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Okonkwo OC, Rivera Mindt M, Ashford MT, Conti C, Strong J, Raman R, Donohue MC, Nosheny RL, Flenniken D, Miller MJ, Diaz A, Soto AM, Ances BM, Beigi MR, Doraiswamy PM, Duara R, Farlow MR, Grossman HT, Mintzer JE, Reist C, Rogalski EJ, Sabbagh MN, Salloway S, Schneider LS, Shah RC, Petersen RC, Aisen PS, Weiner MW. A Protocol for the Inclusion of Minoritized Persons in Alzheimer Disease Research From the ADNI3 Diversity Taskforce. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2427073. [PMID: 39120898 PMCID: PMC11316236 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.27073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Black or African American (hereinafter, Black) and Hispanic or Latino/a/x (hereinafter, Latinx) adults are disproportionally affected by Alzheimer disease, but most research studies do not enroll adequate numbers of both of these populations. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-3 (ADNI3) launched a diversity taskforce to pilot a multipronged effort to increase the study inclusion of Black and Latinx older adults. Objective To describe and evaluate the culturally informed and community-engaged inclusion efforts to increase the screening and enrollment of Black and Latinx older adults in ADNI3. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used baseline data from a longitudinal, multisite, observational study conducted from January 15, 2021, to July 12, 2022, with no follow-up. The study was conducted at 13 ADNI3 sites in the US. Participants included individuals aged 55 to 90 years without cognitive impairment and those with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease. Exposures Efforts included (1) launch of an external advisory board, (2) changes to the study protocol, (3) updates to the digital prescreener, (4) selection and deployment of 13 community-engaged research study sites, (5) development and deployment of local and centralized outreach efforts, and (6) development of a community-science partnership board. Main Outcomes and Measures Screening and enrollment numbers from centralized and local outreach efforts, digital advertisement metrics, and digital prescreener completion. Results A total of 91 participants enrolled in the trial via centralized and local outreach efforts, of which 22 (24.2%) identified as Latinx and 55 (60.4%) identified as Black (median [IQR] age, 65.6 [IQR, 61.5-72.5] years; 62 women [68.1%]). This represented a 267.6% increase in the monthly rate of enrollment (before: 1.11 per month; during: 4.08 per month) of underrepresented populations. For the centralized effort, social media advertisements were run between June 1, 2021, and July 31, 2022, which resulted in 2079 completed digital prescreeners, of which 1289 met criteria for subsequent site-level screening. Local efforts were run between June 1, 2021, to July 31, 2022. A total of 151 participants underwent site-level screening (100 from local efforts, 41 from centralized efforts, 10 from other sources). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of pilot inclusion efforts, a culturally informed, community-engaged approach increased the inclusion of Black and Latinx participants in an Alzheimer disease cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Department of Medicine and Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology, Latin American Latinx Studies Institute, and African and African American Studies, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Miriam T. Ashford
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Conti
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Joe Strong
- Department of Medicine and Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Rema Raman
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego
| | - Michael C. Donohue
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego
| | - Rachel L. Nosheny
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Derek Flenniken
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Melanie J. Miller
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam Diaz
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Annabelle M. Soto
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Maryam R. Beigi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ranjan Duara
- Wein Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Martin R. Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis
| | - Hillel T. Grossman
- The Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jacobo E. Mintzer
- Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson VA Healthcare Center, Charleston
| | - Christopher Reist
- MindX Sciences Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Science 37 Inc, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Irvine, Long Beach
| | | | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Alzheimer’s and Memory Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Memory and Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lon S. Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco
- VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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Cox CG, Davis MA, Grill JD, Roberts JS. US Adults' Likelihood to Participate in Dementia Prevention Drug Trials: Results from the National Poll on Healthy Aging. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:34-40. [PMID: 36641608 PMCID: PMC9579667 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2022.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment to dementia prevention clinical trials is challenging, and participants are not representative of US adults at risk. A better understanding of the general public's interest in dementia prevention research participation is needed to inform future recruitment strategies. OBJECTIVE To examine US adults' characteristics associated with self-reported likelihood to participate in dementia prevention clinical trials. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional survey using the October 2018 wave of the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging. SETTING The National Poll on Healthy Aging is a nationally representative survey of adults using KnowledgePanel (Ipsos Public Affairs LLC), a probability-based panel of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed data from 1,028 respondents, ages 50 to 64 years, who completed a web survey module on brain health. MEASUREMENTS We used logistic regression models to examine associations between sociodemographic and dementia-related factors (e.g., family history) and self-reported likelihood to participate in a dementia prevention clinical trial of a new medicine ("very" or "somewhat likely" vs. "not likely" survey responses). Among respondents not likely to participate, we examined frequency of reasons endorsed for this decision, stratified by age, sex, and race and ethnicity. RESULTS Of the 1,028 respondents, half were female, 68% Non-Hispanic White, 13% Hispanic, and 12% Non-Hispanic Black. Twelve percent of respondents reported being very likely to participate in a dementia prevention trial, 32% somewhat likely, and 56% not likely. Factors associated with higher likelihood to participate were higher perceived risk of dementia [OR, 2.17 (95% CI, 1.61, 2.93)], a positive family history of dementia [OR, 1.75 (95% CI, 1.27, 2.43)], and having discussed dementia prevention with a doctor [OR, 2.20 (95% CI, 1.10, 4.42)]. There were no differences in likelihood to participate by sociodemographic characteristics. Among 570 respondents not likely to participate, 39% said they did not want to be a guinea pig, 23% thought dementia would not affect them, 22% thought there would be too high a chance for harm, 15% indicated study participation would take too much time, and 5% reported fear of learning information about oneself. There were no differences across age, sex, and racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS In this study, perceived risk of dementia, family history, and discussion of prevention with a doctor were associated with likelihood to participate in a dementia prevention clinical trial, whereas sociodemographic factors including race and ethnicity were not. Findings suggest that recruitment interventions focused on increasing knowledge of dementia risk and prevention trials and involving healthcare providers may be effective tools to improve enrollment rates, regardless of target community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cox
- Chelsea G. Cox, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA,
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Lee SS, McGrattan A, Soh YC, Alawad M, Su TT, Palanisamy UD, Hussin AM, Kassim ZB, Mohd Ghazali ANB, Christa Maree Stephan B, Allotey P, Reidpath DD, Robinson L, Mohan D, Siervo M. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Dietary Intervention to Reduce Salt Intake and Increase High-Nitrate Vegetable Consumption in Malaysian Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure: Findings from the DePEC-Nutrition Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030430. [PMID: 35276789 PMCID: PMC8839221 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The DePEC-Nutrition trial is a complex dietary and behavioural intervention of salt intake reduction combined with increased high-nitrate vegetable consumption among Malaysian middle-aged and older adults with elevated blood pressure. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the trial. Participants were recruited from the South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO) database and randomised into one of four groups: (1) low salt; (2) high-nitrate vegetable; (3) combined high-nitrate vegetable and low salt; and (4) control. The intervention included a combination of group counselling sessions, information booklets, reinforcement videos and text messages to modify dietary behaviour. The primary outcomes evaluated were the measures of feasibility and acceptability of (1) recruitment, follow-up attendance and retention; (2) data collection procedures and clinical outcome measures; and (3) individual and combined multi-modal dietary interventions. A total of 74 participants were recruited, and the 10-month retention rate was 73%. Data collection procedures were acceptable with minimal missing data. All intervention strategies were feasible and acceptable, with group counselling being the most acceptable strategy. This study provides important insights into improving the screening process of participants, facilitating their access to the research facilities and refining the measurement protocols and dietary recommendations, which are instrumental in formulating the design of a full-scale definitive DePEC-Nutrition trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Siew Lee
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.L.); (Y.C.S.); (M.A.); (T.T.S.)
| | - Andrea McGrattan
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Yee Chang Soh
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.L.); (Y.C.S.); (M.A.); (T.T.S.)
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia;
| | - Mawada Alawad
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.L.); (Y.C.S.); (M.A.); (T.T.S.)
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia;
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.L.); (Y.C.S.); (M.A.); (T.T.S.)
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia;
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Azizah Mat Hussin
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - Zaid bin Kassim
- District Health Office, Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah (PKD) Segamat, Segamat 85000, Malaysia; (Z.b.K.); (A.N.b.M.G.)
| | | | | | - Pascale Allotey
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Daniel D. Reidpath
- South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia;
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, ICDDR, B, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Louise Robinson
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK;
| | - Devi Mohan
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.L.); (Y.C.S.); (M.A.); (T.T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5515-9658
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
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Wieland ML, Njeru JW, Alahdab F, Doubeni CA, Sia IG. Community-Engaged Approaches for Minority Recruitment Into Clinical Research: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:733-743. [PMID: 33004216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minority populations in clinical research persists in the United States, highlighting the unmet ideals of generalizability and equity of research findings and products. Previous systematic reviews exploring various facets of this phenomenon concluded that community engagement with minority groups may effectively promote recruitment and retention, but the ways in which community-engaged approaches have been used for recruitment have not been examined. We performed a scoping review of the literature to identify studies of community-engaged recruitment processes. The search resulted in 2842 articles, of which 66 met inclusion criteria. These articles demonstrated a relatively large literature base of descriptive studies conveying details of community engagement approaches to enhance recruitment of minority research participants. We summarize key aspects of current practices across the spectrum of community engagement. A gap in the literature is the relative lack of the comparative studies among different engagement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wieland
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Jane W Njeru
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Chyke A Doubeni
- Center for Health Equity and Community Engagement Research and Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Irene G Sia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Bardach SH, Kent S, Jicha GA. Alzheimer Disease Worries, Fears, and Stigma and Their Relationship to Genetic and Interventional Research Engagement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 35:75-79. [PMID: 32960855 PMCID: PMC7904564 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) research increasingly requires healthy individuals willing to undergo genetic testing. OBJECTIVE This study seeks to: (1) describe older adults' beliefs about AD genetic testing, worry about AD, and fear of AD stigma, and (2) explore how these constructs relate to research participation. METHODS Surveys were sent to participants active in AD-observational research and those that were not. Three measures of research participation were explored: (1) being a current research participant, (2) self-report of clinical trial participation, and (3) expressing genetic registry interest. RESULTS The majority of the 502 respondents perceived greater benefit than the risk associated with AD genetic testing. AD worry and perceptions of AD stigma were low. Higher levels of AD worry and lower perceptions of AD stigma were associated with being a current AD research volunteer. AD worry and stigma were unrelated to clinical trial participation or genetic registry interest; these research participation measures were associated with AD genetic testing benefit. CONCLUSIONS Beliefs about AD genetic testing, AD worry, and AD stigma are related to research participation, but relationships vary based on the research participation investigated. Future work should identify how these findings can inform outreach and recruitment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana H. Bardach
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Graduate Center for Gerontology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Saida Kent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Indorewalla KK, O’Connor MK, Budson AE, Guess (DiTerlizzi) C, Jackson J. Modifiable Barriers for Recruitment and Retention of Older Adults Participants from Underrepresented Minorities in Alzheimer's Disease Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:927-940. [PMID: 33612540 PMCID: PMC8150544 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials currently face a critical shortfall of thousands of eligible participants, which inflates the duration and cost of the clinical study as well as threatens the scientific merit of promising clinical interventions. This recruitment crisis is further compounded by the fact that underrepresented and marginalized populations-particularly those identifying as a racial or ethnic minority, those with low socioeconomic status, or living in rural areas-have been historically underrepresented in ongoing AD clinical trials despite overwhelming evidence that such populations are at increased risk for developing dementia. As a result of various recruitment barriers, current AD clinical studies frequently reflect a decreasingly representative segment of the US population, which threatens the overall generalizability of these findings. The current narrative review provides an updated examination and critique of common recruitment barriers and potential solutions, as well as a discussion of theoretical approaches that may address barriers disproportionately experienced by underrepresented communities. AD clinical researchers are encouraged to take purposive action aimed at increasing diversity of enrolled AD clinical trial cohorts by actively identifying and quantifying barriers to research participation-especially recruitment barriers and health disparities that disproportionately prevent underrepresented and marginalized populations from participating in research. Furthermore, researchers are encouraged to closely track which individuals who express interest in AD research ultimately enroll in research studies to examine whether AD research participation is appropriately representative of the intended population for whom these new and novel AD interventions are being designed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen K. O’Connor
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Guess (DiTerlizzi)
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Jackson
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- CARE Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Julbe-Delgado D, O'Brien JL, Abdulkarim R, Hudak EM, Maeda H, Edwards JD. Quantifying Recruitment Source and Participant Communication Preferences for Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Research. JPAD-JOURNAL OF PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2021; 8:299-305. [PMID: 34101787 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on effective engagement of diverse participants in AD prevention research is lacking. OBJECTIVES To quantify recruitment source in relation to race, ethnicity, and retention. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University lab. PARTICIPANTS Participants included older adults (N=1170) who identified as White (86%), Black (8%), and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (6%). MEASUREMENTS The Cognitive Aging Lab Marketing Questionnaire assessed recruitment source, social media use, and research opportunity communication preferences. RESULTS Effective recruitment methods and communication preferences vary by race and ethnicity. The most common referral sources were postcards for racial minorities, friend/family referrals for Hispanic/Latinos, and the newspaper for Whites. Whereas Whites preferred email communications, Hispanic/Latinos preferred texts. CONCLUSIONS Recruiting diverse samples in AD prevention research is clinically relevant given high AD-risk of minorities and that health disparities are propagated by their under-representation in research. Our questionnaire and these results may be applied to facilitate effective research engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Julbe-Delgado
- Jerri D. Edwards, University of South Florida, 3515 E. Fletcher Ave, MDT 200, Tampa, FL 33613, USA, Telephone: (813) 974-6703; Fax (813) 974-2882,
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Thompson LI, Jones RN. Depression screening in cognitively normal older adults: Measurement bias according to subjective memory decline, brain amyloid burden, cognitive function, and sex. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12107. [PMID: 33015310 PMCID: PMC7521597 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the associations among depression, subjective cognitive decline, and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) has important implications for both depression and dementia screening in older adults. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a depression screening tool for older adults that queries memory concerns. To determine whether depression symptoms on the GDS (15-item version), including self-reported memory problems, differ by levels of brain amyloid beta (Aβ), a pathological hallmark of early stage AD, we investigated potential measurement bias with regard to Aβ level. We also examined measurement bias attributable to level of cognitive functioning and sex as positive controls. METHODS We examined 3961 cognitively normal older adults from the A4/LEARN Study. We used the MIMIC (multiple indicators, multiple causes) approach to detect measurement bias. RESULTS We found measurement bias with small-to-moderate range effect sizes in several GDS-15 items with respect to Aβ level, cognitive functioning, and sex. There was negligible impact of measurement bias attributable to Aβ level on overall depressive symptom level. DISCUSSION GDS-15 item responses are sensitive to Aβ burden, cognitive functioning, and sex over and above what would be expected given the effect of those factors on depressive symptom severity overall. However, these direct effects for GDS item measurement bias are of small magnitude and do not appreciably impact the validity of inferences about depression based on the GDS-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa I Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Richard N Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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Cocroft S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Plassman BL, Chanti-Ketterl M, Edmonds H, Gwyther L, McCart M, MacDonald H, Potter G, Burke JR. Racially diverse participant registries to facilitate the recruitment of African Americans into presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease studies. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1107-1114. [PMID: 32543781 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Registry (ADPR) of the Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Duke University has been successful in achieving a racially diverse and "research ready" cohort of cognitively healthy volunteers. METHODS The ADPR is based on an infrastructure that includes: (1) an administrative leadership team; (2) a coordinating center; (3) an IT management team; (4) a community engagement team; and (5) collaborations with study partners across disciplines. RESULTS The ADPR currently has more than 4677 members, 26% of whom are African American. The ADPR has supported 21 studies including 8 biomarker studies, 7 clinical trials, 4 cognitive neuroscience studies, and 2 studies assessing novel computerized measures. DISCUSSION We describe our experiences establishing and maintaining a diverse ADPR as well as insights on recruitment strategies to increase the representation of African Americans in Alzheimer's disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelytia Cocroft
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marianne Chanti-Ketterl
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henry Edmonds
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Gwyther
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michelle McCart
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Heather MacDonald
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guy Potter
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James R Burke
- Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Bardach SH, Parsons K, Gibson A, Jicha GA. "From Victimhood to Warriors": Super-researchers' Insights Into Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trial Participation Motivations. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 60:693-703. [PMID: 31322657 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recruitment and retention of research participant serve as a significant challenge in the search for ways to slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease. While barriers to participation are well documented, less is known about motivations for Alzheimer's disease clinical research participation. The purpose of this study was to explore what motivates individuals-who ultimately develop an ongoing connection to research and frequently participate-to engage and stay involved in Alzheimer's disease research. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Individuals who had participated in multiple Alzheimer's disease-related clinical trials, or their study partners, were interviewed about their decisions to engage and remain in research. FINDINGS Interviews were completed with 33 individuals, 28 research participants, and 5 study partners. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. Respondents indicated learning about research opportunities through the media, community events, doctors, and other research participants. While many were initially motivated by a family history or knowing someone with Alzheimer's disease, others had no personal exposure. Individuals in prevention studies were generally proactive and viewed research as a constructive way to address memory concerns. While several individuals acknowledged personal benefits of research participation, most indicated an understanding of the importance of research and being motivated to help others in the future, frequently referencing a sense of social responsibility or moral obligation to help. Positive relationships with personnel at the site encouraged continued involvement. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that efforts to identify research participants should highlight the value of research and help illuminate how participation may contribute to well-being of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana H Bardach
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington.,College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kelly Parsons
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Allison Gibson
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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11
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Gilmore-Bykovskyi AL, Jin Y, Gleason C, Flowers-Benton S, Block LM, Dilworth-Anderson P, Barnes LL, Shah MN, Zuelsdorff M. Recruitment and retention of underrepresented populations in Alzheimer's disease research: A systematic review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:751-770. [PMID: 31921966 PMCID: PMC6944728 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged adults. Yet, these populations are significantly underrepresented in research. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature for published reports describing recruitment and retention of individuals from underrepresented backgrounds in ADRD research or underrepresented participants' perspectives regarding ADRD research participation. Relevant evidence was synthesized and evaluated for quality. RESULTS We identified 22 eligible studies. Seven studies focused on recruitment/retention approaches, all of which included multifaceted efforts and at least one community outreach component. There was considerable heterogeneity in approaches used, specific activities and strategies, outcome measurement, and conclusions regarding effectiveness. Despite limited use of prospective evaluation strategies, most authors reported improvements in diverse representation in ADRD cohorts. Studies evaluating participant views focused largely on predetermined explanations of participation including attitudes, barriers/facilitators, education, trust, and religiosity. Across all studies, the strength of evidence was low. DISCUSSION Overall, the quantity and quality of available evidence to inform best practices in recruitment, retention, and inclusion of underrepresented populations in ADRD research are low. Further efforts to systematically evaluate the success of existing and emergent approaches will require improved methodological standards and uniform measures for evaluating recruitment, participation, and inclusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Gilmore-Bykovskyi
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carey Gleason
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan Flowers-Benton
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura M. Block
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peggye Dilworth-Anderson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manish N. Shah
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Megan Zuelsdorff
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Knodt AR, Burke JR, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Plassman BL, Burns DK, Brannan SK, Kukulka M, Wu J, Hariri AR. Effects of pioglitazone on mnemonic hippocampal function: A blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging study in elderly adults. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:254-263. [PMID: 31304231 PMCID: PMC6603333 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, drugs that positively influence mitochondrial function are being evaluated in delay-of-onset clinical trials with at-risk individuals. Such ongoing clinical research can be advanced by developing a better understanding of how these drugs affect intermediate brain phenotypes associated with both AD risk and pathophysiology. Methods Using a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled design in 55 healthy elderly volunteers, we explored the effects of oral, low-dose pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione with promitochondrial effects, on hippocampal activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging during the encoding of novel face–name pairs. Results Compared with placebo, 0.6 mg of pioglitazone (but not 2.1 mg, 3.9 mg, or 6.0 mg) administered daily for 14 days was associated with significant increases in right hippocampal activation during encoding of novel face–name pairs at day 7 and day 14, relative to baseline. Discussion Our exploratory analyses suggest that low-dose pioglitazone has measurable effects on mnemonic brain function associated with AD risk and pathophysiology. Right hippocampal activity increased after 7 and 14 days of 0.6 mg of oral pioglitazone administration. Pioglitazone-associated hippocampal effects were not manifested at the level of memory performance. Nonspecific increases in distributed brain activity at higher pioglitazone doses (>0.6 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James R Burke
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Kukulka
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Jingtao Wu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Wong R, Amano T, Lin SY, Zhou Y, Morrow-Howell N. Strategies for the Recruitment and Retention of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Clinical Research. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:458-471. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321161901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:Racial/ethnic minorities have among the highest risks for Alzheimer disease and dementia, but remain underrepresented in clinical research studies.Objective:To synthesize the current evidence on strategies to recruit and retain racial/ethnic minorities in Alzheimer disease and dementia clinical research.Methods:We conducted a systematic review by searching CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus. We included studies that met four criteria: (1) included a racial/ethnic minority group (African American, Latino, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander); (2) implemented a recruitment or retention strategy for Alzheimer disease or dementia clinical research; (3) conducted within the U.S.; and (4) published in a peer-reviewed journal.Results:Of the 19 included studies, 14 (73.7%) implemented recruitment strategies and 5 (26.3%) implemented both recruitment and retention strategies. Fifteen studies (78.9%) focused on African Americans, two (10.6%) on both African Americans and Latinos, and two (10.5%) on Asians. All the articles were rated weak in the study quality. Four major themes were identified for the recruitment strategies: community outreach (94.7%), advertisement (57.9%), collaboration with health care providers (42.1%), and referral (21.1%). Three major themes were identified for the retention strategies: follow-up communication (15.8%), maintain community relationship (15.8%), and convenience (10.5%).Conclusion:Our findings highlight several promising recruitment and retention strategies that investigators should prioritize when allocating limited resources, however, additional well-designed studies are needed. By recruiting and retaining more racial/ethnic minorities in Alzheimer disease and dementia research, investigators may better understand the heterogeneity of disease progression among marginalized groups. PROSPERO registration #CRD42018081979.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Wong
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Takashi Amano
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shih-Yin Lin
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zhou
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nancy Morrow-Howell
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Langbaum JB, Karlawish J, Roberts JS, Wood EM, Bradbury A, High N, Walsh TL, Gordon D, Aggarwal R, Davis P, Stowell C, Trisko L, Langlois CM, Reiman EM, Tariot PN. GeneMatch: A novel recruitment registry using at-home APOE genotyping to enhance referrals to Alzheimer's prevention studies. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:515-524. [PMID: 30772251 PMCID: PMC6461487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recruitment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention research studies is challenging because of lack of awareness among cognitively healthy adults coupled with the high screen fail rate due to participants not having a genetic risk factor or biomarker evidence of the disease. Participant recruitment registries offer one solution for efficiently and effectively identifying, characterizing, and connecting potential eligible volunteers to studies. METHODS Individuals aged 55-75 years who live in the United States and self-report not having a diagnosis of cognitive impairment such as MCI or dementia are eligible to join GeneMatch. Participants enroll online and are provided a cheek swab kit for DNA extraction and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping. Participants are not told their APOE results, although the results may be used in part to help match participants to AD prevention studies. RESULTS As of August 2018, 75,351 participants had joined GeneMatch. Nearly 30% of participants have one APOE4 allele, and approximately 3% have two APOE4 alleles. The percentages of APOE4 heterozygotes and homozygotes are inversely associated with age (P < .001). DISCUSSION GeneMatch, the first trial-independent research enrollment program designed to recruit and refer cognitively healthy adults to AD prevention studies based in part on APOE test results, provides a novel mechanism to accelerate prescreening and enrollment for AD prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Karlawish
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Wood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Bradbury
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nellie High
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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15
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Miller JB, Cummings J, Nance C, Ritter A. Neuroscience learning from longitudinal cohort studies of Alzheimer's disease: Lessons for disease-modifying drug programs and an introduction to the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2018; 4:350-356. [PMID: 30175229 PMCID: PMC6118098 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease is an urgent public health emergency. Recent failures have highlighted the significant challenges faced by drug-development programs. Longitudinal cohort studies are ideal for promoting understanding of this multifactorial, slowly progressive disease. In this section of the special edition, we review several important lessons from longitudinal cohort studies which should be considered in disease-modifying therapy development. In the final section, we introduce the clinical cohort of the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience. This newly established longitudinal study aims to provide new insights into the neuroimaging and biological marker (biomarkers) correlates of cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Miller
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Christin Nance
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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16
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Whitson HE, Potter GG, Feld JA, Plassman BL, Reynolds K, Sloane R, Welsh-Bohmer KA. Dual-Task Gait and Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk in Cognitively Normal Adults: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:1137-1148. [PMID: 30010120 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-task paradigms, in which an individual performs tasks separately and then concurrently, often demonstrate that people with neurodegenerative disorders experience more dual-task interference, defined as worse performance in the dual-task condition compared to the single-task condition. OBJECTIVE To examine how gait-cognition dual-task performance differs between cognitively normal older adults with and without an APOE ɛ4 allele. METHODS Twenty-nine individuals ages 60 to 72 with normal cognition completed a dual-task protocol in which walking and cognitive tasks (executive function, memory) were performed separately and concurrently. Fourteen participants carried APOE ɛ4 alleles (ɛ3/ɛ4 or ɛ2/ɛ4); fifteen had APOE genotypes (ɛ2/ɛ2, ɛ2/ɛ3, or ɛ3/ɛ3) associated with lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RESULTS The two risk groups did not differ by age, sex, race, education, or gait or cognitive measures under single-task conditions. Compared to low risk participants, APOE ɛ4 carriers tended to exhibit greater dual-task interference. Both the memory and executive function tasks resulted in dual-task interference on gait, but effect sizes for a group difference were larger when the cognitive task was executive function. In the dual-task protocol that combined walking and the executive function task, effect sizes for group difference in gait interference were larger (0.62- 0.70) than for cognitive interference (0.45- 0.47). DISCUSSION Dual-task paradigms may reveal subtle changes in brain function in asymptomatic individuals at heightened risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Whitson
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Durham VA Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guy G Potter
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jody A Feld
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Reynolds
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Sloane
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Kennedy RE, Cutter GR, Wang G, Schneider LS. Challenging Assumptions About African American Participation in Alzheimer Disease Trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:1150-1159. [PMID: 28554539 PMCID: PMC5842064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors investigated potential effects of increased African American participation in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) clinical trials by examining differences in comorbid conditions and treatment outcome affecting trial design. METHODS Using a meta-database of 18 studies from the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, a cohort of 5,164 subjects were included for whom there were baseline demographic data and information on comorbid disorders, grouped by organ system. Meta-analysis was used to compare prevalence of comorbidities, dropouts, and rates of change on the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale by race. Clinical trial scenarios similar to recent therapeutic trials were simulated to determine effects of increased African American participation on statistical power. RESULTS Approximately 7% of AD, 4% of MCI, and 11% of normal participants were African American. African American subjects had higher prevalence of cardiovascular disorders (odds ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71-2.57) and higher rate of dropouts (odds ratio: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.15-2.21) compared with whites but lower rates of other disorders. There were no significant differences in rate of progression (-0.862 points/year; 95% CI: -1.89 to 0.162) by race and little effect on power in simulated trials with sample sizes similar to current AD trial designs. CONCLUSION Increasing African American participation in AD clinical trials will require adaptation of trial protocols to address comorbidities and dropouts. However, increased diversity is unlikely to negatively affect trial outcomes and should be encouraged to promote generalizability of trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Gerontology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Krysinska K, Sachdev PS, Breitner J, Kivipelto M, Kukull W, Brodaty H. Dementia registries around the globe and their applications: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1031-1047. [PMID: 28576507 PMCID: PMC6872163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patient registries are valuable tools helping to address significant challenges in research, care, and policy. Registries, well embedded in many fields of medicine and public health, are relatively new in dementia. This systematic review presents the current situation in regards to dementia registries worldwide. We identified 31 dementia registries operating on an international, national, or local level between 1986 and 2016. More than half of the registries aimed to conduct or facilitate research, including preclinical research registries and registries recruiting research volunteers. Other dementia registries collected epidemiological or quality of care data. We present evidence of practical and economic outcomes of registries for research, clinical practice and policy, and recommendations for future development. Global harmonization of recruitment methods and minimum data would facilitate international comparisons. Registries provide a positive return on investment; their establishment and maintenance require ongoing support by government, policy makers, research funding bodies, clinicians, and individuals with dementia and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Krysinska
- Faculty of Medicine, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Faculty of Medicine, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), NSW, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), NSW, Australia; NPI, Euroa Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Breitner
- McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Walter Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Faculty of Medicine, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), NSW, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), NSW, Australia; NPI, Euroa Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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19
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Grill JD. Recruiting to preclinical Alzheimer's disease clinical trials through registries. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:205-212. [PMID: 28439532 PMCID: PMC5399544 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Participant registries are repositories of individuals who have expressed willingness to learn about studies for which they may be eligible. Registries are increasingly being used to improve recruitment to preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials, which require large screening efforts to identify adequate numbers of participants who meet enrollment criteria. Recruiting to preclinical AD trials from registries is made more efficient through registry collection of data that permits exclusion of those who will not be eligible and identifies individuals most likely to qualify for trials. Such data could include self-reported disease family history or other risk factors but could also include cognitive, genetic, or biomarker testing outcomes. Few data are available to guide investigators overseeing registries and important ethical questions are likely to arise related to their conduct, especially in registries collecting AD risk information. This article outlines three areas of consideration for registry investigators: informed consent, disclosure, and sponsorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Grill
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
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20
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Grill JD, Holbrook A, Pierce A, Hoang D, Gillen DL. Attitudes toward Potential Participant Registries. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:939-946. [PMID: 28106553 PMCID: PMC5533604 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Difficult participant recruitment is a consistent barrier to successful medical research. Potential participant registries represent an increasingly common intervention to overcome this barrier. A variety of models for registries exist, but few data are available to instruct their design and implementation. To provide such data, we surveyed 110 cognitively normal research participants enrolled in a longitudinal study of aging and dementia. Seventy-four (67%) individuals participated in the study. Most (78%, CI: 0.67, 0.87) participants were likely to enroll in a registry. Willingness to participate was reduced for registries that required enrollment through the Internet using a password (26%, CI: 0.16, 0.36) or through email (38%, CI: 0.27, 0.49). Respondents acknowledged their expectations that researchers share information about their health and risk for disease and their concerns that their data could be shared with for-profit companies. We found no difference in respondent preferences for registries that shared contact information with researchers, compared to honest broker models that take extra precautions to protect registrant confidentiality (28% versus 30%; p = 0.46). Compared to those preferring a shared information model, respondents who preferred the honest broker model or who lacked model preference voiced increased concerns about sharing registrant data, especially with for-profit organizations. These results suggest that the design of potential participant registries may impact the population enrolled, and hence the population that will eventually be enrolled in clinical studies. Investigators operating registries may need to offer particular assurances about data security to maximize registry enrollment but also must carefully manage participant expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Grill
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Holbrook
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aimee Pierce
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dan Hoang
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L. Gillen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Zhou Y, Elashoff D, Kremen S, Teng E, Karlawish J, Grill JD. African Americans are less likely to enroll in preclinical Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 3:57-64. [PMID: 29067319 PMCID: PMC5651355 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) incidence is disproportionately high in African Americans, yet, recruitment of this community to AD clinical trials is challenging. Methods We compared 47 African Americans and 78 whites in their willingness to enroll in a hypothetical preclinical AD trial and examined barriers and facilitators in their decision making. Results African American race (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22–0.93) and score on the research attitude questionnaire (OR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04–1.22) were independently associated with willingness to participate. African Americans rated study risks, the requirement of a study partner, study procedures, the ratio of drug to placebo, and study location as more important factors in the decision whether to enroll than did whites. Discussion These results suggest that researchers will encounter challenges in recruiting African Americans to preclinical AD trials. Future research will be necessary to understand the optimal means to improve recruitment of underrepresented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- American Board of Anesthesiology, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Kremen
- Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Karlawish
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Penn Neurodegenerative Disease Ethics and Policy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Grill
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Ott BR, Pelosi MA, Tremont G, Snyder PJ. A Survey of Knowledge and Views Concerning Genetic and Amyloid PET Status Disclosure. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2016; 2:23-29. [PMID: 27019867 PMCID: PMC4804344 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This survey characterizes viewpoints of cognitively intact at-risk participants in an Alzheimer Prevention Registry if given the opportunity to learn their genetic and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) status. Methods A total of 207 participants were offered a 25-item survey. They were asked if they wished to know their apolipoprotein E (APOE) and amyloid PET status and if so, reasons for wanting to know, or not, and the effects of such information on life plans. Results One hundred sixty-four (79.2%) of the registrants completed the survey. Among those who were unaware of their APOE or amyloid PET results, 80% desired to know this information. The most common reasons for wanting disclosure were to participate in research, arrange personal affairs, prepare family for illness, and move life plans closer into the future. When asked if disclosure would help with making plans to end one's life when starting to lose their memory, 12.7% versus 11.5% responded yes for APOE and amyloid PET disclosures, respectively. Disclosure of these test results, if required for participation in a clinical trial, would make 15% of the people less likely to participate. Likelihood of participation in prevention research and the desire to know test results were not related to scores on brief tests of knowledge about the tests. Discussion These results suggest that stakeholders in AD prevention research generally wish to know biological test information about their risk for developing AD to assist in making life plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ott
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Nzeurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI
| | - M A Pelosi
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Nzeurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI
| | - G Tremont
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI
| | - P J Snyder
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Nzeurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI
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