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AKADAM-TEKER AB, TEKER E. Effect of SORT1 rs599839 Polymorphism on Lipid Profiles: A Single City Experience. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.987894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: VPS10p ailesinin bir reseptörü olan Sortilin-1(SORT1)’i kodlayan SORT1 geni 1p13.3’de lokalizedir. SORT1 genom çapında ilişkilendirme çalışmalarında (GWAS) hepatik lipit metabolizması ve düşük dansiteli lipoprotein-kolesterol (LDL-K) seviyeleri ile olan ilişkisinden dolayı koroner kalp hastalığı (KKH) oluşturma riski ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. SORT1 gen bölgesi üzerindeki çeşitli varyasyonlar lipit profilleri üzerinde farklı etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız; Giresun ilinde SORT1 rs599839 gen varyantlarının KKH gelişimi ve lipit parametreleri üzerine bir etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir.Yöntem: Bu vaka-kontrol çalışmasında 396 kişiden oluşan erkek çalışma grubunda (209 KKH /187 kontrol) SORT1 rs599839 polimorfizmi için TaqMan 5’ Allelik Ayrım Testi ile genotipleme yapıldı.Bulgular: Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında SORT1 rs599839 genotip dağılımları açısından istatistiksel olarak fark bulunmamaktadır (p=0.81). G allel varlığı hem hasta hem de kontrol grubunda daha düşük Total-Kolesterol (TK) (sırasıyla; p=0.005,p=0.032) ve LDL-K (sırasıyla; p=0.005,p=0.040) seviyelerine sebep olurken daha yüksek yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein-kolesterol (HDL-K) (sırasıyla; p=0.001,p=0.006) seviyeleri gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Bulgularımız SORT1 rs599839 polimorfizminin direk olarak KKH patogenezine katkısının olmadığı yönündedir. Ancak, minör G allel varlığının TK ve LDL-K seviyelerini düşürürken, HDL-K seviyelerinde yükselmeye sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum minör G allel varlığının lipit profili üzerine olumlu etki gösterdiği ve KKH’a karşı koruyucu olduğu izlenimini vermiştir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erhan TEKER
- Dr. Ali Menekşe Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi
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Miyakawa S, Sakuma H, Warude D, Asanuma S, Arimura N, Yoshihara T, Tavares D, Hata A, Ida K, Hori Y, Okuzono Y, Yamamoto S, Iida K, Shimizu H, Kondo S, Sato S. Anti-sortilin1 Antibody Up-Regulates Progranulin via Sortilin1 Down-Regulation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586107. [PMID: 33384578 PMCID: PMC7770147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency associated with loss-of-function mutations in the granulin gene causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD). This suggests that increasing PGRN levels could have promising therapeutic implications for patients carrying GRN mutations. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of sortilin1 (SORT1), a clearance receptor of PGRN, by generating and characterizing monoclonal antibodies against SORT1. Anti-SORT1 monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing Sort1 knockout mice with SORT1 protein. The antibodies were classified into 7 epitope bins based on their competitive binding to the SORT1 protein and further defined by epitope bin-dependent characteristics, including SORT1-PGRN blocking, SORT1 down-regulation, and binding to human and mouse SORT1. We identified a positive correlation between PGRN up-regulation and SORT1 down-regulation. Furthermore, we also characterized K1-67 antibody via SORT1 down-regulation and binding to mouse SORT1 in vivo and confirmed that K1-67 significantly up-regulated PGRN levels in plasma and brain interstitial fluid of mice. These data indicate that SORT1 down-regulation is a key mechanism in increasing PGRN levels via anti-SORT1 antibodies and suggest that SORT1 is a potential target to correct PGRN reduction, such as that in patients with FTD caused by GRN mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuuichi Miyakawa
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakuma
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Dnyaneshwar Warude
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satomi Asanuma
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Arimura
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshihara
- Global Biologics Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Tavares
- Global Biologics Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Akito Hata
- Global Biologics Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Koh Ida
- Global Biologics Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuri Hori
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuumi Okuzono
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Iida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hisao Shimizu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shuji Sato
- Immunology Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Sparks RP, Arango AS, Jenkins JL, Guida WC, Tajkhorshid E, Sparks CE, Sparks JD, Fratti RA. An Allosteric Binding Site on Sortilin Regulates the Trafficking of VLDL, PCSK9, and LDLR in Hepatocytes. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4321-4335. [PMID: 33153264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ApoB lipoproteins (apo B-Lp) are produced in hepatocytes, and their secretion requires the cargo receptor sortilin. We examined the secretion of apo B-Lp-containing very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), an LDL progenitor. Sortilin also regulates the trafficking of the subtilase PCSK9, which when secreted binds the LDL receptor (LDLR), resulting in its endocytosis and destruction at the lysosome. We show that the site 2 binding compound (cpd984) has multiple effects in hepatocytes, including (1) enhanced Apo-Lp secretion, (2) increased cellular PCSK9 retention, and (3) augmented levels of LDLR at the plasma membrane. We postulate that cpd984 enhances apo B-Lp secretion in part through binding the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which is present at higher levels on circulating VLDL form fed rats relative to after fasting. We attribute the enhanced VLDL secretion to its increased binding affinity for sortilin site 1 induced by cpd984 binding site 2. This hinders PCSK9 binding and secretion, which would subsequently prevent its binding to LDLR leading to its degradation. This suggests that site 2 is an allosteric regulator of site 1 binding. This effect is not limited to VLDL, as cpd984 augments binding of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) to sortilin site 1. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the C-terminus of NT (Ct-NT) stably binds site 1 through an electrostatic interaction. This was bolstered by the ability of Ct-NT to disrupt lower-affinity interactions between sortilin and the site 1 ligand PIP3. Together, these data show that binding cargo at sortilin site 1 is allosterically regulated through site 2 binding, with important ramifications for cellular lipid homeostasis involving proteins such as PCSK9 and LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Sparks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andres S Arango
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jermaine L Jenkins
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Facility, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Wayne C Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E Sparks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9, Angiopoietin-Like Protein 8, Sortilin, and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein-Friends of Foes for Psoriatic Patients at the Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Syndrome? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103682. [PMID: 32456228 PMCID: PMC7279158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic, immune-metabolic disease with strong genetic predispositions and autoimmune pathogenic traits. During psoriasis progression, a wide spectrum of comorbidities comes into play with the leading role of the cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) that occurs with the frequency of 30–50% amongst the psoriatic patients. Both conditions—psoriasis and CMS—have numerous common pathways, mainly related to proinflammatory pathways and cytokine profiles. Surprisingly, despite the years of research, the exact pathways linking the occurrence of CMS in the psoriasis population are still not fully understood. Recently published papers, both clinical and based on the basic science, shed new light into this relationship providing an insight into novel key-players proteins with plausible effects on above-mentioned interplay. Taking into account recent advances in this important medical matter, this review aims to discuss comprehensively the role of four proteins: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PSCK9), angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPLT8), sortilin (SORT1), and cholesteryl ester transfer proteins (CEPT) as plausible links between psoriasis and CMS.
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Amengual J, Guo L, Strong A, Madrigal-Matute J, Wang H, Kaushik S, Brodsky JL, Rader DJ, Cuervo AM, Fisher EA. Autophagy Is Required for Sortilin-Mediated Degradation of Apolipoprotein B100. Circ Res 2018; 122:568-582. [PMID: 29301854 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genome-wide association studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the SORT1 locus strongly associated with decreased plasma LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels and protection from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction. The minor allele of the causal SORT1 single-nucleotide polymorphism locus creates a putative C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α)-binding site in the SORT1 promoter, thereby increasing in homozygotes sortilin expression by 12-fold in liver, which is rich in this transcription factor. Our previous studies in mice have showed reductions in plasma LDL-C and its principal protein component, apoB (apolipoprotein B) with increased SORT1 expression, and in vitro studies suggested that sortilin promoted the presecretory lysosomal degradation of apoB associated with the LDL precursor, VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein). OBJECTIVE To determine directly that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation and to identify the mechanisms by which this reduces apoB and VLDL secretion by the liver, thereby contributing to understanding the clinical phenotype of lower LDL-C levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulse-chase studies directly established that SORT1 overexpression results in apoB degradation. As noted above, previous work implicated a role for lysosomes in this degradation. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we now demonstrate that the sortilin-mediated route of apoB to lysosomes is unconventional and intersects with autophagy. Increased expression of sortilin diverts more apoB away from secretion, with both proteins trafficking to the endosomal compartment in vesicles that fuse with autophagosomes to form amphisomes. The amphisomes then merge with lysosomes. Furthermore, we show that sortilin itself is a regulator of autophagy and that its activity is scaled to the level of apoB synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that an unconventional lysosomal targeting process dependent on autophagy degrades apoB that was diverted from the secretory pathway by sortilin and provides a mechanism contributing to the reduced LDL-C found in individuals with SORT1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Amengual
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Liang Guo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Alanna Strong
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Haizhen Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Division of Cardiology (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), Department of Medicine (J.A., L.G., H.W., E.A.F.), and Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology (J.A., E.A.F., L.G, H.W.), NYU School of Medicine; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.S., D.J.R.); Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (J.M.-M., S.K., A.M.C.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.L.B.).
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Gao A, Cayabyab FS, Chen X, Yang J, Wang L, Peng T, Lv Y. Implications of Sortilin in Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Disorder Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1050-1061. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anbo Gao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Francisco S. Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Goettsch C, Kjolby M, Aikawa E. Sortilin and Its Multiple Roles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:19-25. [PMID: 29191923 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Studies of sortilin's influence on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases goes far beyond the genome-wide association studies that have revealed an association between cardiovascular diseases and the 1p13 locus that encodes sortilin. Emerging evidence suggests a significant role of sortilin in the pathogenesis of vascular and metabolic diseases; this includes type II diabetes mellitus via regulation of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis through arterial wall inflammation and calcification, and dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism. Sortilin is also known for its functional role in neurological disorders. It serves as a key receptor for cytokines, lipids, and enzymes and participates in pathological cargo loading to and trafficking of extracellular vesicles. This article provides a comprehensive review of sortilin's contributions to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases but focuses particularly on atherosclerosis. We summarize recent clinical findings that suggest that sortilin may be a cardiovascular risk biomarker and also discuss sortilin as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Sparks RP, Jenkins JL, Miner GE, Wang Y, Guida WC, Sparks CE, Fratti RA, Sparks JD. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate binds to sortilin and competes with neurotensin: Implications for very low density lipoprotein binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:551-556. [PMID: 27666481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin is a multi-ligand sorting receptor that interacts with B100-containing VLDL and LDL as well as other ligands including neurotensin (NT). The current study investigates the hypothesis that phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) generated downstream of insulin action can directly bind to sortilin. NT binds to sortilin at a well characterized site via its carboxy terminus (C-term). Using a crystal structure of human sortilin (hsortilin), PIP3 is predicted to bind at this C-term site. Binding of PIP3 to hsortilin is demonstrated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) flowing PIP3 nanodiscs over immobilized hsortilin. Studies were performed using SPR where dibutanoyl PIP3 is shown to compete with NT for sortilin binding. Rat VLDL and LDL were evaluated for PIP3 content immunologically using monoclonal antibodies directed against PIP3. Rat plasma VLDL contained three times more immunoreactive PIP3 than LDL per μg of protein. Because VLDL contains additional ligands that bind sortilin, to distinguish specific PIP3 binding, we used PIP3 liposomes. Liposome floatation assays were used to demonstrate PIP3 liposome binding to sortilin. Using SPR and immobilized hsortilin, the C-term NT tetrapeptide (P-Y-I-L) is shown to bind to hsortilin. A compound (cpd984) was identified with strong theoretical binding to the site on sortilin involved in NT N-terminal binding. When cpd984 is co-incubated with the tetrapeptide, the affinity of binding to sortilin is increased. Similarly, the affinity of PIP3 liposome binding increased in the presence of cpd984. Overall, results demonstrate that sortilin is a PIP3 binding protein with binding likely to occur at the C-term NT binding site. The presence of multiple ligands on B100-containing lipoproteins, VLDL and LDL, raises the interesting possibility for increased interaction with sortilin based on the presence of PIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Sparks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jermaine L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gregory E Miner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wayne C Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33520, USA
| | - Charles E Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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9
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Sparks RP, Guida WC, Sowden MP, Jenkins JL, Starr ML, Fratti RA, Sparks CE, Sparks JD. Sortilin facilitates VLDL-B100 secretion by insulin sensitive McArdle RH7777 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:546-52. [PMID: 27495870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the relationship between cellular sortilin and VLDL-B100 secretion demonstrate inconsistent results. Current studies explore the possibility that discrepancies may be related to insulin sensitivity. McArdle RH7777 cells (McA cells) cultured under serum enriched conditions lose sensitivity to insulin. Following incubation in serum-free DMEM containing 1% BSA, McA cells become insulin responsive and demonstrate reduced apo B secretion. Current studies indicate that insulin sensitive McA cells express lower cellular sortilin that corresponds with reduction in VLDL-B100 secretion without changes in mRNA of either sortilin or apo B. When sortilin expression is further reduced by siRNA knockdown (KD), there are additional decreases in VLDL-B100 secretion. A crystal structure of human sortilin (hsortilin) identifies two binding sites on the luminal domain for the N- and C-termini of neurotensin (NT). A small organic compound (cpd984) was identified that has strong theoretical binding to the N-terminal site. Both cpd984 and NT bind hsortilin by surface plasmon resonance. In incubations with insulin sensitive McA cells, cpd984 was shown to enhance VLDL-B100 secretion at each level of sortilin KD suggesting cpd984 acted through sortilin in mediating its effect. Current results support a role for sortilin to facilitate VLDL-B100 secretion which is limited to insulin sensitive McA cells. Inconsistent reports of the relationship between VLDL-B100 secretion and sortilin in previous studies may relate to differing functions of sortilin in VLDL-B100 secretion depending upon insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Sparks
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wayne C Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33520, USA
| | - Mark P Sowden
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jermaine L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Matthew L Starr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Charles E Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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10
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Zhong LY, Cayabyab FS, Tang CK, Zheng XL, Peng TH, Lv YC. Sortilin: A novel regulator in lipid metabolism and atherogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:11-7. [PMID: 27312323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown that SORT1 gene within 1p13.3 locus is an important modulator of the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level and atherosclerosis risk. Here, we summarize the effects of SORT1, which codes for sortilin, on lipid metabolism and development of atherosclerosis and explore the mechanisms underlying sortilin effects on lipid metabolism especially in hepatocytes and macrophages. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrated that sortilin has been implicated as the causative factor and regulates lipid metabolism in vivo. Hepatic sortilin overexpression leads to both increased and decreased LDL-C levels by several different mechanisms, suggesting the complex roles of sortilin in hepatic lipid metabolism. Macrophage sortilin causes internalization of LDL and probably a reduction in cholesterol efflux, resulting in the intracellular accumulation of excessive lipids. In addition, sortilin deficiency in an atherosclerotic mouse model results in decreased aortic atherosclerotic lesion. Sortilin involves in lipid metabolism, promotes the development of atherosclerosis, and possibly becomes a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Zhong
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tian-Hong Peng
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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