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Pathak S, Acharya S, Regmi S, Shrestha P, You Z, Bae YK, Park MH, Yook S, Kim J, Park SY, Jeong D, Yong CS, Kim JO, Chang JH, Jeong J. Particulate-Based Single-Dose Local Immunosuppressive Regimen for Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Xenogeneic Islet Transplantation. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001157. [PMID: 33251762 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies emphasize on developing immune tolerance by an interim administration of various immunosuppressive drugs. In this study, a robust protocol is reported for local immunomodulation using a single-dose of FK506 microspheres and clodronate liposomes (mFK+CLO) in a xenogeneic model of islet transplantation. Surprisingly, the single-dose treatment with mFK+CLO induce tolerance to the islet xenograft. The recipient mice display tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) with decreased antigen presenting ability and T cell activation capacity. Furthermore, a reduced percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an impaired differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into interferon-γ producing Th1 and interleukin-17 producing Th17 cells are observed. In addition, the immunosuppressive protocol leads to the generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are required for the long-term graft survival. The enhanced generation of tDCs and Tregs by the single treatment of mFK+CLO cause xenograft tolerance, suggesting a possible clinical strategy which may pave the way towards improving therapeutic outcomes of clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pathak
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Suman Acharya
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Shobha Regmi
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Shrestha
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiwei You
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyung Bae
- Department of Pathology College of Medicine Yeungnam University Daegu 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hui Park
- Department of Pathology College of Medicine Yeungnam University Daegu 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy Keimyung University Daegu 42601 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Smart‐Aging Convergence Research Center College of Medicine Yeungnam University Daegu 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine Yeungnam University Daegu 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control College of Medicine Yeungnam University Daegu 42415 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee‐Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
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Immune responses towards bioengineered tissues and strategies to control them. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 24:582-589. [PMID: 31385889 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Research into development of artificial tissues and bioengineered organs to replace physiological functions of injured counterparts has highlighted a previously underestimated challenge for its clinical translatability: the immune response against biomaterials. Herein, we will provide an update and review current knowledge regarding this important barrier to regenerative medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Although a clear understanding of the immune reactivity against biomaterials remains elusive, accumulating evidence indicates that innate immune cells, primarily neutrophils and macrophages, play a key role in the initial phases of the immune response. More recently, data have shown that in later phases, T and B cells are also involved. The use of physicochemical modifications of biomaterials and cell-based strategies to modulate the host inflammatory response is being actively investigated for effective biomaterial integration. SUMMARY The immune response towards biomaterials and bioengineered organs plays a crucial role in determining their utility as transplantable grafts. Expanding our understanding of these responses is necessary for developing protolerogenic strategies and delivering on the ultimate promise of regenerative medicine.
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Ezzelarab MB. Regulatory T cells from allo- to xenotransplantation: Opportunities and challenges. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12415. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Cravedi P, Farouk S, Angeletti A, Edgar L, Tamburrini R, Duisit J, Perin L, Orlando G. Regenerative immunology: the immunological reaction to biomaterials. Transpl Int 2017; 30:1199-1208. [PMID: 28892571 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine promises to meet two of the most urgent needs of modern organ transplantation, namely immunosuppression-free transplantation and an inexhaustible source of organs. Ideally, bioengineered organs would be manufactured from a patient's own biomaterials-both cells and the supporting scaffolding materials in which cells would be embedded and allowed to mature to eventually regenerate the organ in question. While some groups are focusing on the feasibility of this approach, few are focusing on the immunogenicity of the scaffolds that are being developed for organ bioengineering purposes. This review will succinctly discuss progress in the understanding of immunological characteristics and behavior of different scaffolds currently under development, with emphasis on the extracellular matrix scaffolds obtained decellularized animal or human organs which seem to provide the ideal template for bioengineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samira Farouk
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, Specialty Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lauren Edgar
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Riccardo Tamburrini
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jerome Duisit
- Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale (CHEX), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Perin
- Division of Urology, GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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In Vivo Costimulation Blockade-Induced Regulatory T Cells Demonstrate Dominant and Specific Tolerance to Porcine Islet Xenografts. Transplantation 2017; 101:1587-1599. [PMID: 27653300 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although islet xenotransplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes, its clinical application has been hampered by cellular rejection and the requirement for high levels of immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells in costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance to porcine neonatal islet cell cluster (NICC) xenografts in mice. METHODS Porcine-NICC were transplanted under the renal capsule of BALB/c or C57BL/6 recipients and given a single dose of CTLA4-Fc at the time of transplant and 4doses of anti-CD154 mAb to day 6. Depletion of Foxp3Treg cell was performed in DEpletion of REGulatory T cells mice at day 80 posttransplantation. Foxp3Treg cell from spleens of treated BALB/c mice (tolerant Treg cell), and splenocytes were cotransferred into islet transplanted nonobese diabetic background with severe combined immunodeficiency mice to assess suppressive function. RESULTS In treated mice, increased numbers of Foxp3Treg cell were identified in the porcine-NICC xenografts, draining lymph node, and spleen. Porcine-NICC xenografts from treated mice expressed elevated levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Porcine-NICC xenograft tolerance was abrogated after depletion of Foxp3Treg cell. Tolerant Treg cell produced high levels of IL-10 and had diverse T cell receptor Vβ repertoires with an oligoclonal expansion in CDR3 of T cell receptor Vβ14. These tolerant Treg cells had the capacity to transfer dominant tolerance and specifically exhibited more potent regulatory function to porcine-NICC xenografts that naive Treg cell. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that short-term costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance and that Foxp3Treg cell played an essential role in its maintenance. Foxp3Treg cells were activated and had more potent regulatory function in vivo than naive Treg cells.
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Li M, Eckl J, Geiger C, Schendel DJ, Pohla H. A novel and effective method to generate human porcine-specific regulatory T cells with high expression of IL-10, TGF-β1 and IL-35. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638110 PMCID: PMC5479824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation remains the most effective treatment for patients with late stage organ failure. Transgenic pigs provide an alternative organ donor source to the limited availability of human organs. However, cellular rejection still remains to be the obstacle for xenotransplantation. Superior to other methods, antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) alleviate cellular rejection with fewer side effects. Here we demonstrate the use of a fast method to provide tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) that can be used to generate effective porcine-specific Treg cells (PSTreg). TolDC were produced within three days from human monocytes in medium supplemented with anti-inflammatory cytokines. Treg were generated from naïve CD4+ T cells and induced to become PSTreg by cocultivation with porcine-antigen-loaded tolDC. Results showed that PSTreg exhibited the expected phenotype, CD4+CD25+CD127low/− Foxp3+, and a more activated phenotype. The specificity of PSTreg was demonstrated by suppression of effector T cell (Teff) activation markers of different stages and inhibition of Teff cell proliferation. TolDC and PSTreg exhibited high expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 at both protein and RNA levels, and PSTreg also highly expressed IL-35 at RNA levels. Upon restimulation, PSTreg retained the activated phenotype and specificity. Taken together, the newly developed procedure allows efficient generation of highly suppressive PSTreg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Li
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Eckl
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, and Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring", Munich, Germany.,Medigene Immunotherapies GmbH, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christiane Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, and Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring", Munich, Germany.,Medigene Immunotherapies GmbH, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dolores J Schendel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, and Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring", Munich, Germany.,Medigene Immunotherapies GmbH, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, LIFE Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Immunology, HelmholtzZentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, and Clinical Cooperation Group "Immune Monitoring", Munich, Germany.
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7
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Regulatory immune cells and functions in autoimmunity and transplantation immunology. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:435-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chemoattractant Signals and Adhesion Molecules Promoting Human Regulatory T Cell Recruitment to Porcine Endothelium. Transplantation 2016; 100:753-62. [PMID: 26720299 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (huTreg) suppress CD4+ T cell-mediated antipig xenogeneic responses in vitro and might therefore be used to induce xenograft tolerance. The present study investigated the role of the adhesion molecules, their porcine ligands, and the chemoattractant factors that may promote the recruitment of huTreg to porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) and their capacity to regulate antiporcine natural killer (NK) cell responses. METHODS Interactions between ex vivo expanded huTreg and PAEC were studied by static chemotaxis assays and flow-based adhesion and transmigration assays. In addition, the suppressive function of huTreg on human antiporcine NK cell responses was analyzed. RESULTS The TNFα-activated PAEC released factors that induce huTreg chemotaxis, partially inhibited by antihuman CXCR3 blocking antibodies. Coating of PAEC with human CCL17 significantly increased the transmigration of CCR4+ huTreg under physiological shear stress. Under static conditions, transendothelial Treg migration was inhibited by blocking integrin sub-units (CD18, CD49d) on huTreg, or their respective porcine ligands intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (CD102) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD106). Finally, huTreg partially suppressed xenogeneic human NK cell adhesion, NK cytotoxicity and degranulation (CD107 expression) against PAEC; however, this inhibition was modest, and there was no significant change in the production of IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment of huTreg to porcine endothelium depends on particular chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CCR4) and integrins (CD18 and CD49d) and was increased by CCL17 coating. These results will help to develop new strategies to enhance the recruitment of host huTreg to xenogeneic grafts to regulate cell-mediated xenograft rejection including NK cell responses.
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Ma L, Zhang H, Hu K, Lv G, Fu Y, Ayana DA, Zhao P, Jiang Y. The imbalance between Tregs, Th17 cells and inflammatory cytokines among renal transplant recipients. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:56. [PMID: 26400627 PMCID: PMC4581081 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant barrier to organ transplantation is the cellular rejection that occurs and mediated by antibodies, T cells, and innate immune cells. This study was aimed to determine the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg, CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Methods Renal transplantation was performed for a total of 35 patients with end-stage renal failure. The number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg, CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells, and the serum level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in pre- and post-transplant patients and 10 healthy controls (HC) using flow cytometry and Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). The association between the number of different subsets of CD4+ T-cells and clinical parameters were analyzed among the pre- and post-transplant patients, and the healthy controls. Results The number of CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells were significantly increased in patients with End-Stage Renal Failure (ESRF) compared to the HC. Stratification analysis indicated that AMR (Acute antibody mediated acute rejection), AR (acute rejection) and CR (chronic rejection) groups displayed greater number of CD4+IFN-γ−IL-17+ Th17, CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17− Th1 and CD4+IFN-γ+IL-17+ Th1/17 cells as well as high level of serum IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17. But, the AMR, AR and CR groups have shown lower level of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and serum IL-10 compared to transplant stable (TS) patients. Moreover, the number of Tregs were negatively correlated with the number of Th17 cells in RTR patients. The number of Tregs and Th17 cells were positively correlated with the eGFR and serum creatinine values, respectively. Conclusion The imbalance between different types of CD4+ T cells and dysregulated inflammatory cytokines may contribute towards renal transplantation rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China.
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Kebang Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | | | - Pingwei Zhao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Higginbotham L, Ford ML, Newell KA, Adams AB. Preventing T cell rejection of pig xenografts. Int J Surg 2015; 23:285-290. [PMID: 26306770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the limited supply of donor organs. While early barriers to xenograft acceptance, such as hyperacute rejection, are now largely avoided through genetic engineering, the next frontier in successful xenograft survival will require prevention of T cell-mediated rejection. Most successful immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation utilize T cell depletion with antibody therapy. Additionally, the use of T cell costimulatory blockade - specifically blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway - shows promise with several reports of long-term xenograft survival. Additional therapies, such as transgenic expression of T cell coinhibitory molecules or transfer of immunomodulatory cells to promote tolerance, may be necessary to achieve reliable long-term xenograft acceptance. Further studies in pre-clinical models are essential in order to optimize these regimens prior to trials in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Higginbotham
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Newell
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Liao J, Chang C, Wu H, Lu Q. Cell-based therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:43-8. [PMID: 25308529 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a female predominant autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ disorders. The pathogenesis of SLE is complex. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are widely used to treat patients with SLE. However, these indiscriminate suppressors of the immune-mediated inflammatory aberration treat SLE at the cost of considerable adverse effects. Undoubtedly, there is a need for safer and more effective treatments for SLE. Cell-based therapies, although very much in their infancy, are of increasing interest in the treatment of SLE due to their potential for long-term suppression or a possible cure of the disease. Several immunoregulatory cell types, including regulatory T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, B-cells and natural killer cells, have recently been developed as novel products for tolerance-promoting therapies. Here, we provide a brief overview of current research of new cell-based therapeutic approaches that have undergone pre-clinical or clinical trials in the treatment of SLE.
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Jin X, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Yi S. Large-scale in vitro expansion of human regulatory T cells with potent xenoantigen-specific suppression. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:935-45. [PMID: 25605448 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the organ donor shortage. Immunosuppression is required for successful application of xenotransplantation but may lead to infection and cancer. Thus, strategies for immune tolerance induction need to be developed. Polyclonal regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance and have been shown to protect against islet xenograft rejection in vivo. However, global immune suppression may be mediated by polyclonal Treg immunotherapy and a simple method for in vitro expansion of xenoantigen-specific Treg for efficient Treg application becomes necessary. Human Treg isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were initially cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 beads, rapamycin and IL-2 for 7 days as polyclonal expansion. Expanded Treg were then cocultured with irradiated porcine PBMC as xenoantigen stimulation for three subsequent cycles with 7 days for each cycle in the presence of IL-2 and anti-CD3/CD28 beads. Treg phenotype and suppressive capacity were assessed after each cycle of xenoantigen stimulation. Treg expanded with one cycle of xenoantigen stimulation retained Treg suppressive phenotype but acquired no xenoantigen specificity along with poor expansion efficiency, whereas expansion with two-cycle xenoantigen stimulation resulted in not only more than 800-fold Treg expansion but highly suppressive xenoantigen-specific Treg with effector Treg phenotype. However further increase of stimulation cycles resulted in reduced Treg suppressive potency. This study provides a simple approach to obtain high numbers of xenoantigen-specific Treg for immune tolerance induction in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Transplantation Research Center, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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Chai H, Yang L, Gao L, Guo Y, Li H, Fan X, Wu B, Xue S, Cai Y, Jiang X, Qin B, Zhang S, Ke Y. Decreased percentages of regulatory T cells are necessary to activate Th1-Th17-Th22 responses during acute rejection of the peripheral nerve xenotransplantation in mice. Transplantation 2014; 98:729-37. [PMID: 25093516 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells have major functions in the initiation and perpetuation of nerve graft rejection. Our study aimed to investigate the function of regulatory T cells (Treg)-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in the rejection of peripheral nerve xenotransplantation. METHODS Adult male C57 BL/6 mice were used as the recipient for nerve xenotransplantation, and Sprague-Dawley rats were used as the donor. These nerve xenotransplanted mice were used as the experimental groups, and those that received autograft transplant were chosen as the control group. All of the animals were pretreated with interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-22 before the experiment was conducted. The percentages of spleen Treg-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon rank sum and Spearman correlation test. RESULTS During acute rejection, the percentages of Th1-Th17-Th22 cells in the spleen and serum IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 levels in the experimental group increased compared with those in the control group. By contrast, CD4CD25Foxp3 T cell level decreased. The rejection of xenograft was significantly prevented after the mice were treated with IL-17-neutralizing, IL-22-neutralizing, and IFN-γ-neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, the percentage of CD4CD25Foxp3 Treg was negatively correlated with the percentages of Th1-Th17-Th22 cells and levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the Treg-Th1-Th17-Th22 cells involved in xenotransplant rejection and imbalance between Tregs and Th1-Th17-Th22 cells contribute to the acute rejection of peripheral nerve xenotransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chai
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 2 The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jilin University, Third Hospital (China-Japan Union Hospital) of Jilin University, Changchun, China. 4 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. 5 Formerly Department of Functional Neurology and Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; currently Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, China 6 Address correspondence to: Yanwu Guo, Ph.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510282, China. 7 Address correspondence to: Bing Qin, Ph.D., Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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14
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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Immunological challenges and therapies in xenotransplantation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015578. [PMID: 24616201 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, or the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between different species, was proposed a long time ago as a possible solution to the worldwide shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation. In this setting, the pig is currently seen as the most likely candidate species. In the last decade, progress in this field has been remarkable and includes a better insight into the immunological mechanisms underlying the rejection process. Several immunological hurdles nonetheless remain, such as the strong antibody-mediated and innate or adaptive cellular immune responses linked to coagulation derangements, precluding indefinite xenograft survival. This article reviews our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in xenograft rejection and the potential strategies that may enable xenotransplantation to become a clinical reality in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
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Cowan PJ, Cooper DKC, d'Apice AJF. Kidney xenotransplantation. Kidney Int 2014; 85:265-75. [PMID: 24088952 PMCID: PMC3946635 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pigs as donors offers the possibility of eliminating the chronic shortage of donor kidneys, but there are several obstacles to be overcome before this goal can be achieved. Preclinical studies have shown that, while porcine renal xenografts are broadly compatible physiologically, they provoke a complex rejection process involving preformed and elicited antibodies, heightened innate immune cell reactivity, dysregulated coagulation, and a strong T cell-mediated adaptive response. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the xenograft to proinflammatory and procoagulant stimuli is probably increased by cross-species molecular defects in regulatory pathways. To balance these disadvantages, xenotransplantation has at its disposal a unique tool to address particular rejection mechanisms and incompatibilities: genetic modification of the donor. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of porcine renal xenograft rejection, and on the significant genetic, pharmacological, and technical progress that has been made to prolong xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cowan
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J F d'Apice
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jin X, Wang Y, Hawthorne WJ, Hu M, Yi S, O’Connell P. Enhanced Suppression of the Xenogeneic T-Cell Response In Vitro by Xenoantigen Stimulated and Expanded Regulatory T Cells. Transplantation 2014; 97:30-8. [PMID: 24092378 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a860fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Immunomodulatory effect of a decellularized skeletal muscle scaffold in a discordant xenotransplantation model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14360-5. [PMID: 23940349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213228110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized (acellular) scaffolds, composed of natural extracellular matrix, form the basis of an emerging generation of tissue-engineered organ and tissue replacements capable of transforming healthcare. Prime requirements for allogeneic, or xenogeneic, decellularized scaffolds are biocompatibility and absence of rejection. The humoral immune response to decellularized scaffolds has been well documented, but there is a lack of data on the cell-mediated immune response toward them in vitro and in vivo. Skeletal muscle scaffolds were decellularized, characterized in vitro, and xenotransplanted. The cellular immune response toward scaffolds was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified stereologically. T-cell proliferation and cytokines, as assessed by flow cytometry using carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester dye and cytometric bead array, formed an in vitro surrogate marker and correlate of the in vivo host immune response toward the scaffold. Decellularized scaffolds were free of major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens and were found to exert anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, as evidenced by delayed biodegradation time in vivo; reduced sensitized T-cell proliferative activity in vitro; reduced IL-2, IFN-γ, and raised IL-10 levels in cell-culture supernatants; polarization of the macrophage response in vivo toward an M2 phenotype; and improved survival of donor-derived xenogeneic cells at 2 and 4 wk in vivo. Decellularized scaffolds polarize host responses away from a classical TH1-proinflammatory profile and appear to down-regulate T-cell xeno responses and TH1 effector function by inducing a state of peripheral T-cell hyporesponsiveness. These results have substantial implications for the future clinical application of tissue-engineered therapies.
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Cooper DKC, Ekser B, Burlak C, Ezzelarab M, Hara H, Paris L, Tector AJ, Phelps C, Azimzadeh AM, Ayares D, Robson SC, Pierson RN. Clinical lung xenotransplantation--what donor genetic modifications may be necessary? Xenotransplantation 2012; 19:144-58. [PMID: 22702466 PMCID: PMC3775598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2012.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Barriers to successful lung xenotransplantation appear to be even greater than for other organs. This difficulty may be related to several macro anatomic factors, such as the uniquely fragile lung parenchyma and associated blood supply that results in heightened vulnerability of graft function to segmental or lobar airway flooding caused by loss of vascular integrity (also applicable to allotransplants). There are also micro-anatomic considerations, such as the presence of large numbers of resident inflammatory cells, such as pulmonary intravascular macrophages and natural killer (NK) T cells, and the high levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) associated with the microvasculature. We have considered what developments would be necessary to allow successful clinical lung xenotransplantation. We suggest this will only be achieved by multiple genetic modifications of the organ-source pig, in particular to render the vasculature resistant to thrombosis. The major problems that require to be overcome are multiple and include (i) the innate immune response (antibody, complement, donor pulmonary and recipient macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells), (ii) the adaptive immune response (T and B cells), (iii) coagulation dysregulation, and (iv) an inflammatory response (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, HMGB1, C-reactive protein). We propose that the genetic manipulation required to provide normal thromboregulation alone may include the introduction of genes for human thrombomodulin/endothelial protein C-receptor, and/or tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and/or CD39/CD73; the problem of pig vWF may also need to be addressed. It would appear that exploration of every available therapeutic path will be required if lung xenotransplantation is to be successful. To initiate a clinical trial of lung xenotransplantation, even as a bridge to allotransplantation (with a realistic possibility of survival long enough for a human lung allograft to be obtained), significant advances and much experimental work will be required. Nevertheless, with the steadily increasing developments in techniques of genetic engineering of pigs, we are optimistic that the goal of successful clinical lung xenotransplantation can be achieved within the foreseeable future. The optimistic view would be that if experimental pig lung xenotransplantation could be successfully managed, it is likely that clinical application of this and all other forms of xenotransplantation would become more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Yi S, Ji M, Wu J, Ma X, Phillips P, Hawthorne WJ, O’Connell PJ. Adoptive transfer with in vitro expanded human regulatory T cells protects against porcine islet xenograft rejection via interleukin-10 in humanized mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:1180-91. [PMID: 22403295 PMCID: PMC3331767 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated rejection remains a barrier to the clinical application of islet xenotransplantation. Regulatory T cells (Treg) regulate immune responses by suppressing effector T cells. This study aimed to determine the ability of human Treg to prevent islet xenograft rejection and the mechanism(s) involved. Neonatal porcine islet transplanted NOD-SCID IL2rγ(-/-) mice received human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with in vitro expanded autologous Treg in the absence or presence of anti-human interleukin-10 (IL-10) monoclonal antibody. In addition, human PBMC-reconstituted recipient mice received recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10). Adoptive transfer with expanded autologous Treg prevented islet xenograft rejection in human PBMC-reconstituted mice by inhibiting graft infiltration of effector cells and their function. Neutralization of human IL-10 shortened xenograft survival in mice receiving human PBMC and Treg. In addition, rhIL-10 treatment led to prolonged xenograft survival in human PBMC-reconstituted mice. This study demonstrates the ability of human Treg to prevent T-cell effector function and the importance of IL-10 in this response. In vitro Treg expansion was a simple and effective strategy for generating autologous Treg and highlighted a potential adoptive Treg cell therapy to suppress antigraft T-cell responses and reduce the requirement for immunosuppression in islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology of the Ministry of Education at the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peta Phillips
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J. O’Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Sun L, Wu J, Yi S. Foxp3 is critical for human natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells to suppress alloimmune response. Transpl Immunol 2012; 26:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yang X, Meng S, Jiang H, Zhu C, Wu W. Exosomes Derived from Immature Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells Induce Tolerogenicity of Intestinal Transplantation in Rats. J Surg Res 2011; 171:826-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ge G, Tian P, Liu H, Zheng J, Fan X, Ding C, Jin Z, Luo X, Xue W. Induction of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells by dendritic cells derived from ILT3 lentivirus-transduced human CD34+ cells. Transpl Immunol 2011; 26:19-26. [PMID: 22005288 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) belongs to a family of inhibitory receptors with cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Numerous studies have reported that increased ILT3 expression is associated with the tolerogenic properties of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPSCs) were transduced with self-inactivating lentiviral vector carrying the ILT3 gene, and then induced to differentiate into DCs. Long-term and sustained transgene expression were observed. Importantly, DCs differentiated from ILT3-transduced HPSCs expressed high levels of human ILT3 and acquired strong tolerogenic capacity. This effect was associated with markedly decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86) and down-regulation of NF-κB. Functionally, ILT3(high) DCs showed a reduced capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation and increased the production of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells with immunosuppressive activity. These results demonstrate that DCs derived from ILT3-transduced human CD34(+)HPSCs display tolerogenic properties to induce T regulatory cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Ge
- Department of Renal Transplant, Center of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 Shaanxi, China
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Prolonged xenograft survival induced by inducible costimulator-Ig is associated with increased forkhead box P3(+) cells. Transplantation 2011; 91:1090-7. [PMID: 21544030 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31821774e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) pathway has been shown to prolong allograft survival; however, its utility in xenotransplantation is unknown. We hypothesize that local expression of ICOS-Ig by the xenograft will suppress the T-cell response resulting in significant prolonged graft survival. METHODS Pig iliac artery endothelial cells (PIEC) secreting ICOS-Ig were generated and examined for the following: (1) inhibition of allogeneic and xenogeneic proliferation of primed T cells in vitro and (2) prolongation of xenograft survival in vivo. Grafts were examined for Tregs by flow cytometry and cytokine levels determined by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Soluble ICOS-Ig markedly decreased allogeneic and xenogeneic primed T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. PIEC-ICOS-Ig grafts were significantly prolonged compared with wild-type grafts (median survival, 34 and 12 days, respectively) with 20% of PIEC-ICOS-Ig grafts surviving more than 170 days. Histological examination showed a perigraft cellular accumulation of Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3(+)) cells in the PIEC-ICOS-Ig grafts, these were also shown to be CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+). Survival of wild-type PIEC grafts in a recipient simultaneously transplanted with PIEC-ICOS-Ig were also prolonged, with a similar accumulation of Foxp3(+) cells at the periphery of the graft demonstrating ICOS-Ig induces systemic graft prolongation. However, this prolongation was specific for the priming xenograft. Intragraft cytokine analysis showed an increase in interleukin-10 levels, suggesting a potential role in induction/function of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates prolonged xenograft survival by local expression of ICOS-Ig, we propose that the accumulation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells at the periphery of the graft and secretion of interleukin-10 is responsible for this novel observation.
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Wang F, Xia J, Chen J, Peng Y, Cheng P, Ekberg H, Wang X, Qi Z. Combination of antibodies inhibits accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells in xenoantigen-primed mice. Xenotransplantation 2011; 17:460-8. [PMID: 21158947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor-reactive memory T cells are known to accelerate allograft rejection; in our previous study, we reported that combined monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could prolong islet allograft survival in alloantigen-primed mice. In this study, we examine the effects of donor-reactive memory T cells on the xenograft survival and methods to prolong the islet graft survival. METHODS To collect donor-reactive T cells, we performed full-thickness rat skin xenografting on BALB/c mice and isolated the T cells from the mice after 6-8 weeks. These cells were then adoptively transferred to syngenic mice 1 day before rat-to-mouse islet transplantation. Three experimental groups were established in the adoptive transfer model: recipient mice treated with isotype mAbs (isotype group); mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb (anti-CD40L group); and mice treated with anti-CD40L, anti-OX40L, and anti-CD122 mAbs (3-combined group). RESULTS Lewis rat islet xenografts transplanted in naïve mice showed a mean survival time (MST) of 12.8 days, while the graft rejection was accelerated if the recipient mice were treated with adoptively transferred donor-reactive T cells (MST, 8.67 days). Treatment with anti-CD40L mb could not reverse the accelerated rejection (MST, 9.3 days). However, when anti-CD40L mb was combined with anti-OX40L and anti-CD122 mAbs, there was a considerable increase in the MST, which was 72.2 days. Compared to the isotype group, the 3-combined group had significantly lesser proportion of memory T cells and greater proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen. Meanwhile, in the 3-combined group, the production of anti-rat antibodies was markedly inhibited. CONCLUSION Treatment with a combination of antibodies could significantly reverse the accelerated rejection mediated by donor-reactive memory T cells by inhibiting cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Wang
- Organ Transplantation Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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Nishimura T, Onda M, Takao S. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells suppressed the indirect xenogeneic immune response mediated by porcine epithelial cell pulsed dendritic cells. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:313-23. [PMID: 20723203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells have been reported to suppress T cell-mediated xenogeneic immune responses. Although the direct T cell response to xenogeneic cells is important, the indirect xenogeneic immune response mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) is also likely involved in rejection. We have generated an in vitro indirect immune reaction model and evaluated the effect of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells on this system. METHODS Human DCs were generated from peripheral blood and cultured with X-ray-irradiated porcine kidney epithelial cells. Porcine cell-pulsed DCs were mixed with autologous CD4(+) T cells, CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells and/or CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells. After 7 days of culture, T cell proliferation was measured. RESULTS The co-culture of human DCs and X-ray-irradiated porcine epithelial cells resulted in observable DC phagocytic activity within 2 days. These porcine cell-pulsed DCs stimulated CD4(+) T cell proliferation much more potently than unpulsed DCs or porcine cells. This proliferation was blocked by CTLA4-Ig or an anti-HLA-DR antibody. CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells also suppressed CD4(+) CD25(-) T cell proliferation in response to porcine cell-pulsed DCs. CONCLUSIONS An in vitro model of the indirect xenogeneic immune response was established. Porcine cell-pulsed DCs stimulated CD4(+) T cells, and CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells suppressed this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Ma A, Qi S, Song L, Hu Y, Dun H, Massicotte E, Dupuis M, Daloze P, Chen H. Adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells combined with low-dose sirolimus and anti-thymocyte globulin delays acute rejection of renal allografts in Cynomolgus monkeys. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 11:618-29. [PMID: 21094689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although donor alloantigen specific Treg cells play an important role in transplant tolerance, therapeutic applications are limited by their low frequency. In this study, isolated Tregs from Cynomolgus monkeys were efficiently expanded by a co-culture system, and maintained suppressive function on the proliferation of CD4(+) effector cells in vitro. Adoptive transfer of expanded donor alloantigen specific Tregs without any immunosuppressants could prolong survival of MHC-mismatched allografts in Cynomolgus monkeys. To reach the feasibility of clinical transplantation, our objectives focused on whether exposure of monkey Tregs to immunosuppressants could preserve suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that low-dose sirolimus selectively expanded Tregs, increased the expression of CD25(bright) and Foxp3 markers, and suppressed TCR- or allo-antigens induced CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, after pre-treated with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) for consecutive 3days, a 14-day therapy of adoptive infusion of donor alloantigen-specific Tregs combined with low-dose sirolimus delayed acute rejection of renal allografts in Cynomolgus monkeys, showing an MST of 48.5days as compared with those of untreated and sirolimus-treated monkeys (7days and 22days). The frequencies of CD4(+)CD25(bright) T cells were significantly elevated in mesenteric lymph nodes vs. those in inguino lymph nodes and peripheral blood. In summary, expanded donor alloantigen specific Tregs exposed to sirolimus can preserve inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Tregs are more resistant to sirolimus than other T cells. Expanded donor alloantigen specific Tregs combined with sirolimus and ATG prolongs renal allograft survival in monkeys, suggesting that sirolimus might be one of the best synergists for Tregs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlun Ma
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Research Centre, Center Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sun L, Yi S, O'Connell PJ. Foxp3 regulates human natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of xenogeneic response. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:121-30. [PMID: 20522244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Cellular rejection of xenografts is predominantly mediated by CD4+ T cells. Foxp3 expressing human naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) have been shown to suppress pathological and physiological immune responses, including the CD4+ T-cell-mediated anti-pig xenogeneic response in vitro. Although Foxp3 is required for nTreg development and their function, the precise role of Foxp3 in regulating Treg suppressive function in xenoimmune response remains to be identified. METHODS In vitro expanded human nTregs were transfected with fluorescein isothiocyanate -conjugated Foxp3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) by Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected nTregs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and then analyzed for Foxp3 gene and protein expression as well as their phenotypic characteristics. Human CD4+CD25- T cells were stimulated with xenogeneic pig peripheral blood mononuclear cell in the presence or absence of nTregs in a coculture or transwell system for evaluation of nTreg suppressive activity. The production of effector cytokines by xenoreactive CD4+CD25- T cells as well as suppressive cytokine by nTregs in their cocultures was examined by ELISA. RESULTS The siRNA-mediated Foxp3 knockdown resulted in impaired nTreg anergic state, downregulated expression of nTreg function associated molecules, and reduced production of suppressive cytokines by nTregs, which together leading to impaired nTreg-mediated suppression of CD4+CD25- T-cell proliferation and their effector cytokine production in response to xenogeneic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Foxp3 expression is required for human nTregs to maintain their suppressive function in the xenoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:254-61. [PMID: 20351662 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328337a8db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yan KX, Fang X, Han L, Zhang ZH, Kang KF, Zheng ZZ, Huang Q. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and related cytokines differentially expressed in plaque vs. guttate psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:48-56. [PMID: 20222932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in the number of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lesional skin and peripheral blood and their functioning in plaque vs. guttate psoriasis have not been reported. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there is a differential expression of Foxp3+ Tregs and a differential regulation of inflammatory cytokines in plaque vs. guttate psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS The number and the percentage of Foxp3+ cells in different phases of skin lesions of patients with plaque and guttate psoriasis vulgaris were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of Foxp3 and interleukin (IL)-17 protein in CD4 populations was measured by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokine production by transforming growth factor-beta1-induced Foxp3+ Tregs was assessed in an in vitro study. The cytokines in supernatant and serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The percentage of Foxp3+ CD3+ cells in the papillary layer was higher than in the reticular layer of dermis and in epidermis (P < 0.05). The numbers of Foxp3+ Tregs in skin lesions and peripheral blood were higher in plaque than in guttate psoriasis, whereas the percentage of IL-17+ CD4+ cells was higher in guttate than in plaque psoriasis (P < 0.05). The numbers of Foxp3+ cells were positively correlated with the Psoriasis Severity Index score of skin lesions (P < 0.0001), and the percentages of Foxp3+ CD4+ cells in peripheral blood were positively correlated with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score of patients (P < 0.05). The inhibitory functions of Tregs to IL-17 and IL-6 in guttate psoriasis and to tumour necrosis factor-alpha in plaque psoriasis were deficient. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression and regulatory functioning for inflammatory cytokine production by Foxp3+ Tregs may imply a different immunopathogenesis for plaque and guttate psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-X Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road (middle), Shanghai 200040, China
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IL‐10 is required for human CD4
+
CD25
+
regulatory T cell‐mediated suppression of xenogeneic proliferation. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:477-85. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Muller YD, Golshayan D, Ehirchiou D, Wekerle T, Seebach JD, Bühler LH. T regulatory cells in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:121-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Trzonkowski P, Szaryńska M, Myśliwska J, Myśliwski A. Ex vivo expansion of CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells for immunosuppressive therapy. Cytometry A 2009; 75:175-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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In vitro suppression of xenoimmune-mediated macrophage activation by human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Transplantation 2008; 86:865-74. [PMID: 18813112 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818530fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are important effector cells in T cell-mediated xenograft rejection. The aim of this study was to determine whether CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were capable of suppressing macrophage activation in vitro. METHODS Porcine cell or xenoantigen-primed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD4+ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or CD14+ macrophages plus autologous CD4+CD25- T cells were cultured with or without expanded autologous Tregs. Transwell cultures were used to separate the various components to determine the need for cell-cell contact. RESULTS Pig cell primed CD14+ macrophages required the presence of CD4+CD25- T cells for activation and increased expression of CD40, interleukin-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This up-regulated expression of macrophage activation markers was reduced substantially in the presence of autologous Tregs. Coculture with Tregs did not alter macrophage viability but reduced the capacity of macrophages to stimulate proliferation of responder T cells. Tregs required direct contact with CD4+CD25- T cells to inhibit macrophage activation but activated macrophage phenotype was not altered by separating the stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or CD14+ macrophages from Tregs in a transwell system. Macrophages did not require direct cell contact with porcine stimulator cells for full activation by CD4+CD25- T cells. CONCLUSIONS Human Tregs were able to suppress xenoantigen-primed and CD4+ T-cell-mediated macrophage activation and antigen-presenting cell function. However, Tregs had no direct effect on macrophages in vitro.
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