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Morená L, Al Jurdi A, Adam EL, Verhoeff R, Palsson R, Ribas GT, Hullekes F, Cohen Bucay A, Elias N, Riella LV. The value of pre-transplant coronary angiography findings in kidney transplant candidates at high risk for cardiovascular disease. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1304516. [PMID: 38993884 PMCID: PMC11235326 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1304516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of mortality after kidney transplantation. Whether pre-transplant screening for coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic kidney transplant candidates (KTCs) is beneficial is unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating post-transplant cardiovascular events in 192 high-risk KTCs who underwent pre-transplant CAD evaluation. The study aimed to identify risk factors associated with finding severe CAD on pre-transplant angiography, and to assess the relationship between screening strategies and post-transplant cardiovascular events. Results At five years post-transplant, cardiovascular events occurred in 23.9% of subjects. Prior CAD history and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% were associated with higher odds of finding severe CAD on pre-transplant angiography. Severe CAD on angiography was associated with a higher risk of early cardiovascular events within six months of transplantation. However, coronary intervention in KTCs with severe CAD was not associated with lower rates of post-transplant cardiovascular events. Conclusion Pre-transplant coronary angiography to identify severe CAD is of highest yield in KTCs with a history of CAD or an LVEF < 50%. Our findings indicate that the identification of severe CAD in KTCs has prognostic significance for the early post-transplant period. Optimization of medical therapy in these high-risk KTCs may improve post-transplant cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Morená
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ayman Al Jurdi
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Rucháma Verhoeff
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ragnar Palsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guilherme Taborda Ribas
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank Hullekes
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Abraham Cohen Bucay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nahel Elias
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Iwama M, Noda T, Takagi K, Tanaka A, Uemura Y, Umemoto N, Shibata N, Negishi Y, Ohashi T, Tanaka M, Yoshida R, Shimizu K, Tashiro H, Yoshioka N, Morishima I, Watarai M, Tanaka T, Tatami Y, Takada Y, Ishii H, Murohara T. Impact of right coronary artery dominance on the long-term mortality in the patients with acute total/subtotal occlusion of unprotected left main coronary artery. J Cardiol 2023; 82:165-171. [PMID: 37028507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a right dominant coronary artery anatomy account for a significant proportion of acute myocardial infarction cases, and this condition is associated with a better prognosis. However, there are limited data on the impact of coronary dominance on patients with acute total/subtotal occlusion of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA). METHODS This study aimed to assess the impact of right coronary artery (RCA) dominance on long-term mortality in patients with acute total/subtotal occlusion of the ULMCA. From a multicenter registry, 132 cases of consecutive patients who had undergone emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to acute total/subtotal occlusion of the ULMCA were reviewed. RESULTS Patients were classified into two groups according to the size of their RCA (dominant RCA group, n = 29; non-dominant RCA group, n = 103). Long-term outcomes were examined according to the presence of dominant RCA. Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) occurred in 52.3 % of patients before revascularization. All-cause death was significantly lower in the dominant RCA group than in the non-dominant RCA group. In the Cox regression model, dominant RCA was an independent predictor of all-cause death, as well as total occlusion of ULMCA, collateral from RCA, chronic kidney disease, and CPA. Patients were further analyzed according to the degree of stenosis of the ULMCA; patients with non-dominant RCA and total occlusive ULMCA had the worst outcome compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS A dominant RCA might improve long-term mortality in patients with acute total/subtotal occlusion of the ULMCA who were treated with PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwama
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Noda
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takagi
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uemura
- Cardiovascular Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | - Norio Umemoto
- Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Negishi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Taiki Ohashi
- Department of Cardiology, Toyota Kosei Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Japan
| | - Ruka Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Society Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tashiro
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itsuro Morishima
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Yosuke Tatami
- Department of Cardiology, Toyota Kosei Hospital, Toyota, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Takada
- Department of Cardiology, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Kobayashi M, Muneuchi J, Sugitani Y, Doi H, Furuta T, Ezaki H, Watanabe M. Coronary arterial dominance in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Vessels 2022; 37:1611-1617. [PMID: 35357544 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arterial dominance is concerned in the management of ischemic heart disease. In particular, right coronary arterial dominance is having a risk for three-vessel coronary artery disease. Thus, this study aimed to explore coronary arterial dominance in patients with congenital heart disease. The study involved 250 patients, of which 105 patients were with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 100 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and 45 patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). We retrospectively reviewed their ascending aortography to determine their coronary arterial dominance, Z-scores of coronary artery diameter, and the ascending aortic curvature, which pertained to the angle between the aortic annulus plane and ascending aortic plane. We identified relevant factors that contribute to having right coronary arterial dominance. Age and weight of the 250 subjects were 2.9 (1.0-8.7) months and 7.7 (5.0-9.4) kg, respectively. The Z-scores of right coronary and anterior descending arteries significantly differed among patients with TOF, VSD, and KD (P < 0.001, P = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the Z-scores of left main trunk and circumflex arteries. Right coronary arterial dominance occurred in 89%, 49%, and 61% in patients with TOF, VSD, and KD, respectively (P < 0.001). The presence of TOF was the most powerful predictor for right coronary arterial dominance (odds ratio: 10.31, 95% confidence interval: 4.11-27.2, P < 0.001). We found the robust relationship between right coronary arterial dominance and TOF. Patients with TOF may have an increased risk for the development of coronary artery disease during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Muneuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Sugitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
| | - Hirohito Doi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Furuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ezaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
| | - Mamie Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu Hospital Japan Community Healthcare Organization, 1-8-2, Kishionura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 806-8507, Japan
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Zhou N, Lluri G. Coronary Artery Dominance and Cardiovascular Pathologies in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Am J Med Sci 2022; 363:147-150. [PMID: 34260957 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect and is associated with a number of cardiac pathologies including coarctation of the aorta (CoA), aortic dilation, aortic stenosis, and premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Furthermore, BAV has been associated with left dominant coronary artery anatomy but there is still much debate regarding this association. To date, no study has investigated the association between coronary artery dominance and cardiac pathologies in patients with BAV. METHODS A total of 45 patients with BAV who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and/or cardiac catheterization at a single center were included. Coronary artery dominance, presence of CAD, CoA, and aortic dilation was determined from coronary CTA and/or cardiac catheterization reports. Incidence of aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve regurgitation was determined from echo reports. RESULTS Of the 45 patients with BAV, 80% (36) had right dominant coronary artery circulations. Patients with BAV with left dominant circulations had a significantly (p = 0.04) higher incidence of CoA compared to patients with right dominant circulations (44% vs. 14%). There was no significant difference when comparing the incidences of aortic dilation, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation and CAD in right and left dominant patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study found a predominance of right dominant coronary artery circulation in patients with BAV, similar to the general population. Interestingly, left dominance was significantly associated with CoA in patients with BAV. This observation highlights the importance of further studies regarding how coronary artery dominance can be associated with other cardiovascular pathologies in patients with BAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanruoyi Zhou
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gentian Lluri
- Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Shabbir R, Raza A, Liaquat A, Shah SU, Saeed S, Sarwar U, Hamza M, Chudhary F, Hussain Z, Butt NM. Nanoparticles as a novel tool to inhibit inflammatory cytokines in human lymphocytes and macrophages of coronary artery disease. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1509-1521. [PMID: 34999090 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TNFα and NF-kB contribute in activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and complications of coronary artery diseases (CAD). Current study highlights novel properties of Au (15 ± 2nm), ZnO (77± 45nm) and MgO (11± 4nm) nanoparticles (NPs) as possible anti-inflammatory agents with greater efficacy and lower toxicity. Decrease in TNFα and NF-kB levels in Single Vessel Disease (SVD), Double Vessel Disease (DVD) and Triple-Vessel coronary artery disease (TVD) macrophage and lymphocyte cultures at varying concentrations of NPs has been studied to find an effective therapeutic concentration (ETC). Au and MgO NPs exhibits 5µg/ml ETC compared to 1µg/ml ZnO in all three CAD categories with negligible toxicity. ZnO remains most statistically significant (p<0.001) in SVD and TVD cultures whereas MgO shows efficacy in DVD and TVD cultures with more than 50% reduction in TNFα and NF-kB levels at their respective ETCs. Au NPs exhibit prominent effect in DVD cultures. The mRNA expression results support the down-regulation of TNFα and NF-kB after NPs exposure in respective cultures. Findings of this prospective observational cohort study suggest use of NPs as an alternate anti-inflammatory agent in coronary artery and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Shabbir
- Preston Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (PINSAT), Preston University Kohat, Islamabad campus, Islamabad and Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad
| | - Abida Raza
- NILOP Nanomedicine Research Laboratories, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad.
| | | | | | - Sidra Saeed
- NILOP Nanomedicine Research Laboratories, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
| | - Usama Sarwar
- NILOP Nanomedicine Research Laboratories, National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- Preston Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (PINSAT), Preston University Kohat, Islamabad campus, Islamabad and Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad
| | - Fayyaz Chudhary
- Preston Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (PINSAT), Preston University Kohat, Islamabad campus, Islamabad and Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad
| | | | - N M Butt
- Preston Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (PINSAT), Preston University Kohat, Islamabad campus, Islamabad and Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad.
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Eyuboglu M, Bice F, Bektas AE, Cabri G, Acikel B, Yilmaz M, Karayakali M, Karaman K, Zorlu C, Celik A. Association between coronary dominance pattern and left ventricular mass index: Is there a gender disparity? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14835. [PMID: 34514679 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are independent predictors of adverse cardiovascular events. However, little is known regarding the association between coronary circulation and LVMI. We aimed to investigate the association between coronary dominance and LVMI, and to demonstrate the impact of coronary dominance pattern on the emergence of LVH. METHODS In total, 367 consecutive patients without known cardiovascular disease and significant obstructive coronary artery disease who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography were prospectively included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups according to coronary dominance pattern. Patients with right dominance (RD), co-dominance (CD) and left dominance (LD) patterns were compared regarding echocardiographically detected LVMI. Additionally, the association between coronary dominance pattern and LVH was investigated. RESULTS The frequency of RD, CD and LD patterns was 70.3%, 19.1% and 10.6%, respectively. LVMI was significantly higher in patients with CD pattern compared with those with RD and LD patterns (P < .001, for both comparisons). LVH was present in 71 (19.3%) patients. Importantly, the CD pattern was more frequent in patients with LVH compared with those without LVH (P < .001). No significant difference was found between women and men regarding the type of coronary dominance pattern. However, while the presence of CD pattern was found to be an independent predictor of LVH in women (OR:1.221, 95%CI:1.048-1.872, P < .001), no association was observed between coronary dominance pattern and LVH in men. CONCLUSIONS Coronary dominance pattern may significantly affect the LVMI, and it may be useful in the further risk stratification of female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Eyuboglu
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fuat Bice
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Emre Bektas
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cabri
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Baris Acikel
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Metin Karayakali
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Kayihan Karaman
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Cagri Zorlu
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Atac Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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Retinol-Binding Protein-4-A Predictor of Insulin Resistance and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090858. [PMID: 34571734 PMCID: PMC8468650 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is the fundamental cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D), which leads to endothelial dysfunction and alters systemic lipid metabolism. The changes in the endothelium and lipid metabolism result in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). In insulin-resistant and atherosclerotic CAD states, serum cytokine retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) levels are elevated. The adipocyte-specific deletion of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) results in higher RBP-4 expression and IR and atherosclerotic CAD progression. (2) Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association of RBP-4 and clinical factors with IR and the severity of CAD. (3) Methods: Patients were recruited from diabetes and cardiology clinics and divided into three subgroups, namely (i) T2D patients with CAD, (ii) T2D-only patients, and (iii) CAD-only patients. The severity of CAD was classified as either single-vessel disease (SVD), double-vessel disease (DVD), or triple-vessel disease (TVD). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to assess the concentration of serum RBP-4. Univariate (preliminary analysis) and multivariate (secondary analysis) logistic regressions were applied to assess the associations of RBP-4 and clinical factors with IR and the severity of CAD. (4) Results: Serum RBP-4 levels were associated with IR and the severity of CAD in all the three groups (all p-values are less than 0.05). Specifically, serum RBP-4 levels were associated with IR (p = 0.030) and the severity of CAD (SVD vs. DVD, p = 0.044; SVD vs. TVD, p = 0.036) in T2D patients with CAD. The clinical factors fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) were also associated with both IR and the severity of CAD in T2D patients with CAD. (5) Conclusion: RBP-4, FPG, and ACEI are predictors of IR and severity of CAD in T2D patients with CAD.
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Bithas C, Harky A. Advances in revascularization of the left coronary artery. Coron Artery Dis 2021; 32:247-255. [PMID: 33587357 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide, and it contributes to a significant source of morbidity and mortality internationally. It can be asymptomatic for many years and present suddenly with acute coronary syndrome or can be progressive with angina and eventual acute myocardial infarction. Diseases of the left coronary system can be drastic and fatal if not managed correctly. With ongoing increase in the practice of percutaneous intervention; patient demographics for conventional coronary artery bypass grafting surgery have more risk factors than before. Conventional bypass surgery has also evolved to include minimally invasive and hybrid techniques. Although some evidence supports each approach, controversies remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Bithas
- Department of Respiratory medicine, Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport PR8 6PN
| | - Amer Harky
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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