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Wang L, Yin J, Nickles HT, Ranke H, Tabuchi A, Hoffmann J, Tabeling C, Barbosa-Sicard E, Chanson M, Kwak BR, Shin HS, Wu S, Isakson BE, Witzenrath M, de Wit C, Fleming I, Kuppe H, Kuebler WM. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction requires connexin 40-mediated endothelial signal conduction. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4218-30. [PMID: 23093775 PMCID: PMC3484430 DOI: 10.1172/jci59176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a physiological mechanism by which pulmonary arteries constrict in hypoxic lung areas in order to redirect blood flow to areas with greater oxygen supply. Both oxygen sensing and the contractile response are thought to be intrinsic to pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Here we speculated that the ideal site for oxygen sensing might instead be at the alveolocapillary level, with subsequent retrograde propagation to upstream arterioles via connexin 40 (Cx40) endothelial gap junctions. HPV was largely attenuated by Cx40-specific and nonspecific gap junction uncouplers in the lungs of wild-type mice and in lungs from mice lacking Cx40 (Cx40-/-). In vivo, hypoxemia was more severe in Cx40-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Real-time fluorescence imaging revealed that hypoxia caused endothelial membrane depolarization in alveolar capillaries that propagated to upstream arterioles in wild-type, but not Cx40-/-, mice. Transformation of endothelial depolarization into vasoconstriction involved endothelial voltage-dependent α1G subtype Ca2+ channels, cytosolic phospholipase A2, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Based on these data, we propose that HPV originates at the alveolocapillary level, from which the hypoxic signal is propagated as endothelial membrane depolarization to upstream arterioles in a Cx40-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Hypoxia/genetics
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/pathology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Signal Transduction
- Vasoconstriction
- Gap Junction alpha-5 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Yin
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah T. Nickles
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannes Ranke
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arata Tabuchi
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Hoffmann
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christoph Tabeling
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo Barbosa-Sicard
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Chanson
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hee-Sup Shin
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Songwei Wu
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cor de Wit
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hermann Kuppe
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- The Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Institute of Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People′s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), and
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
Institute of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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