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Bessudo A, Haseeb AM, Reeves JA, Zhu X, Wong L, Giranda V, Suttner L, Liu F, Chatterjee M, Sharma S. Safety and Efficacy of Vicriviroc (MK-7690) in Combination With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2024; 23:285-294. [PMID: 38942693 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody against PD-1, has shown limited efficacy in patients with microsatellite stable or mismatch repair proficient (MSS/pMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated vicriviroc (small-molecule C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 antagonist) plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic MSS/pMMR CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This open-label, phase 2 trial (NCT03631407) enrolled adults with histologically confirmed, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic CRC that was MSS per local assessment. All patients had received previous treatment with standard therapies. Patients were randomized 1:1 to vicriviroc 150 mg orally once daily plus pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks or vicriviroc 250 mg orally once daily plus pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles (2 years). Primary endpoints were the objective response rate (ORR) as assessed by the investigator per RECIST v1.1, dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), adverse events (AEs), and discontinuations due to AEs. RESULTS Forty patients were enrolled and treated. ORR was 5% (95% CI, 0.1%-24.9%) in both treatment groups. There were no complete responses; 1 patient in each treatment group experienced a partial response. No patient in the vicriviroc 150 mg plus pembrolizumab group experienced a DLT. Two patients in the vicriviroc 250 mg plus pembrolizumab group experienced DLTs (1 grade 4 encephalopathy and 1 grade 4 pneumonitis). CONCLUSION The combination of vicriviroc at doses of 150 or 250 mg plus pembrolizumab 200 mg showed limited antitumor activity in patients with advanced or metastatic MSS/pMMR CRC. Toxicity with the combination was manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bessudo
- California Cancer Associates for Research and Excellence, Encinitas, CA
| | | | - James A Reeves
- Florida Cancer Specialists and Research Institute/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Fort Myers, FL
| | - Xiaofu Zhu
- Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lucas Wong
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor Scott and White Health, Vasicek Cancer Treatment Center, Temple, TX
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2
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Schmidt JK, Reynolds MR, Golos TG, Slukvin II. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to create nonhuman primate models for studying stem cell therapies for HIV infection. Retrovirology 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35948929 PMCID: PMC9363854 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are well-established basic and translational research models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and pathophysiology, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, and assisted reproductive technologies. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies present opportunities to refine NHP HIV models for investigating genetic factors that affect HIV replication and designing cellular therapies that exploit genetic barriers to HIV infections, including engineering mutations into CCR5 and conferring resistance to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. In this report, we provide an overview of recent advances and challenges in gene editing NHP embryos and discuss the value of genetically engineered animal models for developing novel stem cell-based therapies for curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kropp Schmidt
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew R Reynolds
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Structural basis for chemokine recognition and receptor activation of chemokine receptor CCR5. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4151. [PMID: 34230484 PMCID: PMC8260604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a vital role in immune surveillance and inflammation. However, molecular details that govern its endogenous chemokine recognition and receptor activation remain elusive. Here we report three cryo-electron microscopy structures of Gi1 protein-coupled CCR5 in a ligand-free state and in complex with the chemokine MIP-1α or RANTES, as well as the crystal structure of MIP-1α-bound CCR5. These structures reveal distinct binding modes of the two chemokines and a specific accommodate pattern of the chemokine for the distal N terminus of CCR5. Together with functional data, the structures demonstrate that chemokine-induced rearrangement of toggle switch and plasticity of the receptor extracellular region are critical for receptor activation, while a conserved tryptophan residue in helix II acts as a trigger of receptor constitutive activation.
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Witt KE, Huerta-Sánchez E. Convergent evolution in human and domesticate adaptation to high-altitude environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180235. [PMID: 31154977 PMCID: PMC6560271 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and their domestic animals have lived and thrived in high-altitude environments worldwide for thousands of years. These populations have developed a number of adaptations to survive in a hypoxic environment, and several genomic studies have been conducted to identify the genes that drive these adaptations. Here, we discuss the various adaptations and genetic variants that have been identified as adaptive in human and domestic animal populations and the ways in which convergent evolution has occurred as these populations have adapted to high-altitude environments. We found that human and domesticate populations have adapted to hypoxic environments in similar ways. Specific genes and biological pathways have been involved in high-altitude adaptation for multiple populations, although the specific variants differ between populations. Additionally, we found that the gene EPAS1 is often a target of selection in hypoxic environments and has been involved in multiple adaptive introgression events. High-altitude environments exert strong selective pressures, and human and animal populations have evolved in convergent ways to cope with a chronic lack of oxygen. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Witt
- 1 Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California-Merced , 5200 Lake Road., Merced, CA 95340 , USA
| | - Emilia Huerta-Sánchez
- 1 Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California-Merced , 5200 Lake Road., Merced, CA 95340 , USA.,2 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University , Box G-W, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912 , USA.,3 Center for Computational Biology, Brown University , Box G-W, 115 Waterman Street., Providence, RI 02912 , USA
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5
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Floss DM, Scheller J. Naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:1-20. [PMID: 31147158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines control immune related events and are critically involved in a plethora of patho-physiological processes including autoimmunity and cancer development. Mutations which cause ligand-independent, constitutive activation of cytokine receptors are quite frequently found in diseases. Many constitutive-active cytokine receptor variants have been directly connected to disease development and mechanistically analyzed. Nature's solutions to generate constitutive cytokine receptors has been recently adopted by synthetic cytokine receptor biology, with the goal to optimize immune therapeutics. Here, CAR T cell immmunotherapy represents the first example to combine synthetic biology with genetic engineering during therapy. Hence, constitutive-active cytokine receptors are therapeutic targets, but also emerging tools to improve or modulate immunotherapeutic strategies. This review gives a comprehensive insight into the field of naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Ronsard L, Sood V, Yousif AS, Ramesh J, Shankar V, Das J, Sumi N, Rai T, Mohankumar K, Sridharan S, Dorschel A, Ramachandran VG, Banerjea AC. Genetic Polymorphisms in the Open Reading Frame of the CCR5 gene From HIV-1 Seronegative and Seropositive Individuals From National Capital Regions of India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7594. [PMID: 31110236 PMCID: PMC6527560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) serves as a co-receptor for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enabling the virus to enter human CD4 T cells and macrophages. In the absence of CCR5, HIV strains that require CCR5 (R5 or M-tropic HIV) fail to successfully initiate infection. Various natural mutations of the CCR5 gene have been reported to interfere with the HIV-CCR5 interaction, which influences the rate of AIDS progression. Genetic characterization of the CCR5 gene in individuals from the National Capital Regions (NCRs) of India revealed several natural point mutations in HIV seropositive/negative individuals. Furthermore, we identified novel frame-shifts mutations in the CCR5 gene in HIV seronegative individuals, as well as the well reported CCR5Δ32 mutation. Additionally, we observed a number of mutations present only in HIV seropositive individuals. This is the first report to describe the genetic variations of CCR5 in individuals from the NCRs of India and demonstrates the utility of investigating understudied populations to identify novel CCR5 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larance Ronsard
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Vikas Sood
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Janani Ramesh
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay Shankar
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - N Sumi
- Endocrinology & Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Tripti Rai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | - Subhashree Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | | | | | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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Anderson RC, Newton CL, Millar RP, Katz AA. The Brugia malayi neuropeptide receptor-4 is activated by FMRFamide-like peptides and signals via Gαi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 195:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Flanagan CA. Receptor Conformation and Constitutive Activity in CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Function and HIV Infection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 70:215-63. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Barmania F, Pepper MS. C-C chemokine receptor type five (CCR5): An emerging target for the control of HIV infection. Appl Transl Genom 2013; 2:3-16. [PMID: 27942440 PMCID: PMC5133339 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When HIV was initially discovered as the causative agent of AIDS, many expected to find a vaccine within a few years. This has however proven to be elusive; it has been approximately 30 years since HIV was first discovered, and a suitable vaccine is still not in effect. In 2009, a paper published by Hutter et al. reported on a bone marrow transplant performed on an HIV positive individual using stem cells that were derived from a donor who was homozygous for a mutation in the CCR5 gene known as CCR5 delta-32 (Δ32) (Hütter et al., 2009). The HIV positive individual became HIV negative and remained free of viral detection after transplantation despite having halted anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment. This review will focus on CCR5 as a key component in HIV immunity and will discuss the role of CCR5 in the control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Corresponding author at: Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Tel.: + 27 12 319 2190; fax: + 27 12 319 2946.
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de Voux A, Chan MC, Folefoc AT, Madziva MT, Flanagan CA. Constitutively active CCR5 chemokine receptors differ in mediating HIV envelope-dependent fusion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54532. [PMID: 23355876 PMCID: PMC3552960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCR5 chemokine receptor is a rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor that mediates the effects of pro-inflammatory β-chemokines. CCR5 is also the major co-receptor for entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into human cells. G protein-coupled receptors exist in ensembles of active and inactive conformations. Active receptor conformations can be stabilized by mutations. Although binding of the HIV envelope protein to CCR5 stimulates cellular signaling, the CCR5 conformation that induces fusion of the viral membrane with cellular membranes is not known. We mutated conserved amino acids to generate constitutively active CCR5 receptors, which are stabilized in active conformations, and tested the ability of constitutively active CCR5 receptors to mediate HIV envelope-directed membrane fusion. Mutation of the Asp3.49(125) and Arg6.32(225) residues of CCR5 did not cause constitutive activity, but Lys or Pro substitutions for Thr2.56(82), in the TxP motif, caused high basal inositol phosphate signaling. Signaling did not increase in response to MIP-1β, suggesting that the Thr2.56(82) mutants were fully stabilized in active conformations. The Thr2.56(82)Lys mutation severely decreased cell surface CCR5 expression. Combining the Thr2.56(82)Lys mutation with an Arg6.32(225)Gln mutation partially reversed the decrease in expression. Mutants with Thr2.56(82)Lys substitutions were poor mediators of HIV envelope-directed membrane fusion, but mutants with the Thr2.65(82)Pro substitution exhibited full co-receptor function. Our results suggest that the Thr2.65(82)Lys and Thr2.65(82)Pro mutations stabilize distinct constitutively active CCR5 conformations. Lys in position 2.65(82) stabilizes activated receptor conformations that appear to be constitutively internalized and do not induce envelope-dependent membrane fusion, whereas Pro stabilizes activated conformations that are not constitutively internalized and fully mediate envelope-directed membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de Voux
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mei-Chi Chan
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Asongna T. Folefoc
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Madziva
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Colleen A. Flanagan
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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