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Gugliucci A. Angiopoietin-like Proteins and Lipoprotein Lipase: The Waltz Partners That Govern Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism? Impact on Atherogenesis, Dietary Interventions, and Emerging Therapies. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5229. [PMID: 39274442 PMCID: PMC11396212 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 50% of patients who take statins are still at risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and do not achieve their goal LDL-C levels. This residual risk is largely dependent on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and their remnants. In essence, remnant cholesterol-rich chylomicron (CM) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles play a role in atherogenesis. These remnants increase when lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is inhibited. ApoCIII has been thoroughly studied as a chief inhibitor and therapeutic options to curb its effect are available. On top of apoCIII regulation of LPL activity, there is a more precise control of LPL in various tissues, which makes it easier to physiologically divide the TRL burden according to the body's requirements. In general, oxidative tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle preferentially take up lipids during fasting. Conversely, LPL activity in adipocytes increases significantly after feeding, while its activity in oxidative tissues decreases concurrently. This perspective addresses the recent improvements in our understanding of circadian LPL regulations and their therapeutic implications. Three major tissue-specific lipolysis regulators have been identified: ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8. Briefly, during the postprandial phase, liver ANGPTL8 acts on ANGPTL3 (which is released continuously from the liver) to inhibit LPL in the heart and muscle through an endocrine mechanism. On the other hand, when fasting, ANGPTL4, which is released by adipocytes, inhibits lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue in a paracrine manner. ANGPTL3 inhibitors may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Several approaches are under development. We look forward to future studies to clarify (a) the nature of hormonal and nutritional factors that determine ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 activities, along with what long-term impacts may be expected if their regulation is impaired pharmacologically; (b) the understanding of the quantitative hierarchy and interaction of the regulatory actions of apoCIII, apoAV, and ANGPTL on LPL activity; (c) strategies for the safe and proper treatment of postprandial lipemia; and (d) the effect of fructose restriction on ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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2
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Kawai K, Kawakami R, Finn AV, Virmani R. Differences in Stable and Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1474-1484. [PMID: 38924440 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.319396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kawai
- Department of Pathology, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (K.K., R.K., A.V.F., R.V.)
| | - Rika Kawakami
- Department of Pathology, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (K.K., R.K., A.V.F., R.V.)
| | - Aloke V Finn
- Department of Pathology, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (K.K., R.K., A.V.F., R.V.)
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (A.V.F.)
| | - Renu Virmani
- Department of Pathology, CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (K.K., R.K., A.V.F., R.V.)
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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Kosach VY, Konovalova GG. Adsorption of Acylhydroperoxy-Derivatives of Phospholipids from Biomembranes by Blood Plasma Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:698-703. [PMID: 37331715 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that acylhydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids from oxidized rat liver mitochondria are captured predominantly by LDL particles but not by HDL during co-incubation with blood plasma lipoproteins, which refutes the previously suggested hypothesis about the involvement of HDL in the reverse transport of oxidized phospholipids and confirms the possibility of different mechanisms of lipohydroperoxide accumulation in LDL during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Valeria Y Kosach
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Galina G Konovalova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after Academician E. I. Chazov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Lankin VZ, Tikhaze AK, Kosach VY. Comparative Susceptibility to Oxidation of Different Classes of Blood Plasma Lipoproteins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1335-1341. [PMID: 36509725 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of free radical peroxidation of different classes of blood plasma lipoproteins (nanoparticles involved in lipid transport in the body) was studied. The susceptibility of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) to the Cu2+-initiated free radical peroxidation in vitro was found to be more than ten times higher than that of antiatherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDLs). The baseline content of acyl hydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids (primary products of free radical peroxidation) in the outer layer of LDL particles in vivo measured per particle exceeded the baseline content of these compounds in HDL particles by more than an order of magnitude. The susceptibility to oxidation of the HDL2 subfraction of HDLs was higher than the susceptibility of total HDL fraction and HDL3 subfraction. The data obtained confirm an important role of free radical peroxidation of LDLs in the molecular mechanisms of vascular wall damage in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Z Lankin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - Alla K Tikhaze
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Valeria Ya Kosach
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed lipid-modifying therapies and the risk of stroke and other cerebrovascular outcomes, with a focus on newer therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Statins and ezetimibe reduce ischemic stroke risk without increasing hemorrhagic stroke risk. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors similarly reduce ischemic stroke risk in statin-treated patients with atherosclerosis without increasing hemorrhagic stroke, even with very low achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Icosapent ethyl reduces the risk of total and first ischemic stroke in patients with established cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Clinical outcome trials are underway for newer lipid-modifying agents, including inclisiran, bempedoic acid, and pemafibrate. New biologic agents including evinacumab, pelacarsen, olpasiran, and SLN360 are also discussed. In addition to statins and ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors and icosapent ethyl reduce the risk of ischemic stroke without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. These therapies dramatically expand options for reducing stroke in high-risk settings.
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Masson W, Lobo M, Barbagelata L, Molinero G, Bluro I, Nogueira JP. Elevated lipoprotein (a) levels and risk of peripheral artery disease outcomes: A systematic review. Vasc Med 2022; 27:385-391. [PMID: 35466849 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x221091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite strong association of elevated lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels with incident coronary and cerebrovascular disease, data for incident peripheral artery disease (PAD) are less robust. The main objective of the present systematic review was to analyze the association between elevated Lp(a) levels and PAD outcomes. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed to detect randomized clinical trials or observational studies with a cohort design that evaluated the association between Lp(a) levels and PAD outcomes. RESULTS Fifteen studies including 493,650 subjects were identified and considered eligible for this systematic review. This systematic review showed that the vast majority of the studies reported a significant association between elevated Lp(a) levels and the risk of PAD outcomes. The elevated Lp(a) levels were associated with a higher risk of incident claudication (RR: 1.20), PAD progression (HR: 1.41), restenosis (HR: 6.10), death and hospitalization related to PAD (HR: 1.37), limb amputation (HR: 22.75), and lower limb revascularization (HR: 1.29 and 2.90). In addition, the presence of elevated Lp(a) values were associated with a higher risk of combined PAD outcomes, with HRs in a range between 1.14 and 2.80, despite adjusting for traditional risk factors. Heterogeneity of results can be explained by different patient populations studied and varying Lp(a) cut-off points of Lp(a) analyzed. CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that evidence is available to support an independent positive association between Lp(a) levels and the risk of future PAD outcomes. PROSPERO Registration No.: 289253.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Masson
- Council of Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention, Argentine Society of Cardiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Lobo
- Council of Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention, Argentine Society of Cardiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cardiology Department, Hospital Militar Campo de Mayo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Barbagelata
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Molinero
- Council of Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Prevention, Argentine Society of Cardiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bluro
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Nogueira
- Centro de Investigación en Endocrinología, Nutrición y Metabolismo (CIENM), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Formosa Province, Argentina
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Zhao Q, Wang Z, Meyers AK, Madenspacher J, Zabalawi M, Zhang Q, Boudyguina E, Hsu FC, McCall CE, Furdui CM, Parks JS, Fessler MB, Zhu X. Hematopoietic Cell-Specific SLC37A2 Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:777098. [PMID: 34957260 PMCID: PMC8702732 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.777098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our previous study demonstrated that solute carrier family 37 member 2 (SLC37A2), an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored phosphate-linked glucose-6-phosphate transporter, negatively regulates macrophage Toll-like receptor activation by fine-tuning glycolytic reprogramming in vitro. Whether macrophage SLC37A2 impacts in vivo macrophage inflammation and atherosclerosis under hyperlipidemic conditions is unknown. We generated hematopoietic cell-specific SLC37A2 knockout and control mice in C57Bl/6 Ldlr−/− background by bone marrow transplantation. Hematopoietic cell-specific SLC37A2 deletion in Ldlr−/− mice increased plasma lipid concentrations after 12-16 wks of Western diet induction, attenuated macrophage anti-inflammatory responses, and resulted in more atherosclerosis compared to Ldlr−/− mice transplanted with wild type bone marrow. Aortic root intimal area was inversely correlated with plasma IL-10 levels, but not total cholesterol concentrations, suggesting inflammation but not plasma cholesterol was responsible for increased atherosclerosis in bone marrow SLC37A2-deficient mice. Our in vitro study demonstrated that SLC37A2 deficiency impaired IL-4-induced macrophage activation, independently of glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration. Importantly, SLC37A2 deficiency impaired apoptotic cell-induced glycolysis, subsequently attenuating IL-10 production. Our study suggests that SLC37A2 expression is required to support alternative macrophage activation in vitro and in vivo. In vivo disruption of hematopoietic SLC37A2 accelerates atherosclerosis under hyperlipidemic pro-atherogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Allison K Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Wen Y, Chun Y, Lian ZQ, Yong ZW, Lan YM, Huan L, Xi CY, Juan LS, Qing ZW, Jia C, Ji ZH. circRNA‑0006896‑miR1264‑DNMT1 axis plays an important role in carotid plaque destabilization by regulating the behavior of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:311. [PMID: 33649864 PMCID: PMC7974330 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular wall with multiple causes. AS is the primary pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Moreover, carotid plaque rupture and thrombus formation are the main causes of ischemic stroke. Therefore, understanding the formation of carotid plaques may help improve the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Endothelial cell dysfunction results in re‑endothelialization and angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques, thus promoting plaque destabilization. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of circular RNA (circRNA) molecules in serum exosomes (serum‑Exos) from patients with stable plaque atherosclerosis (SA) and unstable/vulnerable plaque atherosclerosis (UA). Specifically, the effect of circRNA on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior and the mechanisms underlying plaque destabilization in AS were evaluated. Serum‑Exos were isolated, then identified using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blotting. The serum‑Exo‑circRNA expression profile of patients with SA or UA was investigated using a circRNA array. The relationship between circRNA‑006896 in serum‑Exos and biochemical parameters of patients with SA and UA were analyzed using Spearman's correlation. In addition, HUVECs were incubated with serum‑Exos for in vitro functional assays. The present study demonstrated that circRNAs expression profiles in SA and UA serum‑Exos were significantly different, indicating a potential role for circRNAs in carotid plaque destabilization. The expression of circRNA‑0006896 was positively correlated with triglyceride, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) and C‑reactive protein levels, and negatively correlated with albumin levels in patients with UA. However, circRNA‑0006896 expression was positively correlated with LDL‑C in patients with SA. Using bioinformatic analysis, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was selected to study the regulatory roles of circRNA‑0006896 in serum‑Exos. Additionally, in HUVECs treated with serum‑Exos derived from patients with UA, the expression of circRNA‑0006896 in HUVECs was upregulated. This was accompanied by decreased expression of microRNA‑1264 and SOCS3, increased levels of DNMT1 and phosphorylated STAT3. HUVEC proliferation and migration were significantly increased in the UA group, compared with the mock and SA groups. This finding indicates that the circRNA‑0006896‑miR-1264‑DNMT1 axis plays an important role in carotid plaque destabilization by regulating the behavior of endothelial cells. Moreover, it suggests that circRNA‑0006896 may represent a therapeutic target for controlling JNK/STAT3 signaling in HUVECs. Thus, this study may provide insight on potential interventions against vulnerable plaque formation in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wen
- General Practice Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chun
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Qing Lian
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Wei Yong
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Mei Lan
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Liao Huan
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yi Xi
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Li Shu Juan
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Wen Qing
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Jia
- Office of Scientific Research and Development, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Huan Ji
- Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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