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Frost A, Hagaman A, Bibi A, Bhalotra S, Chung EO, Haight SC, Sikander S, Maselko J. Childhood parental bonding and depression in adulthood: A study of mothers in rural Pakistan. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:715-721. [PMID: 38663557 PMCID: PMC11103589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent-child relationship quality can have long-term impacts on child mental health into adulthood. The impact of parental behaviors on the future mental health of children has been understudied in South Asia, where parenting approaches differ from the dominant western approaches often represented in the literature. METHODS Mothers in rural Pakistan (N = 828) reported on their own mothers' parenting behaviors using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). The PBI includes scales for warmth (care scale) and over-control (protection scale), as well as subscales for behavioral control and psychological control. We used structural equation modeling to test the associations between depression and all PBI scales/subscales. RESULTS Increased parental care was associated with lower probability of depression (B = -0.19, SE = 0.09). Parental protection was associated with higher probability of depression (B = 0.25, SE = 0.11). Among the protection subscales, behavioral control was associated with increased risk of depression (B = 0.24, 95 % SE = 0.11) and psychological control was associated with decreased risk of depression (B = -0.28, SE = 0.12). LIMITATIONS This cross-sectional study used retrospective self-reports of parenting experiences. Participants only reported on their mothers, not fathers or other caregivers. CONCLUSIONS In a rural Pakistani sample, maternal warmth was protective against adulthood depression. The association between maternal control and depression varied based on the type of control (behavioral or psychological), emphasizing the importance of nuanced measures of parental control in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Frost
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America.
| | - Ashley Hagaman
- Social Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, United States of America
| | - Amina Bibi
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Esther O Chung
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Sarah C Haight
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Siham Sikander
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanna Maselko
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America
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Siqueira-Campos VM, De Deus MSC, Carneiro LA, Naghettini AV, Pereira MAD, De Deus JM, Conde DM. Dysfunctional Parenting Styles Are Associated with Mental Disorders and Low Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Brazilian Undergraduate Medical Students. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6372922. [PMID: 34337033 PMCID: PMC8294955 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6372922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between parental bonding styles and anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-efficacy beliefs in undergraduate medical students. METHODS A cross-sectional, self-administered survey involving 315 Brazilian medical students was conducted online. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), and the general self-efficacy (GSE) scale were used. The internal consistency of the instruments used in the study was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha. Multiple logistic regression models were applied, and the odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine the association between parental bonding styles and anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and general self-efficacy beliefs. RESULTS In the analysis adjusted for sociodemographic variables, maternal affectionless control was associated with a greater risk of anxiety (OR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.15-5.33), depression (OR = 7.54; 95% CI: 3.20-17.78), suicidal ideation (OR = 3.62; 95% CI: 1.58-8.27), and low self-efficacy (OR = 3.81; 95% CI: 1.76-8.25), while maternal neglectful parenting was associated with depression (OR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.17-8.96) and paternal affectionate constraint with suicidal ideation (OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 1.36-7.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings showed dysfunctional parenting styles to be associated with mental illnesses and low self-efficacy in Brazilian undergraduate medical students. This should be taken into consideration when treating medical students with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larissa Arbués Carneiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Amélia Dias Pereira
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - José Miguel De Deus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Délio Marques Conde
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Kullberg MLJ, van Schie CC, van Sprang ED, Hartman CA, van Hemert AM, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. Why some siblings thrive whereas others struggle: A within-family study on recollections of childhood parental bonding and current adult depressive and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:413-421. [PMID: 33359954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brothers and sisters growing up together share a large proportion of their genes and rearing environment. However, some siblings thrive whereas others struggle. This study investigated family-wide childhood bonding experiences with mother and father, in addition to individual-specific recollections, in relation to current depressive and anxiety symptom levels in adulthood. We examined whether extraversion and internal locus of control (iLoC) had a protective effect in this. METHODS The sample consisted of 256 families with at least one lifetime depressed or anxious person (N = 596; ages 20-78). Multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions was used. RESULTS Adult siblings showed moderate to high agreement in their childhood parental bonding (PB) recollections. Over-and-above the association between individual-specific recollections of PB and adult internalizing symptoms, family-wide poor PB was additionally linked to elevated symptom levels. Within families characterized by poor maternal bonding persons with an iLoC were relatively less anxious (but not less depressed), whereas extraversion was not protective in this context. LIMITATION Although evidence exists that poor childhood PB has an impact on (adult) psychopathology, causality cannot be determined and possible recall bias of PB should be noted. Moreover, next to their moderating effects, extraversion and LoC may also act as mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our findings extend prior work by demonstrating the importance of siblings' childhood PB experiences next to a person's own recollections when investigating adult internalizing symptoms, while also elucidating individual differences within families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte C van Schie
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; School of Psychology and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Eleonore D van Sprang
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert M van Hemert
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Thorberg F, Young R, Sullivan K, Lyvers M. Parental bonding and alexithymia: A meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 26:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAimThe primary purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore, clarify and report the strength of the relationship between alexithymia, as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and parenting style as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).MethodsWeb of Science, PsycInfo, PubMed and ProQuest: Dissertations and Theses searches were undertaken, yielding nine samples with sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis.ResultsEvidence indicated moderate to strong relationships between maternal care and alexithymia, and between maternal care and two of the three TAS-20 alexithymia facets (Difficulties Describing Feelings and Difficulties Identifying Feelings, but not Externally Oriented Thinking). Moderate relationships were observed for both maternal- and paternal-overprotection and alexithymia respectively, and for overprotection (both maternal and paternal) and Difficulties Describing Feelings.ConclusionThis study is the first meta-analysis of the relationship between parenting styles and alexithymia, and findings confirm an especially strong association between maternal care and key elements of alexithymia. This review highlights the issues that still remain to be addressed in exploring the link between parenting style and alexithymia.
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Noto K, Suzuki A, Shirata T, Matsumoto Y, Takahashi N, Goto K, Otani K. Mu-Opioid Receptor Polymorphism Moderates Sensitivity to Parental Behaviors During Characterization of Personality Traits. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2161-2167. [PMID: 33061387 PMCID: PMC7519816 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s265774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Attachment research shows that attachment experiences with parents in childhood influence the characterization of personality traits. Meanwhile, it is known that mu-opioid receptor function is involved in human attachment. Furthermore, a few studies suggest that the A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is associated with altered mu-opioid receptor function. Thus, we examined if the OPRM1 polymorphism moderates the sensitivity to parental behaviors and thereby contributes to the characterization of personality traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were 725 healthy Japanese. Parenting practices of their parents were evaluated by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) with the care and protection subscales. Personality was evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism was detected by a PCR method. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses revealed significant effects of the interaction between the OPRM1 genotype and maternal protection on scores of the self-directedness and cooperativeness dimensions, while significant main effects of the OPRM1 genotype on scores of the TCI were not found. Further analyses showed that there were significant negative correlations between maternal protection scores and the two dimensional scores in the A/A and A/G genotypes with higher correlation coefficients in the former, but not in the G/G genotype. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the OPRM1 polymorphism contributes to the characterization of personality traits by moderating the sensitivity to parental behaviors, especially maternal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akihito Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Toshinori Shirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Nana Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Koichi Otani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Factors influencing doctors' counselling on patients' lifestyle habits: a cohort study. BJGP Open 2018; 2:bjgpopen18X101607. [PMID: 30564740 PMCID: PMC6202006 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen18x101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle changes are important for prevention and treatment of many common diseases, and doctors have an important role in the lifestyle counselling of patients. It is important to know more about factors influencing lifestyle counselling. Aim To investigate the frequency of counselling about physical activity compared to that about alcohol habits; the impact of doctors' own physical activity and alcohol habits on patient counselling about these lifestyle dimensions; and whether perceived mastery of clinical work or vulnerable personality have a confounding or moderating effect on these associations. Design & setting In this nationwide cohort survey, a total of 978 doctors in Norway were surveyed by postal questionnaires in 1993/94 and 2014. The response rate was 562/978 (57%). Method The outcome variables were questions on frequency of asking about alcohol and exercise habits. Explanatory variables were questions on doctors' own exercise habits, drinking habits (using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]), perceived mastery of clinical work, vulnerable personality, and specialty. Associations were studied by linear regression analysis. Results Of the 526 responders, 307 (58%) reported asking usually/often about exercise habits, while n = 140/524 (27%) usually/often asked about alcohol habits. A doctor's own physical activity level was associated with frequency of asking about physical activity (unstandardised regression coefficient [B] = 0.07; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.01 to 0.13). There were no significant associations between doctors' own lifestyle habits and counselling on alcohol habits. Doctors with low levels of vulnerability asked more frequently about physical activity, regardless of their own physical activity habits (F = 2.41, P = 0.048). Conclusion Doctors' own lifestyles influenced their preventive counselling about physical activity, but not about alcohol. Vulnerability moderated these effects, indicating the importance of early interventions to help doctors with a vulnerable personality to handle negative criticism from patients.
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Saritas-Atalar D, Altan-Atalay A. Differential roles of early maladaptive schema domains on the link between perceived parenting behaviors and depression, anxiety, and anger. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Renzi C, Perinel G, Arnaboldi P, Gandini S, Vadilonga V, Rotmensz N, Tagini A, Didier F, Pravettoni G. Memories of paternal relations are associated with coping and defense mechanisms in breast cancer patients: an observational study. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:37. [PMID: 29122005 PMCID: PMC5679357 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment represent stressful events that demand emotional adjustment, thus recruiting coping strategies and defense mechanisms. As parental relations were shown to influence emotion regulation patterns and adaptive processes in adulthood, the present study investigated whether they are specifically associated to coping and defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer. METHODS One hundred and ten women hospitalized for breast cancer surgery were administered questionnaires assessing coping with cancer, defense mechanisms, and memories of parental bonding in childhood. RESULTS High levels of paternal overprotection were associated with less mature defenses, withdrawal and fantasy and less adaptive coping mechanisms, such as hopelessness/helplessness. Low levels of paternal care were associated with a greater use of repression. No association was found between maternal care, overprotection, coping and defense mechanisms. Immature defenses correlated positively with less adaptive coping styles, while mature defenses were positively associated to a fighting spirit and to fatalism, and inversely related to less adaptive coping styles. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that paternal relations in childhood are associated with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral regulation in adjusting to cancer immediately after surgery. Early experiences of bonding may constitute a relevant index for adaptation to cancer, indicating which patients are at risk and should be considered for psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Renzi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giada Perinel
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Arnaboldi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vadilonga
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Rotmensz
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Tagini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Florence Didier
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
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Iwanaga K, Blake J, Yaghmaian R, Umucu E, Chan F, Brooks JM, Rahimi M, Tansey TN. Preliminary Validation of a Short-Form Version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire for Use in Clinical Rehabilitation Counseling Research and Practice. REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0034355217709477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a short-form version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) in people with disabilities. The construction sample consisted of 108 participants recruited from spinal cord injury (SCI) advocacy organizations. The cross-validation sample comprised 140 individuals with traumatic injuries recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. Measures administered were the ASQ, Trait Hope Scale, Sense of Coherence Scale, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results showed that the three subscales of secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment from the short-form ASQ had high correlations with the three subscales from the long-form ASQ. The reliability of the subscales for the short-form ASQ was adequate and similar to the long-form ASQ. Both the short- and long-form ASQ subscales were found to correlate with hope, sense of coherence, and subjective well-being in the expected theoretical directions. Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the three-factor measurement structure of the short-form ASQ. This study provides evidence to support the psychometric properties of the abbreviated ASQ in people with disabilities. The short-form version of the ASQ is a brief, reliable, and psychometrically sound measure of attachment that can be used in clinical rehabilitation counseling research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Blake
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | | | | | - Fong Chan
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA
| | | | - Maryam Rahimi
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, USA
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Huang KC, Tzeng DS, Lin CH, Chung WC. Interpersonal-psychological theory and parental bonding predict suicidal ideation among soldiers in Taiwan. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2017; 9. [PMID: 26932826 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is an important issue among military personnel, who have higher suicide rates compared with the general population. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS) might provide an empirical explanation of this phenomenon, and parental bonding influences social adjustment and suicide. To investigate the relevance of IPTS and parental bonding for suicide among Taiwanese soldiers, a case-control study was conducted. METHODS Using a suicide-reporting system in a teaching general hospital in Southern Taiwan, 226 at-risk maladjusted soldiers and 229 well-adjusted controls were enrolled. We collected basic information, and participants answered four IPTS-based questions. Suicide risk was assessed using the Brief Symptom Rating Scale item 6. A four-factor model of the Parental Bonding Instrument assessed parental bonding. All participants were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for primary screening and to recheck the accuracy of the Brief Symptom Rating Scale item 6 score. RESULTS A parsimonious model obtained by regression analysis of risk factors indicated that poor academic performance, conduct-related issues in childhood, and exposure to life-threatening situations are risk factors for suicide intention. Maladjusted suicidal soldiers showed a sense of thwarted belongingness (β = 0.145; P < 0.001), higher perceived burdensomeness (β = 0.311; P < 0.001), less fear of death (β = 0.124; P < 0.05), lower paternal autonomy (β = -0.122; P < 0.05), and higher maternal indifference (β = 0.162; P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION Interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide, accompanied by an assessment of parental bonding, could be used for assessing suicide risk and preventing suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Cheng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Lingya District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Sheng Tzeng
- Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, Beitou, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Lingya District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ching Chung
- School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Sharaf AY, Thompson EA, Abd El-Salam HF. Perception of Parental Bonds and Suicide Intent Among Egyptian Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2016; 29:15-22. [PMID: 26988071 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Suicidal adolescents, compared to their nonsuicidal peers, tend to perceive their parents as less "caring" and more "controlling"-which characterizes the "affectionless control" parenting style. Research findings are inconsistent regarding the distinct influence of mother versus father parenting on youth suicide intent; moreover, the influence of parents' joint parenting styles on suicide intent has not been investigated. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design and large sample (N = 150 youth, 13-21 years old), currently hospitalized in a treatment center in Egypt for a recent suicide attempt, data were collected using the Suicide Intent Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. FINDINGS Seventy percent of youth reported high suicide intent. Mother and father parenting styles, assessed independently, were not associated with adolescent suicide intent. The joint effect of both parents' parenting style, however, was positively associated with suicide intent (Wald χ(2) = 8.79, p = .03). Suicide intent was stronger among adolescents who experienced neglectful compared with optimal parenting style (B = 1.93, Wald χ(2) = 4.28, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS The findings have direct implications for mental health nursing interventions, signaling the critical need to engage both parents in family-based interventions to address youth suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Y Sharaf
- Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elaine A Thompson
- Psychosocial & Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hoda F Abd El-Salam
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Shi M, Liu L, Yang YL, Wang L. The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between big five personality traits and depressive symptoms among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Özer Ü, Yildirim EA, Erkoç ŞN. Relationship of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior to Attachment Style in Patients with Major Depression. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:283-288. [PMID: 28360725 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.7459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The attachment theory aims to understand close relationships in adulthood based on the relationship of a child with the caregiver. Attachment styles are classified as secure, preoccupied, fearful and dismissing, which are the subtypes of insecure attachment style. Insecure attachment is suggested to be related to depression and suicide. In this study, the relationship of suicidal ideation and behavior to attachment style is investigated in patients diagnosed with major depression. METHODS Sixty-two patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria were taken and divided into two groups, 31 patients with and 31 patients without a past suicide attempt. Sixty healthy volunteers matched with the patients for age, gender and education and comprised the control group. Sociodemographic and clinical data form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), Scale of Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Behavior Scale were applied to the groups. RESULTS In the patients with depression, ECR anxiety and avoidance scores were found to be higher compared with those in the control group. There were no differences in the anxiety and avoidance scores between the patients with and without suicide attempt. The rate of participants who showed secure attachment style in the control group was higher than that of those with depression. In the patients with fearful attachment style, the suicide attempt rate was found to be higher than the other groups. A positively significant relationship was detected between ECR anxiety score and scores of HDRS suicide item, Scale of Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Behavior Scale. CONCLUSION Patients with depression were more anxious and more avoidant and showed more insecure attachment. In patients with depression with fearful attachment style, suicide attempts were more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ürün Özer
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ejder Akgün Yildirim
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şahap Nurettin Erkoç
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Does Harm Avoidance mediate effects of recollected parental bonding on mental distress in adulthood? Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1007-14. [PMID: 24439633 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse early life conditions such as perceived low quality of parental bonding increase vulnerability to stress and psychopathology in adulthood. However, the mechanisms by which perceptions of parental bonding translate into vulnerability are unclear and remain sparsely investigated in healthy populations. We proposed a model, in which the personality trait Harm Avoidance would mediate effects of recollected parental bonding during the first sixteen years of life on measures of perceived stress and mental distress severity in adulthood. METHOD Five-hundred-eighteen adults (65.1 % women), aged 18-53years, completed questionnaires of parental bonding, perceived stress, trait Harm Avoidance, and severity of mental distress. Direct and indirect effects mediated through trait Harm Avoidance were examined in a structural equation model. RESULTS Under the causal assumptions of our proposed model, indirect effects of trait Harm Avoidance mediated the relationship between parental overprotection and severity of mental distress, while significantly attenuating the direct effects of parental care on severity of mental distress. Moreover, indirect effects of trait Harm Avoidance significantly attenuated the direct effects of parental overprotection and care on perceived stress. CONCLUSION In this large sample of mentally healthy adults, recollected parental bonding was significantly associated with levels of perceived stress and severity of mental distress. The results from our proposed model further suggest that trait Harm Avoidance may be a developmental link, by which the quality of recollected parental bonding in childhood translates into adult vulnerability to stress and mental distress.
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Valiente C, Romero N, Hervas G, Espinosa R. Evaluative beliefs as mediators of the relationship between parental bonding and symptoms of paranoia and depression. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:75-81. [PMID: 24210664 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the distinct pathways that lead to depression and paranoia. We first examined the association of dysfunctional parenting experiences and negative self-evaluations in depression and paranoia. Furthermore, we also examined whether different self-evaluative beliefs could mediate the relationships between dysfunctional parenting experiences (i.e. parental overprotection or lack of care) and the development of depression and paranoia. A sample composed of 55 paranoid patients, 38 depressed patients and 44 healthy controls completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Evaluative Beliefs Scale (EBS) and some clinical scales. Our analyses revealed that lack of parental care and negative self-self evaluations were associated with depression symptoms. Analyses also revealed that parental overprotection and negative other-self evaluations were associated with paranoid symptoms. Furthermore, negative self-self and other-self evaluations fully mediated the relationship of parental overprotection and paranoia, whereas negative self-self evaluations partially mediated the relationship between lack of parental care and depression. These findings suggest that distinct patterns of parental practices may contribute to the development of different dysfunctional schemas which in turn may lead to either depression or paranoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Valiente
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nuria Romero
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hervas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Espinosa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Camilo Jose Cela University, Spain
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Hashimoto K, Sugawara N, Tanaka O, Nakamura K, Yasui-Furukori N. Parental bonding and attitudes toward suicide among medical college students in Japan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:2015-20. [PMID: 25364256 PMCID: PMC4211911 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s70818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a grave public health issue that is responsible for a high mortality rate among individuals aged 15-44 years. Attitudes toward suicide among medical staff members have been associated with appropriate therapeutic responses to suicidal individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of parental rearing on attitudes toward suicide among Japanese medical college students. METHODS We examined the association between parental bonding and attitudes toward suicide in 160 medical college students in Japan. The Parental Bonding Instrument was used to assess the attitudes and behaviors of parents. The attitudes toward suicide were evaluated using the Japanese version of the Attitudes Toward Suicide questionnaire. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 25.2±4.0 years old. The majority of the participants in our study agreed that anyone could commit suicide (88.8%) and that suicide is preventable (86.3%). After adjusting for age and sex, multivariate regression analysis revealed that maternal care approached a statistically significant association with the "right to suicide" attitude. Under the same conditions, maternal care was shown to be significantly associated with the "common occurrence" attitude. No other significant relationships were observed between parental bonding and attitudes toward suicide. CONCLUSION This study suggests that a higher level of maternal care ensures that children think that suicide occurs less commonly. The promotion of best practices for suicide prevention among medical students is needed. Child rearing support might be associated with suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Norio Sugawara
- Aomori Prefectural Center for Mental Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanaka
- Aomori Prefectural Center for Mental Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Jeon HJ, Hong JP, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Nyer M, Inamori A, Sohn JH, Seong S, Cho MJ. Childhood parental death and lifetime suicide attempt of the opposite-gender offspring in a nationwide community sample of Korea. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2013; 43:598-610. [PMID: 23834109 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown that childhood parental death influences suicide attempts of their offspring, few studies have examined influence of gender and age at exposure. Koreans show the third highest suicide rate in the world, and many children and adolescents lost their parents during and after the Korean War. A total of 12,532 adults, randomly selected through a one-person-per-household method, completed the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and questionnaire for suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt (response rate 80.2%). A total of 2,332 subjects experienced biological parental death in childhood (18.6%). Male suicide attempts were associated with age of exposure to maternal death from 0 to 4 years (adjusted OR = 4.48, 95% CI 1.32-15.18) and from 5 to 9 years (adjusted OR = 5.52, 95% CI 1.97-16.46), but not with paternal death, after adjusting for age, education years, marital status, monthly income, and psychiatric comorbidities. Female suicide attempts were associated with paternal death from 5 to 9 years (adjusted OR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.13-4.27), but not with maternal death. Childhood parental death is significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempt in the opposite-gender offspring, especially when exposure occurs before age 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Blattner MC, Liang B, Lund T, Spencer R. Searching for a sense of purpose: The role of parents and effects on self-esteem among female adolescents. J Adolesc 2013; 36:839-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dodd S, Berk M, Kelin K, Mancini M, Schacht A. Treatment response for acute depression is not associated with number of previous episodes: lack of evidence for a clinical staging model for major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:344-9. [PMID: 23683993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mental illness has been observed to follow a neuroprogressive course, commencing with prodrome, then onset, recurrence and finally chronic illness. In bipolar disorder and schizophrenia responsiveness to treatment mirrors these stages of illness progression, with greater response to treatment in the earlier stages of illness and greater treatment resistance in chronic late stage illness. Using data from 5627 participants in 15 controlled trials of duloxetine, comparator arm (paroxetine, venlafaxine, escitalopram) or placebo for the treatment of an acute depressive episode, the relationship between treatment response and number of previous depressive episodes was determined. Data was dichotomised for comparisons between participants who had >3 previous episodes (n=1697) or ≤3 previous episodes (n=3930), and additionally for no previous episodes (n=1381) or at least one previous episode (n=4246). Analyses were conducted by study arm for each clinical trial, and results were then pooled. There was no significant difference between treatment response and number of previous depressive episodes. This unexpected finding suggests that treatments to reduce symptoms of depression during acute illness do not lose efficacy for patients with a longer history of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetal Dodd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Shen LL, Lao LM, Jiang SF, Yang H, Ren LM, Ying DGC, Zhu SZ. A survey of anxiety and depression symptoms among primary-care physicians in China. Int J Psychiatry Med 2013; 44:257-70. [PMID: 23586280 DOI: 10.2190/pm.44.3.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety and depression disorder are the most prevalent mental health problems. However, few studies are available pertaining to these problems among Chinese doctors, especially the assessment of the anxiety and depression symptoms among primary-care providers. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety and depression symptoms among Chinese primary-care physicians and their associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 451 primary-care physicians in Shanghai China (effective response rate was 79.8%). There were 177 male physicians and 274 female physicians with average age of 37.8 (SD +/- 11.1) years. Questionnaire pertaining to depression disorder was indicated by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and anxiety disorder was indicated by the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). RESULTS The average SAS and SDS standard scores of the primary-care physicians were 41.1 +/- 11.5 and 46.5 +/- 11.8 respectively. Both of the scale scores were higher than those of Chinese national norms (P both < 0.001). SDS standard score > or = 53 and SAS standard score > or = 50 were regarded as screening-positive criteria. SAS and SDS screening positive rates of primary-care physicians were 18.0% and 31.7% respectively. In addition, married/cohabited and divorced/widowed physicians aged over 30 years with educational background of junior college had higher risks of anxiety and depression disorders. CONCLUSIONS Chinese primary-care physicians were at considerably high risk of anxiety and depression disorders, which was worthy of attention during healthcare system reform in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Shen
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Støen Grotmol K, Gude T, Moum T, Vaglum P, Tyssen R. Risk factors at medical school for later severe depression: a 15-year longitudinal, nationwide study (NORDOC). J Affect Disord 2013; 146:106-11. [PMID: 23017539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doctors have an increased risk of suicide, and depressive symptoms are prominent among young doctors. We lack prospective studies that identify risk factors to be targeted in medical schools. METHODS From 1993 to 2008, graduating medical students (n=631) from all four Norwegian universities participated in the Longitudinal Study of Norwegian Medical Students and Doctors (NORDOC). After their graduating term (T1), they were followed up 1 (T2), 4 (T3), 10 (T4), and 15 (T5) years later with postal surveys. Severe depressive symptoms were measured by the General Health Questionnaire-28 (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) and analyzed by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS At T1 and T5, 13.7% and 7.2%, respectively, of the doctors reported severe depressive symptoms; a significant reduction over time (p=0.001) in both genders (response rates 56-83%). Independent risk factors for future depressive symptoms were: young age (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.2, p=0.003); high neuroticism (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5-7.6, p=0.003); high reality weakness (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.2, p=0.008); and severe depressive symptoms at T1 (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.1-6.1, p<0.001). LIMITATIONS Selection bias and concurrent life and work stress may have influenced the results. CONCLUSIONS In addition to low age, high neuroticism yielded a threefold increased risk over the 15-year follow-up, whereas high reality weakness, which is linked to personality pathology, doubled the risk. These factors are clinically relevant for identification of students at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Støen Grotmol
- Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1111 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Meites TM, Ingram RE, Siegle GJ. Unique and Shared Aspects of Affective Symptomatology: The Role of Parental Bonding in Depression and Anxiety Symptom Profiles. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yen S, Shea MT, Walsh Z, Edelen MO, Hopwood CJ, Markowitz JC, Ansell EB, Morey LC, Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Zanarini MC, McGlashan TH. Self-harm subscale of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP): predicting suicide attempts over 8 years of follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72:1522-8. [PMID: 21294991 PMCID: PMC3710127 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.09m05583blu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the predictive power of the self-harm subscale of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) to identify suicide attempters in the Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (CLPS). METHOD The SNAP, a self-report personality inventory, was administered to 733 CLPS participants at baseline, of whom 701 (96%) had at least 6 months of follow-up data. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to examine the SNAP-self-harm subscale (SNAP-SH) in predicting the 129 suicide attempters over 8 years of follow-up. Possible moderators of prediction were examined, including borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and substance use disorder. We also compared baseline administration of the SNAP-SH to subsequent administrations more proximal to the suicide attempt, and to a higher-order SNAP-negative temperament (SNAP-NT) subscale. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted using suicide attempts (n = 58) over the first year of follow-up to provide reference points for sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS The SNAP-SH demonstrated good predictive power for suicide attempts (hazard ratio = 1.28, P < .001) and appeared relatively consistent across borderline personality disorder, MDD, and substance use disorder diagnoses. Using more proximal scores did not increase predictive power. The SNAP-SH compared favorably to the predictive power of the higher-order SNAP-NT. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicate several cutoff scores on the SNAP-SH that yield moderate to high sensitivity and specificity for predicting suicide attempts over the first year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The SNAP-SH may be a useful screening instrument for risk of suicide attempts in nonpsychotic psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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Della Vedova AM, Ducceschi B, Cesana BM, Imbasciati A. Maternal bonding and risk of depression in late pregnancy: a survey of Italian nulliparous women. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2011.592973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Suzuki A, Matsumoto Y, Shibuya N, Sadahiro R, Kamata M, Goto K, Otani K. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism modulates the effects of parental rearing on personality traits in healthy subjects. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 10:385-91. [PMID: 21223503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of data suggesting that gene-environment interaction is critical in the characterization of personality traits; however, previous studies have not taken into consideration variability in parental rearing as an environmental factor. In this study, we examined the effects of the interaction between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and parental rearing on personality traits in 710 healthy Japanese subjects. Perceived parental rearing was assessed by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), which consists of the care and protection factors. Assessment of personality traits was performed by the temperament and character inventory (TCI), which has seven dimensions, i.e. novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence. Parental rearing has significant main effects on some TCI dimensions, but no significant main effects of the BDNF genotype on the TCI scores were found. The interaction between the BDNF genotype and maternal care of the PBI had significant effects on harm avoidance and self-directedness of the TCI. Post hoc analyses showed that decreased maternal care was correlated with increased harm avoidance and decreased self-directedness, and for both personality traits the partial correlation coefficient was highest in the Met/Met genotype group and lowest in the Val/Val genotype group and the value of the Val/Met genotype group was in the middle. Data from this study suggest that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism modulates the effects of parental rearing, especially maternal care, on harm avoidance and self-directedness in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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