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Claes M, Moons L. Retinal Ganglion Cells: Global Number, Density and Vulnerability to Glaucomatous Injury in Common Laboratory Mice. Cells 2022; 11:2689. [PMID: 36078097 PMCID: PMC9454702 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How many RBPMS+ retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) does a standard C57BL/6 laboratory mouse have on average and is this number substrain- or sex-dependent? Do RGCs of (European) C57BL/6J and -N mice show a different intrinsic vulnerability upon glaucomatous injury? Global RGC numbers and densities of common laboratory mice were previously determined via axon counts, retrograde tracing or BRN3A immunohistochemistry. Here, we report the global RGC number and density by exploiting the freely available tool RGCode to automatically count RGC numbers and densities on entire retinal wholemounts immunostained for the pan-RGC marker RBPMS. The intrinsic vulnerability of RGCs from different substrains to glaucomatous injury was evaluated upon introduction of the microbead occlusion model, followed by RBPMS counts, retrograde tracing and electroretinography five weeks post-injury. We demonstrate that the global RGC number and density varies between substrains, yet is not sex-dependent. C57BL/6J mice have on average 46K ± 2K RBPMS+ RGCs per retina, representing a global RGC density of 3268 ± 177 RGCs/mm2. C57BL/6N mice, on the other hand, have on average less RBPMS+ RGCs (41K ± 3K RGCs) and a lower density (3018 ± 189 RGCs/mm2). The vulnerability of the RGC population of the two C57BL/6 substrains to glaucomatous injury did, however, not differ in any of the interrogated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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3
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In vivo MRI evaluation of early postnatal development in normal and impaired rat eyes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15513. [PMID: 34330952 PMCID: PMC8324881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study employed in vivo 7-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the postnatal ocular growth patterns under normal development or neonatal impairments in Sprague-Dawley rats. Using T2-weighted imaging on healthy rats from postnatal day (P) 1 (newborn) to P60 (adult), the volumes of the anterior chamber and posterior chamber (ACPC), lens, and vitreous humor increased logistically with ACPC expanding by 33-fold and the others by fivefold. Intravitreal potassium dichromate injection at P1, P7, and P14 led to T1-weighted signal enhancement in the developing retina by 188-289%. Upon unilateral hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy at P7, monocular deprivation at P15, and monocular enucleation at P1, T2-weighted imaging of the adult rats showed decreased ocular volumes to different extents. In summary, in vivo high-field MRI allows for non-invasive evaluation of early postnatal development in the normal and impaired rat eyes. Chromium-enhanced MRI appeared effective in examining the developing retina before natural eyelid opening at P14 with relevance to lipid metabolism. The reduced ocular volumes upon neonatal visual impairments provided evidence to the emerging problems of why some impaired visual outcomes cannot be solely predicted by neurological assessments and suggested the need to look into both the eye and the brain under such conditions.
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4
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Astrocyte Networks as Therapeutic Targets in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061368. [PMID: 34199470 PMCID: PMC8228804 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are intimately involved in the response to neurodegenerative stress and have become an attractive target for the development of neuroprotective therapies. However, studies often focus on astrocytes as single-cell units. Astrocytes are densely interconnected by gap junctions that are composed primarily of the protein connexin-43 (Cx43) and can function as a broader network of cells. Such networks contribute to a number of important processes, including metabolite distribution and extracellular ionic buffering, and are likely to play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. This review will focus on the pro-degenerative and pro-survival influence of astrocyte Cx43 in disease progression, with a focus on the roles of gap junctions and hemichannels in the spread of degenerative stress. Finally, we will highlight the specific evidence for targeting these networks in the treatment of glaucomatous neurodegeneration and other optic neuropathies.
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5
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Cooper ML, Pasini S, Lambert WS, D'Alessandro KB, Yao V, Risner ML, Calkins DJ. Redistribution of metabolic resources through astrocyte networks mitigates neurodegenerative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18810-18821. [PMID: 32690710 PMCID: PMC7414143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009425117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, glycogen-derived bioenergetic resources in astrocytes help promote tissue survival in response to focal neuronal stress. However, our understanding of the extent to which these resources are mobilized and utilized during neurodegeneration, especially in nearby regions that are not actively degenerating, remains incomplete. Here we modeled neurodegeneration in glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness, and measured how metabolites mobilize through astrocyte gap junctions composed of connexin 43 (Cx43). We elevated intraocular pressure in one eye and determined how astrocyte-derived metabolites in the contralateral optic projection responded. Remarkably, astrocyte networks expand and redistribute metabolites along distances even 10 mm in length, donating resources from the unstressed to the stressed projection in response to intraocular pressure elevation. While resource donation improves axon function and visual acuity in the directly stressed region, it renders the donating tissue susceptible to bioenergetic, structural, and physiological degradation. Intriguingly, when both projections are stressed in a WT animal, axon function and visual acuity equilibrate between the two projections even when each projection is stressed for a different length of time. This equilibration does not occur when Cx43 is not present. Thus, Cx43-mediated astrocyte metabolic networks serve as an endogenous mechanism used to mitigate bioenergetic stress and distribute the impact of neurodegenerative disease processes. Redistribution ultimately renders the donating optic nerve vulnerable to further metabolic stress, which could explain why local neurodegeneration does not remain confined, but eventually impacts healthy regions of the brain more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Silvia Pasini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Wendi S Lambert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Karis B D'Alessandro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Vincent Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Michael L Risner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
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6
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Guo R. Minocycline Protects Against the Degeneration of Retinal Neurons in Mice. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 000:1-12. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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7
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Boia R, Salinas-Navarro M, Gallego-Ortega A, Galindo-Romero C, Aires ID, Agudo-Barriuso M, Ambrósio AF, Vidal-Sanz M, Santiago AR. Activation of adenosine A 3 receptor protects retinal ganglion cells from degeneration induced by ocular hypertension. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:401. [PMID: 32461578 PMCID: PMC7253479 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive chronic retinal degenerative disease and a leading cause of global irreversible blindness. This disease is characterized by optic nerve damage and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The current treatments available target the lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP), the main risk factor for disease onset and development. However, in some patients, vision loss progresses despite successful IOP control, indicating that new and effective treatments are needed, such as those targeting the neuroprotection of RGCs. Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) activation confers protection to RGCs following an excitotoxic stimulus. In this work, we investigated whether the activation of A3R could also afford protection to RGCs in the laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) model, a well-characterized animal model of glaucoma. The intravitreal injection of 2-Cl-IB-MECA, a selective A3R agonist, abolished the alterations induced by OHT in the negative and positive components of scotopic threshold response (STR) without changing a- and b-wave amplitudes both in scotopic and photopic conditions. Moreover, the treatment of OHT eyes with the A3R agonist promoted the survival of RGCs, attenuated the impairment in retrograde axonal transport, and improved the structure of the optic nerve. Taking into consideration the beneficial effects afforded by 2-Cl-IB-MECA, we can envisage that A3R activation can be considered a good therapeutic strategy to protect RGCs from glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Boia
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Inês D Aires
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal. .,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal.
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8
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Neuronal Death in the Contralateral Un-Injured Retina after Unilateral Axotomy: Role of Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225733. [PMID: 31731684 PMCID: PMC6888632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For years it has been known that unilateral optic nerve lesions induce a bilateral response that causes an inflammatory and microglial response in the contralateral un-injured retinas. Whether this contralateral response involves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is still unknown. We have analyzed the population of RGCs and the expression of several genes in both retinas of pigmented mice after a unilateral axotomy performed close to the optic nerve head (0.5 mm), or the furthest away that the optic nerve can be accessed intraorbitally in mice (2 mm). In both retinas, RGC-specific genes were down-regulated, whereas caspase 3 was up-regulated. In the contralateral retinas, there was a significant loss of 15% of RGCs that did not progress further and that occurred earlier when the axotomy was performed at 2 mm, that is, closer to the contralateral retina. Finally, the systemic treatment with minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic that selectively inhibits microglial cells, or with meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued RGCs in the contralateral but not in the injured retina. In conclusion, a unilateral optic nerve axotomy triggers a bilateral response that kills RGCs in the un-injured retina, a death that is controlled by anti-inflammatory and anti-microglial treatments. Thus, contralateral retinas should not be used as controls.
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9
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Mesentier-Louro LA, Rosso P, Carito V, Mendez-Otero R, Santiago MF, Rama P, Lambiase A, Tirassa P. Nerve Growth Factor Role on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regrowth: Effects of Ocular Administration in Experimental Model of Optic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:1056-1069. [PMID: 29869196 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration occurs within 2 weeks following optic nerve crush (ONC) as a consequence of reduced retro-transport of growth factors including nerve growth factor (NGF). The hypothesis that intravitreal (ivt) and eye drop (ed) administration of recombinant human NGF (rhNGF) might counteract ONC in adult rats is explored in this study. We found that both ivt- and ed-rhNGF reduced RGC loss and stimulated axonal regrowth. Chiefly, survival and regenerative effects of rhNGF were associated with a reduction of cells co-expressing Nogo-A/p75NTR at crush site borders, which contribute to glia scar formation following nerve injury, and induce further degeneration. We also found that ocular application of rhNGF reduced p75NTR and proNGF and enhanced phosphorylation of TrkA and its intracellular signals at retina level. Nogo-R and Rock2 expression was also normalized by ed-rhNGF treatment in both ONC and contralateral retina. Our findings that ocular applied NGF reaches and exerts biological actions on posterior segment of the eye give a further insight into the neurotrophin diffusion/transport through eye structures and/or their trafficking in optic nerve. In addition, the use of a highly purified NGF form in injury condition in which proNGF/p75NTR binding is favored indicates that increased availability of mature NGF restores the balance between TrkA and p75NGF, thus resulting in RGC survival and axonal growth. In conclusion, ocular applied NGF is confirmed as a good experimental paradigm to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration, disclose biomarkers, and time windows for efficacy treatment following cell or nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Mesentier-Louro
- Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Carito
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paolo Rama
- Eye Repair Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via di Fosso di Fiorano, 64 (00143), Rome, Italy.
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10
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Metabolic Alterations Within the Primary Visual Cortex in Early Open-angle Glaucoma Patients. J Glaucoma 2018; 27:1046-1051. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Huang XR, Kong W, Qiao J. Response of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectance and Thickness to Optic Nerve Crush. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:2094-2103. [PMID: 29677373 PMCID: PMC5912800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effects of acute optic nerve damage on the reflectance of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to compare the time courses of changes of RNFL reflectance and thickness. Methods A rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC) was compared with previously studied normal retinas. The reflectance and thickness of the RNFL were studied at 1 to 5 weeks after ONC. Reflectance spectra from 400 to 830 nm were measured for eyes with ONC, their contralateral untreated eyes, and eyes with sham surgery. Directional reflectance was studied by varying the angle of light incidence. RNFL thickness was measured by confocal microscopy. Results After ONC, the RNFL reflectance remained directional. At 1 week, RNFL reflectance decreased significantly at all wavelengths (P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant change in RNFL thickness (P = 0.739). At 2 weeks, both RNFL reflectance and thickness decreased significantly, and by 5 weeks they declined to approximately 40% and 30%, respectively, of the normal values. Although RNFL reflectance decreased at all wavelengths, there was a greater reduction at short wavelengths. Spectral shape at long wavelengths was similar to the normal. Some of these changes were also found in the contralateral untreated eyes, but none of these changes were found in eyes with sham surgery. Conclusions Decrease of RNFL reflectance after ONC occurs prior to thinning of the RNFL and the decrease is more prominent at short wavelengths. Direct measurement of RNFL reflectance, especially at short wavelengths, may provide early detection of axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wei Kong
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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12
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Wanger T, Wetzel W, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. Spatial patterns of neuronal activity in rat cerebral cortex during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:3469-84. [PMID: 25113606 PMCID: PMC4575691 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that cortical activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) is spatially homogeneous on the mesoscopic scale. This is partly due to the limited observational scope of common metabolic or imaging methods in sleep. We used the recently developed technique of thallium-autometallography (TlAMG) to visualize mesoscopic patterns of activity in the sleeping cortex with single-cell resolution. We intravenously injected rats with the lipophilic chelate complex thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC) during spontaneously occurring periods of NREMS and mapped the patterns of neuronal uptake of the potassium (K+) probe thallium (Tl+). Using this method, we show that cortical activity patterns are not spatially homogeneous during discrete 5-min episodes of NREMS in unrestrained rats-rather, they are complex and spatially diverse. Along with a relative predominance of infragranular layer activation, we find pronounced differences in metabolic activity of neighboring neuronal assemblies, an observation which lends support to the emerging paradigm that sleep is a distributed process with regulation on the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wanger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Wetzel
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Emeritus Group Lifelong Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Ho LC, Wang B, Conner IP, van der Merwe Y, Bilonick RA, Kim SG, Wu EX, Sigal IA, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde Transport in Visual System After Excitotoxic Retinal Injury With Multimodal MRI and OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3788-800. [PMID: 26066747 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Excitotoxicity has been linked to the pathogenesis of ocular diseases and injuries and may involve early degeneration of both anterior and posterior visual pathways. However, their spatiotemporal relationships remain unclear. We hypothesized that the effects of excitotoxic retinal injury (ERI) on the visual system can be revealed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imagining (DTI), manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imagining (MRI), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Diffusion tensor MRI was performed at 9.4 Tesla to monitor white matter integrity changes after unilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced ERI in six Sprague-Dawley rats and six C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, four rats and four mice were intravitreally injected with saline to compare with NMDA-injected animals. Optical coherence tomography of the retina and manganese-enhanced MRI of anterograde transport were evaluated and correlated with DTI parameters. RESULTS In the rat optic nerve, the largest axial diffusivity decrease and radial diffusivity increase occurred within the first 3 and 7 days post ERI, respectively, suggestive of early axonal degeneration and delayed demyelination. The optic tract showed smaller directional diffusivity changes and weaker DTI correlations with retinal thickness compared with optic nerve, indicative of anterograde degeneration. The splenium of corpus callosum was also reorganized at 4 weeks post ERI. The DTI profiles appeared comparable between rat and mouse models. Furthermore, the NMDA-injured visual pathway showed reduced anterograde manganese transport, which correlated with diffusivity changes along but not perpendicular to optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor MRI, manganese-enhanced MRI, and OCT provided an in vivo model system for characterizing the spatiotemporal changes in white matter integrity, the eye-brain relationships and structural-physiological relationships in the visual system after ERI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon C Ho
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva
| | - Bo Wang
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University
| | - Ian P Conner
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University
| | - Yolandi van der Merwe
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 6McGowan Institute for Regenerative
| | - Ed X Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian A Sigal
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 5Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pi
| | - Joel S Schuman
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University
| | - Kevin C Chan
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva
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15
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Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Rojas B, Gallego BI, Salobrar-García E, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Triviño A, Ramirez JM. Macro- and microglial responses in the fellow eyes contralateral to glaucomatous eyes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:155-72. [PMID: 26497789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most studies employing experimental models of unilateral glaucoma have used the normotensive contralateral eye as the normal control. However, some studies have recently reported the activation of the retinal macroglia and microglia in the uninjured eye, suggesting that the eye contralateral to experimental glaucoma should not be used as a control. This review analyzes the studies describing the contralateral findings and discusses some of the routes through which the signals can reach the contralateral eye to initiate the glial reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz I Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Laboratorio de Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Departamento de Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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16
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Reilly MA, Villarreal A, Maddess T, Sponsel WE. Refined Frequency Doubling Perimetry Analysis Reaffirms Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 26069866 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Refined analysis of frequency doubling perimetric data was performed to assess binocular visual field conservation in patients with comparable degrees of bilateral glaucomatous damage, to determine whether unilateral visual field loss is random, anatomically symmetric, or non-random in relation to the fellow eye. METHODS Case control study of 41 consecutive patients with bilaterally mild to severe glaucoma; each right eye visual field locus was paired with randomly-selected co-isopteric left eye loci, performing 690,000 (10,000 complete sets of 69 loci) such iterations per subject. The potential role of anatomic symmetry in bilateral visual field conservation was also assessed by pairing mirror-image loci of the right- and left-eye fields. The mean values of the random co-isopteric and the symmetric mirror pairings were compared with natural point-for-point pairings of the two eyes by paired t-test. RESULTS Mean unilateral Matrix threshold across the entire 30-degree visual field were 17.0 dB left and 18.4 dB right (average 17.7). The better of the naturally paired concomitant loci yielded binocular equivalent mean bilateral Matrix threshold of 20.9 dB, 1.6 dB higher than the population mean of the 690,000 coisopteric pairings (t = -10.4; P < 10-12). Thus, a remarkable natural tendency for conservation of the binocular Matrix visual field was confirmed, far stronger than explicable by random chance. Symmetric pairings of precise mirror-image loci also produced values higher than random co-isopteric pairings (Δ 1.1 dB; t = -4.0; P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Refined data analysis of paired Matrix visual fields confirms the existence of a natural optimization of binocular visual function in severe bilateral glaucoma via interlocking fields that could only be created by CNS involvement. The disparity of paired Matrix threshold values at mirror-image loci was also highly nonrandom and quantitatively inverse from the expected if anatomic symmetry factors were merely passively contributing systematically to the compensatory binocular Matrix effect. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The paired eyes and brain are reaffirmed to function as a unified system in the progressive age-related neurodegenerative condition chronic open angle glaucoma, maximizing the binocular visual field. Given the extensive homology of this disorder with other age-related neurodegenerations, it is reasonable to assume that the brain will similarly resist simultaneous bilateral loss of paired functional zones in both hemispheres in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Glaucomatous eyes at all stages of the disease appear to provide a highly accessible paired-organ study model for developing therapeutics to optimize conservation of function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William Eric Sponsel
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Canberra, Australia ; Baptist Medical Center WESMDPA Glaucoma Service, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Rosenberg School of Optometry UIW, San Antonio, TX, USA
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17
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Tang AD, Makowiecki K, Bartlett C, Rodger J. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not induce cell survival or regeneration in a mouse optic nerve crush model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126949. [PMID: 25993112 PMCID: PMC4438867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low intensity repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (LI-rTMS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, has been shown to induce structural and functional brain plasticity, including short distance axonal sprouting. However, the potential for LI-rTMS to promote axonal regeneration following neurotrauma has not been investigated. This study examined the effect of LI-rTMS on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, axon regeneration and levels of BDNF in an optic nerve crush neurotrauma model. Adult C57Bl/6J mice received a unilateral intraorbital optic nerve crush. Mice received 10 minutes of sham (handling control without stimulation) (n=6) or LI-rTMS (n = 8) daily stimulation for 14 days to the operated eye. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess RGC survival (β-3 Tubulin) and axon regeneration across the injury (GAP43). Additionally, BDNF expression was quantified in a separate cohort by ELISA in the retina and optic nerve of injured (optic nerve crush) (sham n = 5, LI-rTMS n = 5) and non-injured mice (sham n = 5, LI-rTMS n = 5) that received daily stimulation as above for 7 days. Following 14 days of LI-rTMS there was no significant difference in mean RGC survival between sham and treated animals (p>0.05). Also, neither sham nor LI-rTMS animals showed GAP43 positive labelling in the optic nerve, indicating that regeneration did not occur. At 1 week, there was no significant difference in BDNF levels in the retina or optic nerves between sham and LI-rTMS in injured or non-injured mice (p>0.05). Although LI-rTMS has been shown to induce structural and molecular plasticity in the visual system and cerebellum, our results suggest LI-rTMS does not induce neuroprotection or regeneration following a complete optic nerve crush. These results help define the therapeutic capacity and limitations of LI-rTMS in the treatment of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Tang
- Department of Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kalina Makowiecki
- Department of Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carole Bartlett
- Department of Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Department of Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Retino-retinal projection in juvenile and young adult rats and mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:47-52. [PMID: 25797477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Identification of retino-retinal projecting RGCs (ret-ret RGCs) has been accomplished by tracing RGCs in one retina after intravitreal injection of different tracers in the other eye. In mammals, rabbit and rat, ret-ret RGCs are scarce and more abundant in newborn than in adult animals. To our knowledge, ret-ret RGCs have not been studied in mice. Here we purpose to revisit the presence of ret-ret RGCs in juvenile and young adult rats and mice by using retrograde tracers applied to the contralateral optic nerve instead of intravitreally. In P20 (juvenile) and P60 (young adult) animals, the left optic nerve was intraorbitally transected and Fluorogold (rats) or its analogue OHSt (mice) were applied onto its distal stump. P20 animals were sacrificed 3 (mice) or 5 (rats) days later and adult animals at 5 (mice) or 7 (rats) days. Right retinas were dissected as flat-mounts and double immunodetected for Brn3a and melanopsin. Ret-ret RGCs were those with tracer accumulation in their somas. Out of them some expressed Brn3a and/or melanopsin, while other were negative for both markers. In young adult rats, we found 2 ret-ret RGCs displaced to the inner nuclear layer. In both species, ret-ret RGCs are quite scarce and found predominantly in the nasal retina. In juvenile animals there are significantly more ret-ret RGCs (9 ± 3, rats, 13 ± 3 mice) than in young adult ones (5 ± 6 rats, 7 ± 3 mice). Finally, juvenile and young adult mice have more ret-ret RGCs than rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Nadal-Nicolás
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Valiente-Soriano
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Salinas-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Jiménez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Avellaneda-Chevrier VK, Wang X, Hooper ML, Chauhan BC. The retino-retinal projection: Tracing retinal ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral retina. Neurosci Lett 2015; 591:105-109. [PMID: 25700948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of a direct retino-retinal (R-R) projection between the two eyes via the optic chiasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult Long-Evans rats. We also explored the presence of collateral projections originating from these cells to the brain. In the first group of animals, right optic nerves (ONs) were orbitally transected approximately 2mm behind the globe followed by application of fluorochrome (2% Fluorogold [FG]) to the optic nerve stump to retrogradely label the R-R projection RGCs (R-RGCs) on the contralateral side. Animals were then sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, or 21 days. Contralateral retinas were fixed, whole-mounted, and imaged for R-RGCs. In a second group of animals, RGCs were retrogradely labeled with 15% rhodamine-β-isothiocynate (RITC) at the superior colliculi, where approximately 96% of rat RGCs synapse. Seven days later, the right ONs were transected and 2% FG applied to the proximal and distal ON stumps. Animals were then sacrificed after 5 days. Contralateral retinas were examined for co-labeled (RITC/FG) RGCs. Control rats underwent the same procedures excluding fluorescent tracer application. In the first group of animals, the number of R-RGCs in the contralateral eye ranged from 3 to 25 and did not depend on survival time. The second group of animals revealed evidence of co-labeled contralateral RGCs. Results suggest that a greater number of R-RGCs persist into adulthood than previously reported [M. Müller, H. Holländer, 1988]. Furthermore, the presence of co-labeled RGCs in the contralateral eye indicates that in adult rodents some R-R projections have a collateral projection to the brain, whereas previous reports had only found collateral projections in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K Avellaneda-Chevrier
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Clinical Vision Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michele L Hooper
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Balwantray C Chauhan
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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20
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Sponsel WE, Groth SL, Satsangi N, Maddess T, Reilly MA. Refined Data Analysis Provides Clinical Evidence for Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:1. [PMID: 24932429 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Refined data analysis was performed to assess binocular visual field conservation in patients with bilateral glaucomatous damage to determine whether unilateral visual field loss is random, anatomically symmetric, or nonrandom in relation to the fellow eye. METHODS This was a case-control study of 47 consecutive patients with bilaterally severe glaucoma; each right eye visual field locus was paired with randomly selected coisopteric left eye loci, with 760,000 (10,000 complete sets of 76 loci) such iterations performed per subject. The potential role of anatomic symmetry in bilateral visual field conservation was also assessed by pairing mirror-image loci of the paired fields. The mean values of the random coisopteric and the symmetric mirror pairings were compared with natural point-for-point pairings of the two eyes by paired t-test. RESULTS Mean unilateral thresholds across the entire visual field were 18.9 dB left and 19.9 dB right (average 19.4), 4 dB lower than the better of the naturally paired concomitant loci of 23.4 dB (P < 10-15). A remarkable natural tendency for conservation of the binocular visual field was confirmed, far stronger than explicable by random chance or anatomic symmetry (P < 0.0001), and reaffirmed by subsequent prospective simultaneous binocular visual field retesting of an arbitrary subset (n = 16) of the study population (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Refined data analysis of paired visual fields confirms the existence of a natural optimization of binocular visual function in severe bilateral glaucoma via interlocking fields that could be created only by central nervous system (CNS) involvement. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Integrated bilateral visual field analysis should better define actual visual disability and more accurately reflect the functional efficacy of current ocular and future CNS-oriented therapeutic approaches to the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucomatous eyes provide a highly accessible paired-organ study model for developing therapeutics to optimize conservation of function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Sponsel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Rosenberg School of Optometry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Baptist Medical Center WESMDPA Glaucoma Service, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sylvia L Groth
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy Satsangi
- University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ted Maddess
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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21
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Wanger T, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. The use of thallium diethyldithiocarbamate for mapping CNS potassium metabolism and neuronal activity: Tl+-redistribution, Tl+-kinetics and Tl+-equilibrium distribution. J Neurochem 2012; 122:106-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Kerr NM, Johnson CS, Zhang J, Eady EK, Green CR, Danesh-Meyer HV. High pressure-induced retinal ischaemia reperfusion causes upregulation of gap junction protein connexin43 prior to retinal ganglion cell loss. Exp Neurol 2012; 234:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Macharadze T, Landgraf P, Pape HC, Wahle P, Kreutz MR. Y-P30 confers neuroprotection after optic nerve crush in adult rats. Neuroreport 2011; 22:544-7. [PMID: 21666514 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328348b512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The survival-promoting peptide, Y-P30, has been shown to be neuroprotective and stimulates neurite outgrowth in vitro. In this study, we examined whether the peptide increases survival and induces axon outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells after an incomplete optic nerve crush. A single intraocular injection of the peptide directly after optic nerve crush increased the number of retinal ganglion cells that preserved an axonal connection with the superior colliculus in the adult rat by more than 50%. However, administration of Y-P30 into the vitreous or optic nerve had no effect on the number of axons growing into the crush site after optic nerve crush. These findings suggest that the peptide is a neuroprotective agent after optic nerve damage, but does not stimulate the axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Macharadze
- PG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Macharadze T, Pielot R, Wanger T, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Budinger E, Goldschmidt J, Kreutz MR. Altered Neuronal Activity Patterns in the Visual Cortex of the Adult Rat after Partial Optic Nerve Crush—A Single-Cell Resolution Metabolic Mapping Study. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1824-33. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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25
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Gabriele ML, Ishikawa H, Schuman JS, Ling Y, Bilonick RA, Kim JS, Kagemann L, Wollstein G. Optic nerve crush mice followed longitudinally with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2250-4. [PMID: 21398282 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the longitudinal effect of optic nerve crush injury in mice by measuring retinal thickness with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Optic nerves of one eye from each C57Bl/6 mouse were crushed under direct visualization for 3 seconds, 1 mm posterior to the globe. The optic nerve head (ONH) was imaged with SD-OCT (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 mm scan) before the surgical intervention and repeated subsequently for up to 32 days postinjury. A cohort of mice not exposed to the nerve crush procedure served as control. En face SD-OCT images were used to manually align subsequent scans to the baseline en face image. Total retinal thickness (TRT) (along a sampling band with radii 0.33-0.42 mm centered on the ONH) from each follow-up day was automatically quantified for global and sectoral measurements using custom software. Linear mixed-effects models with quadratic terms were fitted to compare TRT of nerve-crushed and control eyes over time. RESULTS Eleven eyes from 11 nerve crush mice (baseline age 76 ± 11.8 days) and eight eyes from four healthy mice (baseline age 64 ± 0 days) were included. The control eyes showed a small, gradual, and consistent TRT increase throughout follow-up. Nerve-crushed eyes showed an initial period of thickening, followed by thinning and slight rebound after day 21. The decrease in thickness observed after the early thickening resolved was statistically significantly different from the control eyes (P < 0.05 for global and sectoral measurements). CONCLUSIONS SD-OCT can be used to quantitatively monitor changes in retinal thickness in mice over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Gabriele
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Huang TL, Chang CH, Lin KH, Sheu MM, Tsai RK. Lack of protective effect of local administration of triamcinolone or systemic treatment with methylprednisolone against damages caused by optic nerve crush in rats. Exp Eye Res 2010; 92:112-9. [PMID: 21185832 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of administrations of triamcinolone acetonide and systemic methylprednisolone sodium succinate on optic nerves (ON) and retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in a rat model of optic nerve crush. The treated groups either received triamcinolone immediately in the form of two pieces of soaked-gelform surrounding retrobulbar optic nerves (0.5 mg/per gelform) or methylprednisolone via peritoneal injection, and control group received intra-peritoneal injection with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) after crush experiments. RGC density was counted by retrograde labeling with Fluorogold, and visual function was assessed by flash visual-evoked potentials. Terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, Western blot analysis of serine/threonine kinase (p-Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and immunohistochemistry of ED1, marker of macrophage/microglia in the optic nerve were conducted. Two and four weeks after optic nerve crush experiments, neither triamcinolone nor methylprednisolone treatment rescued the RGC from death in the central and mid-peripheral retinas compared with those of the corresponding optic nerve-crushed and PBS-treated rats. Visual-evoked potentials measurements showed a prolonged latency of the P(1) wave in all treated groups (triamcinolone-treated: 123 ± 23 ms, methylprednisolone-treated: 133 ± 25 ms and PBS-treated: 151 ± 55 ms) after two weeks. TUNEL assays showed that there was no decrease in apoptotic cells in the RGC layers of both triamcinolone treated and methylprednisolone-treated retinas. Western blot analysis showed that p-AKT, p-ERK and p-Stat3 were not up-regulated in either retina of the triamcinolone or methylprednisolone treated rats. In addition, the number of ED1-positive cells was not attenuated at the lesion sites of the ON in either treatment group. Based upon these results, we conclude that neither retrobulbar administration of triamcinolone nor systemic administration of methylprednisolone has any neuroprotective effects in a rat model of optic nerve crush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu Lun Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Lehmann U, Heuss ND, McPherson SW, Roehrich H, Gregerson DS. Dendritic cells are early responders to retinal injury. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:177-84. [PMID: 20580926 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and activity of dendritic cells (DC) in retina is controversial, as these cells are difficult to identify in retina due to limited markers and sparse numbers. Transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) on the CD11c promoter to label DC allowed the visualization and quantification of retinal DC. Two retina injury models, the optic nerve crush (ONC) and light injury, were used to study their injury response. Many GFP(+) DC were tightly associated with retinal ganglion cell nerve fibers following ONC, while very few microglia (GFP(-)CD11b(+) cells) were found in close contact. The GFP(+) cells were greatly elevated in the outer plexiform layer following photic injury. All of the GFP(+) DC were CD11b(+), suggesting a myeloid origin. In addition, the GFP(+) DC upregulated expression of MHC class II after injury, while the GFP(-)CD11b(+) microglia did not. This study shows that DC were found in the retina and that they rapidly responded to neural injuries. We propose that they are a previously overlooked population, distinct from microglia, and may be important in the injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Blood pressure treatment in acute ischemic stroke: a review of studies and recommendations. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23:46-52. [PMID: 20038827 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3283355694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated blood pressure (BP) is frequent in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Pathophysiological data support its usefulness to maintain adequate perfusion of the ischemic penumba. This review article aims to summarize the available evidence from clinical studies that examined the prognostic role of BP during the acute phase of ischemic stroke and intervention studies that assessed the efficacy of active BP alteration. RECENT FINDINGS We found 34 observational studies (33,470 patients), with results being inconsistent among the studies; most studies reported a negative association between increased levels of BP and clinical outcome, whereas a few studies showed clinical improvement with higher BP levels, clinical deterioration with decreased BP, or no association at all. Similarly, the conclusions drawn by the 18 intervention studies included in this review (1637 patients) were also heterogeneous. Very recent clinical data suggest a possible beneficial effect of early treatment with some antihypertensives on late clinical outcome. SUMMARY Observational and interventional studies of management of acute poststroke hypertension yield conflicting results. We discuss different explanations that may account for this and discuss the current guidelines and pathophysiological considerations for the management of acute poststroke hypertension.
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