Efficacy and safety of remimazolam in procedural sedation and analgesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis

Effects of remimazolam tosilate on gastrointestinal hormones and gastrointestinal motility in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation: a randomized control trial

PURPOSE

To investigate the impacts of remimazolam tosilate on gastrointestinal hormones and motility in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation.

METHODS

A total of 262 American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I or II patients, aged 18-65 years, scheduled for gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation, were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 131 each): the remimazolam tosilate group (Group R) and the propofol group (Group P). Patients in Group R received 0.2-0.25 mg/Kg remimazolam tosilate intravenously, while those in Group P received 1.5-2.0 mg/kg propofol intravenously. The gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed when the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scores were ≤3. The primary endpoints included the endoscopic intestinal peristalsis rating by the endoscopist; serum motilin and gastrin levels at fasting without gastrointestinal preparation (T0), before gastrointestinal endoscopy (T1), and before leaving the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (T2); and the incidences of abdominal distension during Post Anesthesia Care Unit.

RESULTS

Compared with Group P, intestinal peristalsis rating was higher in Group R (P < .001); Group R showed increased motilin and gastrin levels at T2 compared with Group P (P < .01). There was a rise in motilin and gastrin levels at T1 and T2 compared with T0 and at T2 compared with T1 in both groups (P < .01). The incidence of abdominal distension was lower in Group R (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Compared with propofol used during gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation, remimazolam tosilate mildly inhibits the serum motilin and gastrin levels, potentially facilitating the recovery of gastrointestinal motility.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Remimazolam Compared with Placebo in Japanese Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Phase III, Investigator-Initiated Trial

INTRODUCTION

We conducted an investigator-initiated clinical trial in which remimazolam was used to achieve sedation in patients undergoing colonoscopies.

METHODS

This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III investigator-initiated trial included patients who underwent colonoscopy under sedation with remimazolam (initial dose: 3 mg; additional dose: 1 mg) or normal saline (placebo). The primary endpoint of the study was the successful sedation rate during colonoscopy, defined as achieving a Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) score of ≤4 before the procedure, maintaining this score throughout colonoscopy, and requiring no more than five additional drug doses per 15 min.

RESULTS

The sedation success rate was 95.0% (38/40 patients) in the remimazolam group and 0.0% (0/11 patients) in the placebo group (p < 0.01). The time from the end of procedure to regaining consciousness was 0.0 (interquartile range: 0.0-0.0) min in both groups. The time from the end of the procedure to ambulation was 5.0 (interquartile range: 0.0-10.0) min in the remimazolam group and 0.0 (interquartile range: 0.0-0.0) min in the placebo group (p = 0.02). Serious adverse events were not observed.

CONCLUSION

The use of remimazolam to achieve sedation in Japanese patients undergoing colonoscopy was more effective than placebo.

Randomized controlled trial of remimazolam compared with placebo in Japanese patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Phase III investigator-initiated clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness of remimazolam against normal saline (placebo) as a sedative agent for endoscopy in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, investigator-initiated phase III controlled trial.

METHODS

We included 48 Japanese patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. For the procedure, an initial remimazolam dose of 3 mg and additional doses of 1 mg were administered, as determined in the phase II clinical study. The primary study end-point was the successful sedation rate during gastrointestinal endoscopy, determined as a Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score ≤4 before the start of endoscopy, the completion of gastrointestinal endoscopy, and two or fewer additional doses per 6 min.

RESULTS

The successful endoscopy sedation rates were 91.9% and 9.1% in the remimazolam and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.01). The time from the end of endoscopy to arousal was 0.0 (0.0-0.0) min for both groups. The number of additional doses required to achieve sedation was lower in the remimazolam group than that in the placebo group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Remimazolam demonstrated a significantly higher sedation effect during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Japanese patients with safe and fast recovery compared with placebo.

Remimazolam: A Retrospective Study of Initial Safety and Recovery Data in Diverse Procedural Sedation

PURPOSE

The new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine, remimazolam, offers a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantage over commonly used procedural sedation medication. This retrospective study explored the real-world utilization of remimazolam during procedural sedation to support the development of a nurse sedation protocol. The primary outcome was to identify associations between recovery time, adverse reactions, and dose-response in expanded patient populations.

METHODS

This study reviewed charts of 292 adult patients from 3 hospitals within one institution who received remimazolam during procedural sedation between June 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021. Data were analyzed using logistic and linear regression.

FINDINGS

The median time to alert in patients receiving remimazolam alone was 12 minutes (interquartile range 10, 17) and increased when additional sedation medications were utilized. Receiving additional sedative medication significantly increased the odds of hypoxia (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.30-5.91, P = 0.008) after adjusting for body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA-PS), and total remimazolam dose. There was a 25% increase in odds of experiencing hypoxia for every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI (95% CI 1.01-1.54, P = 0.037).

IMPLICATIONS

Remimazolam presents as a promising option for nurse procedural sedation, offering minimal impact on hemodynamics and respirations, quick recovery, and no residual sedative effects.

Finding the ideal sedative: a non-inferiority study of remimazolam vs propofol in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) requires an ideal sedative that provides a predictable action duration and meets safety requirements. We compared the efficacies and safeties of remimazolam and propofol in patients who had undergone ERCP.

METHODS

In this prospective, randomized, single-blind, single-center study, we compared the performances of remimazolam and propofol for inpatient ERCP. Study medications were administered under the supervision of an endoscopist. One hundred and ten patients scheduled to undergo ERCP were randomly assigned to receive remimazolam or propofol. The primary endpoint was a composite of successful completion of the procedure and no requirement for rescue medication. Secondary endpoints included sedation efficacy, recovery time, and adverse events.

RESULTS

Of the 110 patients randomized, 108 underwent sedation, and ERCP (53 received remimazolam and 55 propofol). The primary endpoint was met for remimazolam and propofol in 100% of patients in both arms. Incidences and frequencies of emergent adverse events, including desaturation, requiring treatment were comparable in both arms. However, ERCP was started sooner in the propofol arm (mean, 63.18 ± 16.56 s) than in the remimazolam arm (75.23 ± 32.27 s; P-value = 0.02). Time to full alertness after ERCP was also significantly shorter in the propofol arm (304.18 ± 146.25 vs 448.34 ± 224.09 s; P-value <0.001).

CONCLUSION

Remimazolam is not inferior to propofol in achieving successful ERCP completion without rescue medication. Incidences of adverse events were comparable. Remimazolam is a safe and effective alternative to propofol for ERCP sedation, expanding options for clinicians and improving patient outcomes.

The Effect of Different Doses of Ciprofol in Patients with Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Background

Ciprofol is currently used for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy and anesthesia induction. However, whether it is superior to propofol and its optimal dose remains unknown.

Methods

A total of 149 patients, 63 males and 86 females, aged 18-80 years, BMI 18-28 kg/m², ASA I-III, were divided randomly into four groups: propofol group (group P, n = 44), ciprofol 0.2mg/kg group (group C2, n = 38), ciprofol 0.3mg/kg group (group C3, n = 36) and ciprofol 0.4 mg/kg group (group C4, n = 31). Groups C2, C3 and C4 had injected IV with ciprofol 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Group P had injected IV with propofol 1.5mg/kg. The time for disappearance of the eyelash reflex, gastrointestinal endoscopy time, recovery time, and the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) score at awakening (T₁), 15 minutes after awakening (T₂) and 30 minutes after awakening (T₃) were recorded.

Results

Compared with group P, the time to fall asleep was significantly shortened, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting and injection pain was significantly lower in groups C2, C3 and C4 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in recovery time and recovery quality between each group (P > 0.05). Compared with group P and C4, the incidence of hypotension and respiratory depression was significantly lower in groups C2 and C3 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The appropriate dose of ciprofol for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy is more advantageous than propofol in hemodynamics and respiratory stability, with less injection pain and nausea and vomiting, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

First dose-ranging study of remimazolam in Japanese patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: Phase II investigator-initiated clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

Remimazolam, an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine, has been used for procedural sedation in the United States. We conducted an investigator-initiated clinical trial to determine the appropriate dose of remimazolam required for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy in Japanese subjects.

METHODS

In this single-center, open-label, uncontrolled, phase II trial, a three-stage cohort investigated the appropriate initial and additional doses of remimazolam required for gastrointestinal endoscopy. This study was designed with advice from the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. The initial and additional doses were 2 mg and 1 mg/dose, 3 mg and 1 mg/dose, and 5 mg and 2 mg/dose in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Each cohort included 10 cases of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy. The primary end-point was the success rate of sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy.

RESULTS

Sedation was successful in all gastrointestinal endoscopies in cohorts 1 and 2. In cohort 1, sedation was achieved in five (25.0%) and 10 (50.0%) participants with the initial dose and total dose (initial dose + additional dose ≤ the initial dose of the next cohort), respectively, before endoscopy. In cohort 2, sedation was achieved in 11 (55.0%) and 18 (90.0%) participants with the initial dose and total dose, respectively, before endoscopy. No patient in either cohort lost consciousness or required flumazenil or manual ventilation.

CONCLUSION

Initial and additional doses of 3 mg and 1 mg/dose of remimazolam, respectively, were shown to be effective and safe for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy in Japanese patients.

The Median Effective Dose and Bispectral Index of Remimazolam Tosilate for Anesthesia Induction in Elderly Patients: An Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial

Purpose

Remimazolam is a new type of ultrashort benzodiazepine drug with an unclear optimal dose for general anesthesia induction in elderly patients aged >60 years. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effective dose of remimazolam tosilate induction and explore its correlation with the bispectral index (BIS).

Patients and Methods

A total of 42 elderly patients were divided into two age groups: 60–69 (group A) and 70–85 (group B) years. An initial dose of 0.1mg/kg(Group A) and 0.05 mg/kg(Group B) remimazolam tosilate was administered, and the Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale was used to assess adequate responses. The dose was calculated using the up-and-down allocation technique based on the previous response. The sequential formula and probit regression model were used to calculate ED50 and BIS50. ED95 was determined using the probit regression model.

Results

The ED50 of remimazolam tosilate for anesthesia induction were 0.088 mg/kg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.071–0.108) and 0.061 mg/kg (95% CI 0.053–0.069) in groups A and B, respectively. ED95 was 0.118 mg/kg (95% CI 0.103–0.649) and 0.090 mg/kg (95% CI 0.075–0.199) in groups A and B, respectively. The remimazolam tosilate administration could decrease BIS. BIS50 was 86.0 (95% CI 83.7–88.6) and 85.4 (95% CI 84.1–86.8) in groups A and B, respectively.

Conclusion

During the induction process, patients’ consciousness should be observed. The dose of remimazolam tosilate could be chosen after careful consideration of individual variations.

Remimazolam Protects Against LPS-Induced Endotoxicity Improving Survival of Endotoxemia Mice

Remimazolam is a new benzodiazepine of sedative drugs with an ultra-short-acting anesthetic effect, commonly used for critically ill patients (especially septic patients) in intensive care units (ICUs). Although some anesthetics have been reported to show certain anti-inflammatory effects, the role of remimazolam in inflammation is still remained unknown. Here, we studied the effects of remimazolam on macrophage in response to LPS both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, compared with LPS treatment group, remimazolam remarkably improved survival rate of endotoxemia mice and decreased the release of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). We further found that remimazolam not only inhibited the activation of MAPK signal pathway at 15 min after LPS treatment but also disturbed Rab5a related TLR4 expression at cell surface in response to LPS at a later time. Such evidence suggests that remimazolam might be beneficial to septic patients who are suffering from uncontrolled inflammatory responses.

Efficacy of Pre-Treatment with Remimazolam on Prevention of Propofol-Induced Injection Pain in Patients Undergoing Abortion or Curettage: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background

Propofol-induced injection pain (PIP) is a well-known problem in general anesthesia. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with remimazolam prevents PIP in patients undergoing abortion or curettage.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective, single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, adult patients aged 18 to 60 undergoing abortion or curettage were randomly assigned to three groups. Group Lido received system lidocaine (a bolus of 0.5 mg kg⁻¹, iv). Group Remi received remimazolam (a bolus of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹, iv). Group NS received identical volumes of 0.9% normal saline. Sixty seconds after the injection of lidocaine, remimazolam or saline, patients were injected with propofol at a rate of 12 mL/min until the loss of consciousness. The primary outcome was the incidence of PIP at the time of induction using 4-point scale. Secondary outcomes included propofol-induced injection pain, vital signs, the characteristics of anesthesia and surgery, and adverse events.

Results

The incidence of patients with PIP was higher in group NS than that in group Lido and group Remi (75.7, 44.3, and 42.9%, respectively, p < 0.001). The percentages of patients with moderate PIP were higher in group NS than that in group Lido and group Remi (20.0, 2.9, and 1.4%, respectively, p < 0.001). Moreover, the consumption of propofol and the incidence of adverse event (hypoxemia and chin lifting) in group Remi were lower than that in group NS and Lido, and less patients got physical movement and cough in group Remi. The recovery time in group NS was longer than that in group Lido and Remi.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that pre-treatment with remimazolam reduced the incidence and intensity of PIP in abortion or curettage patients, equivalent to that of lidocaine without severe adverse effects.

Trial Registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR2100041805).

Difference between remimazolam toluenesulfonic acid and propofol in waking quality and conscious state after general anesthesia

Objective

To explore the difference of anesthesia recovery and postoperative conscious state between remimazolam toluenesulfonic acid and propofol after induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

Methods

104 patients undergoing elective tracheal intubation general anesthesia in our hospital were randomly divided into 2 groups: Remimazolam Toluenesulfonic acid group (Group R) and Propofol group (Group P). MOAA/S score, the modified Aldrete score, recovery index, time point, a state of consciousness, interpretative vital signs and adverse events were monitored at different time.

Results

Compared with the Group P, the extubation time and orientation recovery time of the Group R were significantly shorter. When the operation time was less than 1 hour, the MOAA/S score of the Group R was shorter than that of Group P at 5 min and 15 min after the operation. To compare with the Group P, the score of MOAA/S in the Group R increased at 5 min, 20 min and 30 min after the operation. When the operation time was less than or equal to 1 h, the modified Aldrete score in the Group R was slightly higher than that in the Group P at 30 min after extubation. There was no injection pain in the the Group R, and the incidence of hypotension was lower than that of propofol.

Conclusion

Compared with Propofol, when the operation time of general anesthesia is more than 1 hour, recovery time of Remimazolam Toluenesulfonic acid is shorter, with more complete and higher-quality recovery.