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Kawamura K, Yoshioka H, Sato C, Yajima T, Furuyama Y, Kuramochi K, Ohgane K. Fine-tuning of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate esters that potently induce degradation of HMG-CoA reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117145. [PMID: 36580745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and competitive inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain of this enzyme, so-called statins, are widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The membrane domain mediates the sterol-accelerated degradation, a post-translational negative feedback mechanism, and small molecules triggering such degradation have been studied as an alternative therapeutic option. Such strategies are expected to provide benefits over catalytic site inhibitors, as the inhibition leads to transcriptional and post-translational upregulation of the enzyme, necessitating a higher dose of the inhibitors and concomitantly increasing the risk of serious adverse effects, including myopathies. Through our previous study on SR12813, a synthetic small molecule that induces degradation of HMG-CoA reductase, we identified a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate ester SRP3042 as a highly potent HMG-CoA reductase degrader. Here, we performed a systematic structure-activity relationship study to optimize its activity and physicochemical properties, specifically focusing on the reduction of lipophilicity. Mono-fluorination of tert-butyl groups on the molecules was found to increase the HMG-CoA reductase degradation activity while reducing lipophilicity, suggesting the mono-fluorination of saturated alkyl groups as a useful strategy to balance potency and lipophilicity of the lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kawamura
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yoshioka
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 13-0032, Japan
| | - Chikako Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yuuki Furuyama
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8519, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8519, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohgane
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8519, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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Abstract
Although generally well tolerated, statin users frequently report muscle-related side effects, ranging from self-limiting myalgias to rhabdomyolysis or the rare clinical entity of statin-associated immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Statin-associated IMNM is based on the development of autoantibodies against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and the pharmacologic target of statins, and leads to a necrotizing myopathy requiring immunosuppressive therapy. This review attempts to recapitulate the diverse aspects of anti-HMGCR IMNM, including clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, genetic risk associations, therapeutic options and potential pathogenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tiniakou
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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