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Transcriptomic Studies of Antidepressant Action in Rodent Models of Depression: A First Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113543. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants (ADs) are, for now, the best everyday treatment we have for moderate to severe major depressive episodes (MDEs). ADs are among the most prescribed drugs in the Western Hemisphere; however, the trial-and-error prescription strategy and side-effects leave a lot to be desired. More than 60% of patients suffering from major depression fail to respond to the first AD they are prescribed. For those who respond, full response is only observed after several weeks of treatment. In addition, there are no biomarkers that could help with therapeutic decisions; meanwhile, this is already true in cancer and other fields of medicine. For years, many investigators have been working to decipher the underlying mechanisms of AD response. Here, we provide the first systematic review of animal models. We thoroughly searched all the studies involving rodents, profiling transcriptomic alterations consecutive to AD treatment in naïve animals or in animals subjected to stress-induced models of depression. We have been confronted by an important heterogeneity regarding the drugs and the experimental settings. Thus, we perform a meta-analysis of the AD signature of fluoxetine (FLX) in the hippocampus, the most studied target. Among genes and pathways consistently modulated across species, we identify both old players of AD action and novel transcriptional biomarker candidates that warrant further investigation. We discuss the most prominent transcripts (immediate early genes and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity pathways). We also stress the need for systematic studies of AD action in animal models that span across sex, peripheral and central tissues, and pharmacological classes.
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Jennum P, Baandrup L, Tønnesen P, Ibsen R, Kjellberg J. Mortality and use of psychotropic medication in sleep apnoea patients: a population-wide register-based study. Sleep Med 2017; 43:19-24. [PMID: 29482806 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate all-cause mortality in relation to the use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotics in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients and matched controls. METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of OSA and no pre-index use of psychotropic medication (n = 38,735) were compared with control subjects (n = 75,941) matched by age, gender, marital status and community location. National register data were used to obtain information on diagnoses (the Danish National Patient Registry), mortality (the Central Person Register) and psychotropic medication use (the Danish Register on Medicinal Product Statistics). RESULTS All-cause mortality was higher in patients with OSA than in control subjects. Mortality hazard ratios were higher for OSA patients and controls who were prescribed serotonergic antidepressant drugs (HR = 1.808, SD = 0.015, p = 0.001 in OSA patients; HR = 2.607, SD = 0.158, p < 0.001 in controls), tricyclic antidepressants (HR = 1.846, SD = 0.166, p < 0.001; HR = 2.087, SD = 0.172, p < 0.001), benzodiazepines (HR = 2.590, SD = 0.040, p < 0.001); (HR = 3.705, SD = 0.085, p < 0.001), benzodiazepine-like drugs (HR = 1.980, SD = 0.087, p < 0.001; HR = 2.227, SD = 0.083, p < 0.001), first-generation antipsychotics (HR = 2.894, SD = 0.268, p < 0.001; HR = 1.210, SD = 0.509, NS), and second-generation antipsychotics (HR = 2.069, SD = 0.182, p < 0.001; HR = 1.355, SD = 0.171, NS), compared with those who did not receive the drugs. Interaction analysis suggested that similar or slightly lower mortality was associated with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines and second-generation antipsychotics in OSA compared with controls when comorbidities were taken into consideration. CONCLUSION All-cause mortality was higher in OSA patients and especially controls treated with benzodiazepines, antidepressants or antipsychotics than in untreated controls. The findings were not controlled for psychiatric comorbidity and the results may have partly been attributable to confounding by indication. The results raised the possibility that the use of psychotropic medication may have deleterious health consequences, but the risk did not seem to be higher in OSA than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poul Jennum
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Neurophysiology Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lone Baandrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research & Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Philip Tønnesen
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Neurophysiology Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Kjellberg
- The Danish Centre of Applied Social Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Leboffe L, Fiocchetti M, Nuzzo MT, Brunori M, Marino M. Neuroglobin: From structure to function in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 52:1-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lauterbach EC. Six psychotropics for pre-symptomatic & early Alzheimer's (MCI), Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease modification. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1712-1726. [PMID: 28123400 PMCID: PMC5204212 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for neuroprotective drugs to slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), has been largely unrewarding. Preclinical evidence suggests that repurposing quetiapine, lithium, valproate, fluoxetine, donepezil, and memantine for early and pre-symptomatic disease-modification in NDDs may be promising and can spare regulatory barriers. The literature of these psychotropics in early stage and pre-symptomatic AD, PD, and HD is reviewed and propitious findings follow. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase of AD: salutary human randomized controlled trial findings for low-dose lithium and, in selected patients, donepezil await replication. Pre-symptomatic AD: human epidemiological data indicate that lithium reduces AD risk. Animal model studies (AMS) reveal encouraging results for quetiapine, lithium, donepezil, and memantine. Early PD: valproate AMS findings show promise. Pre-symptomatic PD: lithium and valproate AMS findings are encouraging. Early HD: uncontrolled clinical data indicate non-progression with lithium, fluoxetine, donepezil, and memantine. Pre-symptomatic HD: lithium and valproate are auspicious in AMS. Many other promising findings awaiting replication (valproate in MCI; lithium, valproate, fluoxetine in pre-symptomatic AD; lithium in early PD; lithium, valproate, fluoxetine in pre-symptomatic PD; donepezil in early HD; lithium, fluoxetine, memantine in pre-symptomatic HD) are reviewed. Dose- and stage-dependent effects are considered. Suggestions for signal-enhancement in human trials are provided for each NDD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Neurology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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Chiam JTW, Lunnon K, Voyle N, Proitsi P, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Nelson S, Johnston C, Soininen H, Kłoszewska I, Mecocci P, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Hodges A, Lovestone S, Newhouse S, Dobson RJB, Kiddle SJ, Sattlecker M. No Evidence to Suggest that the Use of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Confounds the Results of Two Blood-Based Biomarker Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:741-50. [PMID: 26401708 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to discover Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers that are both easily measured and reliable. Research into blood-based biomarkers for AD using transcriptomics and proteomics has been an attractive and promising area of research. However, to date researchers have not looked into the possibility of AD medication being a confounding factor in these studies. OBJECTIVE This study explored whether acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), the main class of AD medication, are a confounding factor in AD blood biomarker studies. METHODS The most promising blood transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers from two recent studies were analyzed to determine if they were differentially expressed between AD subjects on AChEIs and subjects that were not. RESULTS None of the gene or protein biomarkers analyzed were found to be significantly altered between subjects in either group. CONCLUSION This study found no evidence that AChEIs are a confounding factor in these published AD blood biomarker studies. Further work is needed to confirm that this is also the case for other proposed biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Tao Wen Chiam
- Guy's, King's and St Thomas School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Nicola Voyle
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, Programme in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Programme in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Johnston
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, "G. Papanicolaou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bruno Vellas
- INSERM U 558, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Angela Hodges
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Newhouse
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
| | - Richard James Butler Dobson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
| | - Steven John Kiddle
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Sattlecker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research, London, UK
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Khalsa DS. Stress, Meditation, and Alzheimer's Disease Prevention: Where The Evidence Stands. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:1-12. [PMID: 26445019 PMCID: PMC4923750 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although meditation is believed to be over five thousand years old, scientific research on it is in its infancy. Mitigating the extensive negative biochemical effects of stress is a superficially discussed target of Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention, yet may be critically important. This paper reviews lifestyle and stress as possible factors contributing to AD and meditation's effects on cognition and well-being for reduction of neurodegeneration and prevention of AD. This review highlights Kirtan Kriya (KK), an easy, cost effective meditation technique requiring only 12 minutes a day, which has been successfully employed to improve memory in studies of people with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and highly stressed caregivers, all of whom are at increased risk for subsequent development of AD. KK has also been shown to improve sleep, decrease depression, reduce anxiety, down regulate inflammatory genes, upregulate immune system genes, improve insulin and glucose regulatory genes, and increase telomerase by 43%; the largest ever recorded. KK also improves psycho-spiritual well-being or spiritual fitness, important for maintenance of cognitive function and prevention of AD. KK is easy to learn and practice by aging individuals. It is the premise of this review that meditation in general, and KK specifically, along with other modalities such as dietary modification, physical exercise, mental stimulation, and socialization, may be beneficial as part of an AD prevention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Singh Khalsa
- Alzheimer’s Research and Prevention Foundation, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Internal/Integrative Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Adaptors for disorders of the brain? The cancer signaling proteins NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B in Alzheimer's disease. Oncoscience 2014; 1:486-503. [PMID: 25594051 PMCID: PMC4278314 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No treatment strategies effectively limit the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. The absence of viable treatment options reflects the fact that the pathophysiology and genotypic causes of the disease are not well understood. The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has made it possible to broadly investigate genotypic alterations driving phenotypic occurrences. Recent studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two paralogous scaffolding proteins, NEDD9 and CASS4, and the kinase PTK2B, with susceptibility to late-onset AD (LOAD). Intriguingly, NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B have been much studied as interacting partners regulating oncogenesis and metastasis, and all three are known to be active in the brain during development and in cancer. However, to date, the majority of studies of these proteins have emphasized their roles in the directly cancer relevant processes of migration and survival signaling. We here discuss evidence for roles of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in additional processes, including hypoxia, vascular changes, inflammation, microtubule stabilization and calcium signaling, as potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of LOAD. Reciprocally, these functions can better inform our understanding of the action of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in cancer.
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Lauterbach EC. Neuroprotective effects of psychotropic drugs in Huntington's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22558-603. [PMID: 24248060 PMCID: PMC3856079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropics (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, anxiolytics, etc.) are commonly prescribed to treat Huntington’s disease (HD). In HD preclinical models, while no psychotropic has convincingly affected huntingtin gene, HD modifying gene, or huntingtin protein expression, psychotropic neuroprotective effects include upregulated huntingtin autophagy (lithium), histone acetylation (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine), miR-222 (lithium-plus-valproate), mitochondrial protection (haloperidol, trifluoperazine, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine, melatonin), neurogenesis (lithium, valproate, fluoxetine, sertraline), and BDNF (lithium, valproate, sertraline) and downregulated AP-1 DNA binding (lithium), p53 (lithium), huntingtin aggregation (antipsychotics, lithium), and apoptosis (trifluoperazine, loxapine, lithium, desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline, cyproheptadine, melatonin). In HD live mouse models, delayed disease onset (nortriptyline, melatonin), striatal preservation (haloperidol, tetrabenazine, lithium, sertraline), memory preservation (imipramine, trazodone, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine), motor improvement (tetrabenazine, lithium, valproate, imipramine, nortriptyline, trazodone, sertraline, venlafaxine), and extended survival (lithium, valproate, sertraline, melatonin) have been documented. Upregulated CREB binding protein (CBP; valproate, dextromethorphan) and downregulated histone deacetylase (HDAC; valproate) await demonstration in HD models. Most preclinical findings await replication and their limitations are reviewed. The most promising findings involve replicated striatal neuroprotection and phenotypic disease modification in transgenic mice for tetrabenazine and for sertraline. Clinical data consist of an uncontrolled lithium case series (n = 3) suggesting non-progression and a primarily negative double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lamotrigine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 655 First Street, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
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Microtubule-associated proteins in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without psychiatric comorbidities and their relation with granular cell layer dispersion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:960126. [PMID: 24069608 PMCID: PMC3771259 DOI: 10.1155/2013/960126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Despite strong association between epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities, biological substrates are unknown. We have previously reported decreased mossy fiber sprouting in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with psychosis and increased in those with major depression. Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are essentially involved in dendritic and synaptic sprouting. Methods. MTLE hippocampi of subjects without psychiatric history, MTLE + major depression, and MTLE + interictal psychosis derived from epilepsy surgery and control necropsies were investigated for neuronal density, granular layer dispersion, and MAP2 and tau immunohistochemistry. Results. Altered MAP2 and tau expression in MTLE and decreased tau expression in MTLE with psychosis were found. Granular layer dispersion correlated inversely with verbal memory scores, and with MAP2 and tau expression in the entorhinal cortex. Patients taking fluoxetine showed increased neuronal density in the granular layer and those taking haloperidol decreased neuronal density in CA3 and subiculum. Conclusions. Our results indicate relations between MAPs, granular layer dispersion, and memory that have not been previously investigated. Differential MAPs expression in human MTLE hippocampi with and without psychiatric comorbidities suggests that psychopathological states in MTLE rely on differential morphological and possibly neurochemical backgrounds. This clinical study was approved by our institution's Research Ethics Board (HC-FMRP no. 1270/2008) and is registered under the Brazilian National System of Information on Ethics in Human Research (SISNEP) no. 0423.0.004.000-07.
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Lauterbach EC. Use of psychotropic medication in Alzheimer's disease is associated with more rapid cognitive and functional decline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:e50. [DOI: 10.1136/eb-2013-101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lauterbach EC. Psychotropics regulate Skp1a, Aldh1a1, and Hspa8 transcription--potential to delay Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:236-9. [PMID: 23046827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the genes p19 S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A (SKP1), huntingtin interacting protein-2 (UBE2K), aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 subfamily A1 (ALDH1A1), 19 S proteasomal protein PSMC4, and heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 (HSPA8) have been found to predict the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). These findings prompted a review of the effects of commonly prescribed psychiatric medicines, drugs that are used in treating PD, on the expression of these genes. Findings in the published medical literature were reviewed and gene expression data in the Gene Expression Omnibus Profiles database were analyzed. The results indicate that fluoxetine upregulated the risk-attenuating genes Skp1a and Aldh1a1 and olanzapine downregulated risk-enhancing Hspa8 while also downregulating Aldh1a1. Less conclusive evidence suggested that fluoxetine might also downregulate Hspa8 and clozapine might downregulate risk-enhancing Ube2k, but that olanzapine might upregulate Ube2k. Together, the present findings suggest that these psychotropics may delay PD onset (fluoxetine, olanzapine, and perhaps clozapine) and progression (fluoxetine, clozapine, and perhaps olanzapine). These gene expression findings should be replicated by RT-PCR studies in humans and, if confirmed, these drugs should then be studied in animal models and PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurology Section, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
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