Interventions to Reduce Problems Related to the Readability and Comprehensibility of Drug Packages and Labels: A Systematic Review

Alignment of Patient Information Leaflets with the Health Literacy Skills of Future End-Users: Are We on the Same Page?

Effective health communication will not be possible if the messages directed to patients do not adapt to their health literacy skills. In this sense, if the Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) are not understood properly, they will not fulfill their purpose. Secondary education aims to develop students' fundamental skills, including reading comprehension, which should align with future patients. This study assesses reading comprehension of commonly used PILs among secondary education students. An observational cross-sectional study involved 590 Spanish secondary school students from March to June 2022. They read 3 original PILs and completed a questionnaire about medication use information. The European health literacy survey questionnaire (short version) and sociodemographic data were collected. The average correct answer rate was only 51%, with just 14.58% understanding when to take ibuprofen, results that fell significantly below the minimum 80% threshold required by the European Union. Age, gender, and cultural background didn't significantly impact comprehension. In conclusion, health literacy skills acquired in secondary education are insufficient for understanding current PILs. Educational reform is necessary to improve students' ability to comprehend medication instructions and enhance PILs for effective communication. At the same time, our work highlights that current PILs need to be redesigned to reduce the cognitive burden imposed on patients.

Labelling of intravenous drug delivery devices in critically ill patients: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Labelling is a strategy that contributes to the correct and faster identification of drugs, minimizing misidentification. There is a gap in knowledge on optimal labelling standards for intravenous (IV) devices applied to the care of critically ill patients.

AIM

The goal of this article was to map existing knowledge on the labelling of IV drug delivery devices in critically ill patients for the prevention of medication errors.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a scoping review conducted according to the JBI methodology in the LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases, and on the websites of specialized institutions. Searches were conducted up to December 2022 for scientific articles and grey literature that addressed the labelling of IV devices in intensive care units, emergency departments, and anaesthesia units. The data were collected using a structured form and were later classified, summarized, and aggregated to map the knowledge related to the review question.

RESULTS

Twenty-one documents were included, which demonstrated variability in label use with IV drug delivery devices. The following features of structure and design stood out: printed format, colour coding, letter size differentiation, and the use of sturdy material. In terms of information, the name of the drug, dose, date and time of preparation, identification of the patient, and who prepared it were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The identified patterns contributed to the reduction of drug misidentification and the development of timelier drug labelling and administration.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

The evidence supports the development of standardized labels for the prevention of medication errors.

Effects of tall man lettering on the visual behaviour of critical care nurses while identifying syringe drug labels: a randomised in situ simulation

BACKGROUND

Patients in intensive care units are prone to the occurrence of medication errors. Look-alike, sound-alike drugs with similar drug names can lead to medication errors and therefore endanger patient safety. Capitalisation of distinct text parts in drug names might facilitate differentiation of medication labels. The aim of this study was to test whether the use of such 'tall man' lettering (TML) reduces the error rate and to examine effects on the visual attention of critical care nurses while identifying syringe labels.

METHODS

This was a prospective, randomised in situ simulation conducted at the University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Under observation by eye tracking, 30 nurses were given 10 successive tasks involving the presentation of a drug name and its selection from a dedicated set of 10 labelled syringes that included look-alike and sound-alike drug names, half of which had TML-coded labels.Error rate as well as dwell time, fixation count, fixation duration and revisits were analysed using a linear mixed-effects model analysis to compare TML-coded with non-TML-coded labels.

RESULTS

TML coding of syringe labels led to a significant decrease in the error rate (from 5.3% (8 of 150 in non-TML-coded sets) to 0.7% (1 of 150 in TML-coded sets), p<0.05). Eye tracking further showed that TML affects visual attention, resulting in longer dwell time (p<0.01), more and longer fixations (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) on the drug name as well as more frequent revisits (p<0.01) compared with non-TML-coded labels. Detailed analysis revealed that these effects were stronger for labels using TML in the mid-to-end position of the drug name.

CONCLUSIONS

TML in drug names changes visual attention while identifying syringe labels and supports critical care nurses in preventing medication errors.

Shape Matters: A Neglected Feature of Medication Safety : Why Regulating the Shape of Medication Containers Can Improve Medication Safety

This paper aims to highlight how to reduce medication errors through the implementation of human factors science to the design features of medication containers. Despite efforts to employ automation for increased safety and decreased workload, medication administration in hospital wards is still heavily dependent on human operators (pharmacists, nurses, physicians, etc.). Improving this multi-step process requires its being studied and designed as an interface in a complex socio-technical system. Human factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, involves designing socio-technical systems to improve overall system performance, and reduces the risk of system, and in particular, operator, failures. The incorporation of human factors principles into the design of the work environment and tools that are in use during medication administration could improve this process. During periods of high workload, the cognitive effort necessary to work through a very demanding process may overwhelm even expert operators. In such conditions, the entire system should facilitate the human operator's high level of performance. Regarding medications, clinicians should be provided with as many perceptual cues as possible to facilitate medication identification. Neglecting the shape of the container as one of the features that differentiates between classes of medications is a lost opportunity to use a helpful characteristic, and medication administration failures that happen in the absence of such intentional design arise from "designer error" rather than "user error". Guidelines that define a container's shape for each class of medication would compel pharmaceutical manufacturers to be compatible and would eliminate the confusion that arises when a hospital changes the supplier of a given medication.

Root Cause Analysis of Adverse Events Involving Opioid Overdoses in the Veterans Health Administration

OBJECTIVE

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) serves a population with compounding risk factors for opioid misuse, including chronic pain, substance use disorders, and mental health conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze opioid-related adverse events and root causes to inform mitigation strategies associated with opioid prescribing and administration.

METHODS

The researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of root cause analysis reports of opioid overdose events between August 1, 2012, and September 30, 2019. These adverse events were investigated locally by multidisciplinary hospital teams and reported by VHA facility patient safety managers to the National Center for Patient Safety for further aggregation and analysis. Type of event, location, and root causes were categorized.

RESULTS

Eighty-two adverse event reports were identified. Patients were primarily male with an average age of 61.4 years. Staff medication administration errors were the most common event type (57.3%), with most events resulting from process errors (65.9%) occurring in the health care setting (85.4%). Overall 36 events (43.9%) resulted in major or catastrophic harm. There were 172 root causes identified. The most common root causes were staff not following existing policy or lack of existing hospital policy on opioid management (18.0%); staff lacked training in areas such as managing the use or administration of opioids, correct use of opioid dispensing equipment, and recognition and proper response to an overdose (12.2%); and poor communication of opioid prescribing or administration during handoffs between clinical teams (11.6%). A lack of standardization in processes, training, and policies on opioid prescribing and screening, medication administration, equipment/pumps purchase and use, and contraband searches was a common theme throughout.

CONCLUSION

Errors in prescribing and administration of opioid medication can result in significant harm. A lack of standardized opioid administration practices and training, controlled substance policies, and interdisciplinary communication were frequent factors in adverse opioid events and should be a focus for future prevention.

Identification of medication errors through a monitoring and minimization program in outpatients in Colombia, 2018-2019

Introducción

El uso de medicamentos puede conllevar errores de medicación que desemboquen en la hospitalización del paciente, el aumento de los costos relacionados con la atención e, incluso, la muerte.

Objetivos

Determinar la prevalencia de errores de medicación notificados en un sistema de información de farmacovigilancia en Colombia entre el 2018 y el 2019.

Materiales y métodos

Se hizo un estudio observacional a partir del registro de errores de medicación de un sistema de farmacovigilancia que cubre a 8,5 millones de pacientes ambulatorios afiliados al sistema de salud de Colombia. Los errores se categorizaron en ocho grupos de la A (situaciones potenciales de error) hasta la I (error que pudo llevar a la muerte). Se hizo el análisis descriptivo y se estableció la prevalencia de los errores de medicación.

Resultados

Durante los años 2018 y 2019, se reportaron 29.538 errores de medicación en pacientes ambulatorios, con una prevalencia general de 1,93 por cada 10.000 medicamentos dispensados. En el 0,02% (n=6) de los casos, se presentaron errores que llegaron a afectar a los pacientes y causaron daño (tipos E, F e I). La mayoría de los errores se asoció con la dispensación (n=20.636; 69,9%) y la posible causa más común fue la falta de concentración en el momento de dispensar los medicamentos (n=9.185; 31,1%). Los grupos farmacológicos más implicados en errores de medicación fueron los antidiabéticos (8,0%), los inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina (7,6%) y los analgésicos (6,0%).

Conclusiones

Los errores de medicación son relativamente poco frecuentes y con mayor frecuencia se catalogan como circunstancias o eventos capaces de generar un error de tipo A. Muy pocas veces, pueden causarle daño al paciente, incluso, hasta la muerte.