference between wild type and Fabp4-null mice. CONCLUSIONS FABP4 is expressed in the mouse placental labyrinth, with highest expression at E16.5. FABP4 is dispensable for feto-placental growth and placental lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makkar
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - T Mishima
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G Chang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Tsinghua University School of Medicine Education Program, Beijing, China
| | - C Scifres
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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