1
|
Kempster PA, Perju-Dumbrava L. The Thermodynamic Consequences of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:685314. [PMID: 34512508 PMCID: PMC8427692 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.685314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to a pervasive disturbance of energy balance in Parkinson's disease (PD). Weight loss, common and multifactorial, is the most observable sign of this. Bradykinesia may be best understood as an underinvestment of energy in voluntary movement. This accords with rodent experiments that emphasise the importance of dopamine in allocating motor energy expenditure. Oxygen consumption studies in PD suggest that, when activities are standardised for work performed, these inappropriate energy thrift settings are actually wasteful. That the dopaminergic deficit of PD creates a problem with energy efficiency highlights the role played by the basal ganglia, and by dopamine, in thermodynamic governance. This involves more than balancing energy, since living things maintain their internal order by controlling transformations of energy, resisting probabilistic trends to more random states. This review will also look at recent research in PD on the analysis of entropy-an information theory metric of predictability in a message-in recordings from the basal ganglia. Close relationships between energy and information converge around the concept of entropy. This is especially relevant to the motor system, which regulates energy exchange with the outside world through its flow of information. The malignant syndrome in PD, a counterpart of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, demonstrates how much thermodynamic disruption can result from breakdown of motor signalling in an extreme hypodopaminergic state. The macroenergetic disturbances of PD are consistent with a unifying hypothesis of dopamine's neurotransmitter actions-to adapt energy expenditure to prevailing economic circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Optimal strategy for measuring intraventricular temperature using acceleration motion compensation diffusion-weighted imaging. Radiol Phys Technol 2020; 13:136-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-020-00560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
3
|
Dossi G, Squarcina L, Rango M. In Vivo Mitochondrial Function in Idiopathic and Genetic Parkinson's Disease. Metabolites 2019; 10:metabo10010019. [PMID: 31905632 PMCID: PMC7023121 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with brain mitochondrial dysfunction. High-energy phosphates (HEPs), which rely on mitochondrial functioning, may be considered potential biomarkers for PD. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) is a suitable tool to explore in vivo cerebral energetics. We considered 10 31P-MRS studies in order to highlight the main findings about brain energetic compounds in patients affected by idiopathic PD and genetic PD. The studies investigated several brain areas such as frontal lobes, occipital lobes, temporoparietal cortex, visual cortex, midbrain, and basal ganglia. Resting-state studies reported contrasting results showing decreased as well as normal or increased HEPs levels in PD patients. Functional studies revealed abnormal PCr + βATP levels in PD subjects during the recovery phase and abnormal values at rest, during activation and recovery in one PD subject with PINK1 gene mutation suggesting that mitochondrial machinery is more impaired in PD patients with PINK1 gene mutation. PD is characterized by energetics impairment both in idiopathic PD as well as in genetic PD, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies the disease. Studies are still sparse and sometimes contrasting, maybe due to different methodological approaches. Further studies are needed to better assess the role of mitochondria in the PD development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Macleod AD, Myint PK, Counsell CE. Author response: Early weight loss in parkinsonism predicts poor outcomes: Evidence from an incident cohort study. Neurology 2018; 91:287. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
5
|
Rowell D, Nghiem S, Ramagopalan S, Meier UC. Seasonal temperature is associated with Parkinson's disease prescriptions: an ecological study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:2205-2211. [PMID: 28856442 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to test what effect the weather may have on medications prescribed to treat Parkinson's disease. Twenty-three years of monthly time, series data was sourced from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM). Data were available for eight states and territories and their corresponding capital cities. The dependent variable was the aggregate levodopa equivalent dose (LED) for 51 Parkinson's medications identified on the PBS. Two explanatory variables of interest, temperature and solar exposure, were identified in the BOM data set. Linear and cosinor models were estimated with fixed and random effects, respectively. The prescribed LED was 4.2% greater in January and 4.5% lower in July. Statistical analysis showed that temperature was associated with the prescription of Parkinson medications. Our results suggest seasonality exists in Parkinson's disease symptoms and this may be related to temperature. Further work is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms as a better understanding of the causes of any seasonal variation in Parkinson's disease may help clinicians and patients manage the disease more effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rowell
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Son Nghiem
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heyn CC, Bishop J, Duffin K, Lee W, Dazai J, Spring S, Nieman BJ, Sled JG. Magnetic resonance thermometry of flowing blood. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3772. [PMID: 28686319 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood temperature is a key determinant of tissue temperature and can be altered under normal physiological states, such as exercise, in diseases such as stroke or iatrogenically in therapies which modulate tissue temperature, such as therapeutic hypothermia. Currently available methods for the measurement of arterial and venous temperatures are invasive and, for small animal models, are impractical. Here, we present a methodology for the measurement of intravascular and tissue temperature by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the lanthanide agent TmDOTMA- (DOTMA, tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; Tm, thulium). The approach makes use of phase-sensitive imaging measurements, combined with spectrally selective excitation, to monitor the temperature-dependent shift in the resonance of proton nuclei associated with water and with methyl groups of TmDOTMA- . Measurements were first made in a flow phantom modelling diastolic blood flow in the mouse aorta or inferior vena cava (IVC) and imaged using 7-T preclinical MRI with a custom-built surface coil. Flowing and static fluid temperatures agreed to within 0.12°C for these experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments were also performed on three healthy adult mice, demonstrating temperature measurements in the aorta, IVC and kidney following a bolus injection of contrast agent. A small (0.7-1°C), but statistically significant, higher kidney temperature compared with the aorta (p = 0.002-0.007) and IVC (p = 0.003-0.03) was shown in all animals. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the technique for in vivo applications and illustrate how the technique could be used to explore the relationship between blood and tissue temperature for a wide range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinthaka C Heyn
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bishop
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Duffin
- Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne Lee
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Dazai
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marinelli L, Trompetto C, Ghilardi MF. Brain temperature as a measure of misfolded proteins metabolism. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:11. [PMID: 28351481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Largo Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Felice Ghilardi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiyatkin EA, Ren SE. MDMA, Methylone, and MDPV: Drug-Induced Brain Hyperthermia and Its Modulation by Activity State and Environment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:183-207. [PMID: 27677782 PMCID: PMC6112168 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychomotor stimulants are frequently used by humans to intensify the subjective experience of different types of social interactions. Since psychomotor stimulants enhance metabolism and increase body temperatures, their use under conditions of physiological activation and in warm humid environments could result in pathological hyperthermia, a life-threatening symptom of acute drug intoxication. Here, we will describe the brain hyperthermic effects of MDMA, MDPV, and methylone, three structurally related recreational drugs commonly used by young adults during raves and other forms of social gatherings. After a short introduction on brain temperature and basic mechanisms underlying its physiological fluctuations, we will consider how MDMA, MDPV, and methylone affect brain and body temperatures in awake freely moving rats. Here, we will discuss the role of drug-induced heat production in the brain due to metabolic brain activation and diminished heat dissipation due to peripheral vasoconstriction as two primary contributors to the hyperthermic effects of these drugs. Then, we will consider how the hyperthermic effects of these drugs are modulated under conditions that model human drug use (social interaction and warm ambient temperature). Since social interaction results in brain and body heat production, coupled with skin vasoconstriction that impairs heat loss to the external environment, these physiological changes interact with drug-induced changes in heat production and loss, resulting in distinct changes in the hyperthermic effects of each tested drug. Finally, we present our recent data, in which we compared the efficacy of different pharmacological strategies for reversing MDMA-induced hyperthermia in both the brain and body. Specifically, we demonstrate increased efficacy of the centrally acting atypical neuroleptic compound clozapine over the peripherally acting vasodilator drug, carvedilol. These data could be important for understanding the potential dangers of MDMA in humans and the development of pharmacological tools to alleviate drug-induced hyperthermia - potentially saving the lives of highly intoxicated individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Suelynn E Ren
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A New Perspective for Parkinson's Disease: Circadian Rhythm. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:62-72. [PMID: 27995565 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is manifested by the behavioral and physiological changes from day to night, which is controlled by the pacemaker and its regulator. The former is located at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus, while the latter is composed of clock genes present in all tissues. Circadian desynchronization influences normal patterns of day-night rhythms such as sleep and alertness cycles, rest and activity cycles. Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits diurnal fluctuations. Circadian dysfunction has been observed in PD patients and animal models, which may result in negative consequences to the homeostasis and even exacerbate the disease progression. Therefore, circadian therapies, including light stimulation, physical activity, dietary and social schedules, may be helpful for PD patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the circadian dysfunction in PD remain elusive. Further research on circadian patterns is needed. This article summarizes the existing research on the circadian rhythms in PD, focusing on the clinical symptom variations, molecular changes, as well as the available treatment options.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rango M, Piatti M, Di Fonzo A, Ardolino G, Airaghi L, Biondetti P, Bresolin N. Abnormal brain temperature in early-onset Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:425-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rango
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Excellence Center for Advanced MR Studies, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan Italy
| | - Marco Piatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Excellence Center for Advanced MR Studies, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Gianluca Ardolino
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Lorena Airaghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Piero Biondetti
- Excellence Center for Advanced MR Studies, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan Italy
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Excellence Center for Advanced MR Studies, IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation; Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sumida K, Sato N, Ota M, Sakai K, Nippashi Y, Sone D, Yokoyama K, Ito K, Maikusa N, Imabayashi E, Matsuda H, Yamada K, Murata M, Kunimatsu A, Ohtomo K. Intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid temperature analysis using MR diffusion-weighted imaging thermometry in Parkinson's disease patients, multiple system atrophy patients, and healthy subjects. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00340. [PMID: 26085965 PMCID: PMC4467774 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the temperature of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (Tv) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and those with multiple system atrophy (MSA) in comparison with healthy subjects, and we examined normal changes in this temperature with aging. METHODS Tv was estimated by magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) thermometry in 36 PD patients (19 males, 17 females), 34 MSA patients (17 males, 17 females), 64 age-matched controls (27 men, 37 women), and 114 all-age adult controls (47 men, 67 women; 28-89 years old). The volume of lateral ventricles was also estimated using FreeSurfer in all subjects. Tv and ventricular volume data were compared among the PD and MSA patients and age-matched controls. We also evaluated the relationship between Tv and age in the 114 all-age controls, controlling for ventricular volume. Men and women were analyzed separately. RESULTS The male PD and MSA patients had significantly higher Tv values compared to the male controls, with no significant difference in ventricular volume among them. There was no significant difference in Tv between the female patients and controls. In the all-age male controls, there was a significant negative correlation between Tv and age controlling for ventricular volume, and this was not observed in the women. CONCLUSION DWI thermometry is a useful and easy method for demonstrating an altered intracranial environment in male patients and healthy controls, but not in females. DWI thermometry can thus be used to help to explore the pathophysiology of Parkinsonian syndromes and to differentiate individuals affected by neurodegenerative disease with autonomic dysfunction from those without it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sumida
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Mental Health4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Koji Sakai
- Department of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nippashi
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daichi Sone
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kota Yokoyama
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kimiteru Ito
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Norihide Maikusa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Mental Health4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Etsuko Imabayashi
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-honmachi, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Miho Murata
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi-Cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kuni Ohtomo
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hasan KM, Lincoln JA, Nelson FM, Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA. Lateral ventricular cerebrospinal fluid diffusivity as a potential neuroimaging marker of brain temperature in multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis and implications. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 33:262-9. [PMID: 25485790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective study we tested the hypothesis that the net effect of impaired electrical conduction and therefore increased heat dissipation in multiple sclerosis (MS) results in elevated lateral ventricular (LV) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diffusivity as a measure of brain temperature estimated in vivo using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We used validated DTI-based segmentation methods to obtain normalized LV-CSF volume and its corresponding CSF diffusivity in 108 MS patients and 103 healthy controls in the age range of 21-63 years. The LV CSF diffusivity was ~2% higher in MS compared to controls that correspond to a temperature rise of ~1°C that could not be explained by changes in the CSF viscosity due to altered CSF protein content in MS. The LV diffusivity decreased with age in healthy controls (r=-0.29; p=0.003), but not in MS (r=0.15; p=0.11), possibly related to MS pathology. Age-adjusted LV diffusivity increased with lesion load (r=0.518; p=1×10(-8)). Our data suggest that the total brain lesion load is the primary contributor to the increase in LV CSF diffusivity in MS. These findings suggest that LV diffusivity is a potential in vivo biomarker of the mismatch between heat generation and dissipation in MS. We also discuss limitations and possible confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khader M Hasan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030.
| | - John A Lincoln
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Flavia M Nelson
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jerry S Wolinsky
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Neurology, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ponnada A Narayana
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kiyatkin EA. State-dependent and environmental modulation of brain hyperthermic effects of psychoactive drugs of abuse. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:201-13. [PMID: 27626047 PMCID: PMC5008710 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.969074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a known effect induced by psychomotor stimulants and pathological hyperthermia is a prominent symptom of acute intoxication with these drugs in humans. In this manuscript, I will review our recent work concerning the brain hyperthermic effects of several known and recently appeared psychostimulant drugs of abuse (cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylone, and MDPV). Specifically, I will consider the role of activity state and environmental conditions in modulating the brain temperature effects of these drugs and their acute toxicity. Although some of these drugs are structurally similar and interact with the same brain substrates, there are important differences in their temperature effects in quiet resting conditions and the type of modulation of these temperature effects under conditions that mimic basic aspects of human drug use (social interaction, moderately warm environments). These data could be important for understanding the potential dangers of each drug and ultimately preventing adverse health complications associated with acute drug-induced intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research, Program, NIH , Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kiyatkin EA. The hidden side of drug action: brain temperature changes induced by neuroactive drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:765-80. [PMID: 23274506 PMCID: PMC3558565 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Most neuroactive drugs affect brain metabolism as well as systemic and cerebral blood flow, thus altering brain temperature. Although this aspect of drug action usually remains in the shadows, drug-induced alterations in brain temperature reflect their metabolic neural effects and affect neural activity and neural functions. OBJECTIVES Here, I review brain temperature changes induced by neuroactive drugs, which are used therapeutically (general anesthetics), as a research tool (dopamine agonists and antagonists), and self-administered to induce desired psychic effects (cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy). I consider the mechanisms underlying these temperature fluctuations and their influence on neural, physiological, and behavioral effects of these drugs. RESULTS By interacting with neural mechanisms regulating metabolic activity and heat exchange between the brain and the rest of the body, neuroactive drugs either increase or decrease brain temperatures both within (35-39 °C) and exceeding the range of physiological fluctuations. These temperature effects differ drastically depending upon the environmental conditions and activity state during drug administration. This state-dependence is especially important for drugs of abuse that are usually taken by humans during psycho-physiological activation and in environments that prevent proper heat dissipation from the brain. Under these conditions, amphetamine-like stimulants induce pathological brain hyperthermia (>40 °C) associated with leakage of the blood-brain barrier and structural abnormalities of brain cells. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge on brain temperature fluctuations induced by neuroactive drugs provides new information to understand how they influence metabolic neural activity, why their effects depend upon the behavioral context of administration, and the mechanisms underlying adverse drug effects including neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A. Kiyatkin
- Correspondence should be addressed to Eugene A. Kiyatkin at the above address. Fax: (443) 740-2155; tel.: (443) 740-2844;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Central hyperthermia, brain hyperthermia and low hypothalamus temperature. Clin Auton Res 2012; 22:299-301. [PMID: 22875550 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-012-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION, PATIENTS AND METHODS: We measured brain temperature in a case of central hyperthermia. RESULTS Brain temperature was increased except for hypothalamus that was colder. CONCLUSION We suppose that central hyperthermia is driven by cold hypothalamus.
Collapse
|
16
|
|