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Schultz A, Owens J, Demidenko E, Roy Chowdhury P. Differential Toxicity of Arsenic in Daphnia pulex Under Phosphorus and Food Limitation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1807-1819. [PMID: 38837804 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The on-going anthropogenic degradation of freshwater habitats has drastically altered the environmental supply of both nutrients and common pollutants. Most organisms living in these altered habitats experience interactive effects of various stressors that can initiate adjustments at multiple levels impacting their fitness. Hence, studies measuring response to a single environmental parameter fail to capture the complexities of the status quo. We tested both the individual and the interactive effect of arsenic (As) exposure, food quantity, and dietary phosphorus (P)-supply on six life-history traits (Juvenile Growth Rate; Adult Growth Rate; Age and Size at Maturity, Lifespan, and Fecundity) as surrogates for organismal fitness in the keystone aquatic grazer Daphnia pulex. We also tested the effect of food quantity and P-supply on somatic As accumulation in Daphnia. Our results indicated an influence of P-supply on neonatal growth and an influence of As and food quantity on growth and maintenance later in life. Maturation was strongly influenced by all three variables, with no reproduction observed in the presence of two or more environmental stressors. We found a strong interaction between As and dietary P, with increased P-supply intensifing the toxicity effect of As. No such effects were seen between As and food quantity, indicating a differential role of quantity versus quality on As toxicity. We found a nominal effect of diet on somatic As accumulation. The results from the present study emphasize the importance of considering such interactions between co-occurring environmental stressors and the dietary status of organisms, to better predict and manage impacts and risks associated with common environmental toxicants in highly vulnerable ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1807-1819. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Schultz
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph Owens
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech Graduate School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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2
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Ow MC, Hall SE. Inheritance of Stress Responses via Small Non-Coding RNAs in Invertebrates and Mammals. EPIGENOMES 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 38534792 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While reports on the generational inheritance of a parental response to stress have been widely reported in animals, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon have only recently emerged. The booming interest in epigenetic inheritance has been facilitated in part by the discovery that small non-coding RNAs are one of its principal conduits. Discovered 30 years ago in the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode, these small molecules have since cemented their critical roles in regulating virtually all aspects of eukaryotic development. Here, we provide an overview on the current understanding of epigenetic inheritance in animals, including mice and C. elegans, as it pertains to stresses such as temperature, nutritional, and pathogenic encounters. We focus on C. elegans to address the mechanistic complexity of how small RNAs target their cohort mRNAs to effect gene expression and how they govern the propagation or termination of generational perdurance in epigenetic inheritance. Presently, while a great amount has been learned regarding the heritability of gene expression states, many more questions remain unanswered and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ow
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sarah E Hall
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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3
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Vogt MC, Hobert O. Starvation-induced changes in somatic insulin/IGF-1R signaling drive metabolic programming across generations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1817. [PMID: 37027477 PMCID: PMC10081852 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse nutritional and metabolic environments during critical periods of development can exert long-lasting effects on health outcomes of an individual and its descendants. Although such metabolic programming has been observed in multiple species and in response to distinct nutritional stressors, conclusive insights into signaling pathways and mechanisms responsible for initiating, mediating, and manifesting changes to metabolism and behavior across generations remain scarce. By using a starvation paradigm in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that starvation-induced changes in dauer formation-16/forkhead box transcription factor class O (DAF-16/FoxO) activity, the main downstream target of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling, are responsible for metabolic programming phenotypes. Tissue-specific depletion of DAF-16/FoxO during distinct developmental time points demonstrates that DAF-16/FoxO acts in somatic tissues, but not directly in the germline, to both initiate and manifest metabolic programming. In conclusion, our study deciphers multifaceted and critical roles of highly conserved insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling in determining health outcomes and behavior across generations.
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4
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Yadav T, Omkar, Mishra G. Maternal cannibalistic preferences affect offspring preferences and development in
Menochilus sexmaculatus
Fabricius (coleoptera: Coccinellidae): A transgenerational investigation. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Yadav
- Department of Zoology University of Lucknow Lucknow India
| | - Omkar
- Department of Zoology University of Lucknow Lucknow India
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5
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Anderson CE, Malek MC, Jonas-Closs RA, Cho Y, Peshkin L, Kirschner MW, Yampolsky LY. Inverse Lansing Effect: Maternal Age and Provisioning Affecting Daughters' Longevity and Male Offspring Production. Am Nat 2022; 200:704-721. [PMID: 36260845 DOI: 10.1086/721148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal age effects on offspring life history are known in a variety of organisms, with offspring of older mothers typically having lower life expectancy (the Lansing effect). However, there is no consensus on the generality and mechanisms of this pattern. We tested predictions of the Lansing effect in several Daphnia magna clones and observed clone-specific magnitude and direction of the maternal age effect on offspring longevity. We also report ambidirectional, genotype-specific effects of maternal age on the propensity of daughters to produce male offspring. Focusing on two clones with contrasting life histories, we demonstrate that maternal age effects can be explained by lipid provisioning of embryos by mothers of different ages. Individuals from a single-generation maternal age reversal treatment showed intermediate life span and intermediate lipid content at birth. In the clone characterized by the "inverse Lansing effect," neonates produced by older mothers showed higher mitochondrial membrane potential in neural tissues than their counterparts born to younger mothers. We conclude that an inverse Lansing effect is possible and hypothesize that it may be caused by age-specific maternal lipid provisioning creating a calorically restricted environment during embryonic development, which in turn reduces fecundity and increases life span in offspring.
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6
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Bednarska A. Food quantity and quality shapes reproductive strategies of Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9163. [PMID: 35928798 PMCID: PMC9343855 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In freshwater environments, one of the challenges aquatic grazers face are periods of suboptimal food quantity and quality. In a life table experiment, the effects of food quantity (a gradient of algae concentration) and quality (a diet of cyanobacteria) on the life histories and resource allocation strategy in Daphnia magna were tested. Growth-related traits were similarly affected under different food regimes while the reproductive strategies differed in animals exposed to low food quantity and quality. The per-clutch investment (clutch volume) did not differ between Daphnia fed with cyanobacteria and underfed mothers, but resources were differently allocated; underfed mothers increased their per-offspring investment by producing fewer, but larger eggs, whereas cyanobacteria-fed mothers invested in a greater number of eggs of smaller size. I argue that both strategies of resource allocation (number vs. size of eggs) may be adaptive under the given food regime. The results of the study show that the cyanobacteria diet-driven fitness losses are comparable to losses caused by food quantity, which is only slightly above the growth capability threshold for Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bednarska
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
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7
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Issa S, Chaabani S, Asimakopoulos AG, Jaspers VLB, Einum S. Maternal dopamine exposure provides offspring starvation resistance in Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8785. [PMID: 35386865 PMCID: PMC8975792 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioral, morphological, and life history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum vs. 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance. We discuss the relative importance of proximate and ultimate causes for why D. magna may not evolve toward higher endogenous dopamine levels despite the fitness benefits this appears to have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semona Issa
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Norwegian Agriculture AgencyOsloNorway
| | - Safa Chaabani
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Veerle L. B. Jaspers
- Environmental ToxicologyDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Sigurd Einum
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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Ellis LJA, Kissane S, Hoffman E, Valsami-Jones E, Brown JB, Colbourne JK, Lynch I. Multigenerational Exposure to Nano‐TiO
2
Induces Ageing as a Stress Response Mitigated by Environmental Interactions. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Jayne A. Ellis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Stephen Kissane
- Environmental Transcriptomics Facility School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Elijah Hoffman
- Genome Dynamics Department Life Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - James B. Brown
- Environmental Transcriptomics Facility School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Genome Dynamics Department Life Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John K. Colbourne
- Environmental Transcriptomics Facility School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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9
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Oda Y, Nakamura H, Tokishita S, Mano H, Chang K, Sakamoto M. Phenotypic changes in
Daphnia pulex
under oxygen deficiency, resource limitation and predation risk. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oda
- Department of Science and Technology Shinshu University Suwa Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokishita
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kwang‐Hyeon Chang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Masaki Sakamoto
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Imizu Japan
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Hearn J, Plenderleith F, Little TJ. DNA methylation differs extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:4. [PMID: 33407738 PMCID: PMC7789248 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of methylation influence lifespan, but methylation and lifespan may also depend on diet, or differ between genotypes. Prior to this study, interactions between diet and genotype have not been explored together to determine their influence on methylation. The invertebrate Daphnia magna is an excellent choice for testing the epigenetic response to the environment: parthenogenetic offspring are identical to their siblings (making for powerful genetic comparisons), they are relatively short lived and have well-characterised inter-strain life-history trait differences. We performed a survival analysis in response to caloric restriction and then undertook a 47-replicate experiment testing the DNA methylation response to ageing and caloric restriction of two strains of D. magna. RESULTS Methylated cytosines (CpGs) were most prevalent in exons two to five of gene bodies. One strain exhibited a significantly increased lifespan in response to caloric restriction, but there was no effect of food-level CpG methylation status. Inter-strain differences dominated the methylation experiment with over 15,000 differently methylated CpGs. One gene, Me31b, was hypermethylated extensively in one strain and is a key regulator of embryonic expression. Sixty-one CpGs were differentially methylated between young and old individuals, including multiple CpGs within the histone H3 gene, which were hypermethylated in old individuals. Across all age-related CpGs, we identified a set that are highly correlated with chronological age. CONCLUSIONS Methylated cytosines are concentrated in early exons of gene sequences indicative of a directed, non-random, process despite the low overall DNA methylation percentage in this species. We identify no effect of caloric restriction on DNA methylation, contrary to our previous results, and established impacts of caloric restriction on phenotype and gene expression. We propose our approach here is more robust in invertebrates given genome-wide CpG distributions. For both strain and ageing, a single gene emerges as differentially methylated that for each factor could have widespread phenotypic effects. Our data showed the potential for an epigenetic clock at a subset of age positions, which is exciting but requires confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona Plenderleith
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tom J. Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Maternal Responses and Adaptive Changes to Environmental Stress via Chronic Nanomaterial Exposure: Differences in Inter and Transgenerational Interclonal Broods of Daphnia magna. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010015. [PMID: 33374973 PMCID: PMC7792578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that environmental nano-biological interactions in model species, and the resulting effects on progeny, are of paramount importance for nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment. In this work, Daphnia magna F0 mothers were exposed to a range of silver and titanium dioxide NMs. The key biological life history traits (survival, growth and reproduction) of the F1 intergenerations, at the first (F1B1), third (F1B3) and fifth (F1B5) broods, were investigated. Furthermore, the F1 germlines of each of the three broods were investigated over 3 more generations (up to 25 days each) in continuous or removed-from NM exposure, to identify how the length of maternal exposure affects the resulting clonal broods. Our results show how daphnids respond to NM-induced stress, and how the maternal effects show trade-offs between growth, reproduction and survivorship. The F1B1 (and following germline) had the shortest F0 maternal exposure times to the NMs, and thus were the most sensitive showing reduced size and reproductive output. The F1B3 generation had a sub-chronic maternal exposure, whereas the F1B5 generation suffered chronic maternal exposure where (in most cases) the most compensatory adaptive effects were displayed in response to the prolonged NM exposure, including enhanced neonate output and reduced gene expression. Transgenerational responses of multiple germlines showed a direct link with maternal exposure time to 'sub-lethal' effect concentrations of NMs (identified from standard OECDs acute toxicity tests which chronically presented as lethal) including increased survival and production of males in the F1B3 and G1B5 germlines. This information may help to fine-tune environmental risk assessments of NMs and prediction of their impacts on environmental ecology.
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12
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Betini GS, Wang X, Fryxell JM. Transgenerational plasticity mediates temperature effects on fitness in the water flea Daphnia magna. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is an important way by which organisms respond to changes in their local environment, but it is not clear whether parents can buffer the negative impacts of high temperature on offspring fitness. To investigate this question, we exposed the water flea Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 and their offspring to either low (15 °C) or high (25 °C) temperature in a crossed factorial design. High parental temperature reduced the age and size at reproductive maturation and resulted in smaller mean clutch size, regardless of offspring temperature. This suggests that parents did not buffer the effects of high temperature on their offspring. However, offspring raised at high temperature that came from parents also raised at high temperature had similar adult body size and longer lifespan than offspring produced by parents exposed to low temperature. As a consequence of these apparent trade-offs, there was no detectable effect of parental temperature on offspring lifetime reproductive success. These results suggest that although transgenerational plasticity could help organisms to cope with stressful changes in their local environment, such effects might be difficult to detect in natural populations due to associated life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S. Betini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John M. Fryxell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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13
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Alkimin GD, Soares AMVM, Barata C, Nunes B. Evaluation of ketoprofen toxicity in two freshwater species: Effects on biochemical, physiological and population endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114993. [PMID: 32806449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ketoprofen (KTF) assumes an important position. Nevertheless, its ecotoxicological effects in non-target organisms are poorly characterized, despite its use and frequency of occurrence in aquatic matrices. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxicological effects of KTF contamination, in two freshwater species, Lemna minor and Daphnia magna, by measuring biochemical, physiological and population parameters. To attain this objective, both species were exposed to KTF at the same concentrations (0, 0.24, 1.2, 6 and 30 μg/L). L. minor plants were exposed during 4 d to these levels of KTF, and the enzymatic activity (catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carbonic anhydrase (CA)), and pigments content (chlorophylls a, b and total and carotenoids) were analyzed to evaluate the toxicity of this drug. D. magna was acutely and chronically exposed to KTF, and enzymatic activities (CAT, GSTs and cyclooxygenase (COX)), the feeding rates, and reproduction traits were assessed. In L.minor, KTF provoked alterations in all enzyme activities, however, it was not capable of causing any alteration in any pigment levels. On the other hand, KTF also provoked alterations in all enzymatic activities in D. magna, but did not affect feeding rates and life-history parameters. In conclusion, exposure to KTF, provoked biochemical alterations in both species. However, these alterations were not reflected into deleterious effects on physiological and populational traits of L. minor and D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Alkimin
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A M V M Soares
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Prato E, Parlapiano I, Biandolino F, Rotini A, Manfra L, Berducci MT, Maggi C, Libralato G, Paduano L, Carraturo F, Trifuoggi M, Carotenuto M, Migliore L. Chronic sublethal effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Tigriopus fulvus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30957-30968. [PMID: 31814077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated for the first time the effects of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) chronic exposure (28 days) on Tigriopus fulvus. Acute toxicity (48 h) of three Zn chemical forms was assessed as well including the following: (a) ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), (b) Zn2+ from ZnO NP suspension after centrifugation (supernatant) and (c) ZnSO4 H2O. Physical-chemical and electronic microscopies were used to characterize spiked exposure media. Results showed that the dissolution of ZnO NPs was significant, with a complete dissolution at lowest test concentrations, but nano- and micro-aggregates were always present. Acute test evidenced a significant higher toxicity of Zn2+ and ZnSO4 compared to ZnO NPs. The chronic exposure to ZnO NPs caused negative effects on the reproductive traits, i.e. brood duration, brood size and brood number at much lower concentrations (≥ 100 μg/L). The appearance of ovigerous females was delayed at higher concentrations of ZnO NPs, while the time required for offspring release and the percentage of non-viable eggs per female were significantly increased. ZnO NP subchronic exposure evidenced its ability to reduce T. fulvus individual reproductive fitness, suggesting that ZnO NPs use and release must be carefully monitored. Graphical abstract Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Rotini
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Manfra
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Maggi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
- CSGI - Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Federica Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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15
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Karatzas P, Melagraki G, Ellis LJA, Lynch I, Varsou DD, Afantitis A, Tsoumanis A, Doganis P, Sarimveis H. Development of Deep Learning Models for Predicting the Effects of Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials on Daphnia magna. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001080. [PMID: 32548897 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the results of applying deep learning methodologies within the ecotoxicology field, with the objective of training predictive models that can support hazard assessment and eventually the design of safer engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). A workflow applying two different deep learning architectures on microscopic images of Daphnia magna is proposed that can automatically detect possible malformations, such as effects on the length of the tail, and the overall size, and uncommon lipid concentrations and lipid deposit shapes, which are due to direct or parental exposure to ENMs. Next, classification models assign specific objects (heart, abdomen/claw) to classes that depend on lipid densities and compare the results with controls. The models are statistically validated in terms of their prediction accuracy on external D. magna images and illustrate that deep learning technologies can be useful in the nanoinformatics field, because they can automate time-consuming manual procedures, accelerate the investigation of adverse effects of ENMs, and facilitate the process of designing safer nanostructures. It may even be possible in the future to predict impacts on subsequent generations from images of parental exposure, reducing the time and cost involved in long-term reproductive toxicity assays over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Karatzas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - Laura-Jayne A Ellis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dimitra-Danai Varsou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Tsoumanis
- Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus
| | - Philip Doganis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
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16
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Hearn J, Clark J, Wilson PJ, Little TJ. Daphnia magna modifies its gene expression extensively in response to caloric restriction revealing a novel effect on haemoglobin isoform preference. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3261-3276. [PMID: 32687619 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) produces clear phenotypic effects within and between generations of the model crustacean Daphnia magna. We have previously established that micro-RNAs and cytosine methylation change in response to CR in this organism, and we demonstrate here that CR has a dramatic effect on gene expression. Over 6,000 genes were differentially expressed between CR and well-fed D. magna, with a bias towards up-regulation of genes under caloric restriction. We identified a highly expressed haemoglobin gene that responds to CR by changing isoform proportions. Specifically, a transcript containing three haem-binding erythrocruorin domains was strongly down-regulated under CR in favour of transcripts containing fewer or no such domains. This change in the haemoglobin mix is similar to the response to hypoxia in Daphnia, which is mediated through the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1, and ultimately the mTOR signalling pathway. This is the first report of a role for haemoglobin in the response to CR. We also observed high absolute expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in normally fed individuals, which contrasts with observations of high SOD levels under CR in other taxa. However, key differentially expressed genes, like SOD, were not targeted by differentially expressed micro-RNAs. Whether the link between haemoglobin and CR occurs in other organisms, or is related to the aquatic lifestyle, remains to be tested. It suggests that one response to CR may be to simply transport less oxygen and lower respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Clark
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philip J Wilson
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Hite JL, Pfenning‐Butterworth AC, Vetter RE, Cressler CE. A high-throughput method to quantify feeding rates in aquatic organisms: A case study with Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6239-6245. [PMID: 32724510 PMCID: PMC7381556 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion is one of the most basic features of all organisms. However, obtaining precise-and high-throughput-estimates of feeding rates remains challenging, particularly for small, aquatic herbivores such as zooplankton, snails, and tadpoles. These animals typically consume low volumes of food that are time-consuming to accurately measure.We extend a standard high-throughput fluorometry technique, which uses a microplate reader and 96-well plates, as a practical tool for studies in ecology, evolution, and disease biology. We outline technical and methodological details to optimize quantification of individual feeding rates, improve accuracy, and minimize sampling error.This high-throughput assay offers several advantages over previous methods, including i) substantially reduced time allotments per sample to facilitate larger, more efficient experiments; ii) technical replicates; and iii) conversion of in vivo measurements to units (mL-1 hr-1 ind-1) which enables broad-scale comparisons across an array of taxa and studies.To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of our approach, we use the zooplankton, Daphnia dentifera, as a case study. Our results indicate that this procedure accurately quantifies feeding rates and highlights differences among seven genotypes.The method detailed here has broad applicability to a diverse array of aquatic taxa, their resources, environmental contaminants (e.g., plastics), and infectious agents. We discuss simple extensions to quantify epidemiologically relevant traits, such as pathogen exposure and transmission rates, for infectious agents with oral or trophic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Hite
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Rachel E. Vetter
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
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18
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Fong JC, De Guzman BE, Lamborg CH, Sison-Mangus MP. The Mercury-Tolerant Microbiota of the Zooplankton Daphnia Aids in Host Survival and Maintains Fecundity under Mercury Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14688-14699. [PMID: 31747751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many aquatic organisms can thrive in polluted environments by having the genetic capability to withstand suboptimal conditions. However, the contributions of microbiomes under these stressful environments are poorly understood. We investigated whether a mercury-tolerant microbiota can extend its phenotype to its host by ameliorating host survival and fecundity under mercury-stress. We isolated microbiota members from various clones of Daphnia magna, screened for the mercury-biotransforming merA gene, and determined their mercury tolerance levels. We then introduced the mercury-tolerant microbiota, Pseudomonas-10, to axenic D. magna and quantified its merA gene expression, mercury reduction capability, and measured its impact on host survival and fecundity. The expression of the merA gene was up-regulated in Pseudomonas-10, both in isolation and in host-association with mercury exposure. Pseudomonas-10 is also capable of significantly reducing mercury concentration in the medium. Notably, mercury-exposed daphnids containing only Pseudomonas-10 exhibited higher survival and fecundity than mercury-exposed daphnids supplemented with parental microbiome. Our study showed that zooplankton, such as Daphnia, naturally harbor microbiome members that are eco-responsive and tolerant to mercury exposure and can aid in host survival and maintain host fecundity in a mercury-contaminated environment. This study further demonstrates that under stressful environmental conditions, the fitness of the host can depend on the genotype and the phenotype of its microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn C Fong
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Brandon E De Guzman
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Carl H Lamborg
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Marilou P Sison-Mangus
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Institute for Marine Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
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19
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Ravindran SP, Lüneburg J, Gottschlich L, Tams V, Cordellier M. Daphnia stressor database: Taking advantage of a decade of Daphnia '-omics' data for gene annotation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11135. [PMID: 31366898 PMCID: PMC6668405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression patterns help to measure and characterize the effect of environmental perturbations at the cellular and organism-level. Complicating interpretation is the presence of uncharacterized or "hypothetical" gene functions for a large percentage of genomes. This is particularly evident in Daphnia genomes, which contains many regions coding for "hypothetical proteins" and are significantly divergent from many of the available arthropod model species, but might be ecologically important. In the present study, we developed a gene expression database, the Daphnia stressor database (http://www.daphnia-stressordb.uni-hamburg.de/dsdbstart.php), built from 90 published studies on Daphnia gene expression. Using a comparative genomics approach, we used the database to annotate D. galeata transcripts. The extensive body of literature available for Daphnia species allowed to associate stressors with gene expression patterns. We believe that our stressor based annotation strategy allows for better understanding and interpretation of the functional role of the understudied hypothetical or uncharacterized Daphnia genes, thereby increasing our understanding of Daphnia's genetic and phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suda Parimala Ravindran
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Lüneburg
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Gottschlich
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena Tams
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für marine Ökosystem- und Fischereiwissenschaften, Große Elbstraße 133, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathilde Cordellier
- Universität Hamburg, Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Hearn J, Pearson M, Blaxter M, Wilson PJ, Little TJ. Genome-wide methylation is modified by caloric restriction in Daphnia magna. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:197. [PMID: 30849937 PMCID: PMC6408862 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degradation of epigenetic control with age is associated with progressive diseases of ageing, including cancers, immunodeficiency and diabetes. Reduced caloric intake slows the effects of ageing and age-related disease in vertebrates and invertebrates, a process potentially mediated by the impact of caloric restriction on epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation. We used whole genome bisulphite sequencing to study how DNA methylation patterns change with diet in a small invertebrate, the crustacean Daphnia magna. Daphnia show the classic response of longer life under caloric restriction (CR), and they reproduce clonally, which permits the study of epigenetic changes in the absence of genetic variation. RESULTS Global cytosine followed by guanine (CpG) methylation was 0.7-0.9%, and there was no difference in overall methylation levels between normal and calorie restricted replicates. However, 333 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were evident between the normally fed and CR replicates post-filtering. Of these 65% were hypomethylated in the CR group, and 35% were hypermethylated in the CR group. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an effect of CR on the genome-wide methylation profile. This adds to a growing body of research in Daphnia magna that demonstrate an epigenomic response to environmental stimuli. Specifically, gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment of genes associated with hyper and hypo-methylated DMRs showed significant enrichment for methylation and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, which are linked to current understanding of their roles in CR in invertebrate model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marianne Pearson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J. Wilson
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom J. Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Goos JM, Swain CJ, Munch SB, Walsh MR. Maternal diet and age alter direct and indirect relationships between life‐history traits across multiple generations. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Goos
- Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Cameron J. Swain
- Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
| | - Stephan B. Munch
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Santa Cruz California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California‐Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Matthew R. Walsh
- Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas
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22
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Hearn J, Chow FWN, Barton H, Tung M, Wilson PJ, Blaxter M, Buck A, Little TJ. Daphnia magna microRNAs respond to nutritional stress and ageing but are not transgenerational. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1402-1412. [PMID: 29420841 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects, where the performance of offspring is determined by the condition of their mother, are widespread and may in some cases be adaptive. The crustacean Daphnia magna shows strong maternal effects: offspring size at birth and other proxies for fitness are altered when their mothers are older or when mothers have experienced dietary restriction. The mechanisms for this transgenerational transmission of maternal experience are unknown, but could include changes in epigenetic patterning. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression that have been shown to play roles in intergenerational information transfer, and here, we test whether miRNAs are involved in D. magna maternal effects. We found that miRNAs were differentially expressed in mothers of different ages or nutritional state. We then examined miRNA expression in their eggs, their adult daughters and great granddaughters, which did not experience any treatments. The maternal (treatment) generation exhibited differential expression of miRNAs, as did their eggs, but this was reduced in adult daughters and lost by great granddaughters. Thus, miRNAs are a component of maternal provisioning, but do not appear to be the cause of transgenerational responses under these experimental conditions. MicroRNAs may act in tandem with egg provisioning (e.g., with carbohydrates or fats), and possibly other small RNAs or epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hearn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franklin Wang-Ngai Chow
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet Barton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Tung
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J Wilson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Coakley CM, Nestoros E, Little TJ. Testing hypotheses for maternal effects in Daphnia magna. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:211-216. [PMID: 29117456 PMCID: PMC6849578 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Maternal effects are widely observed, but their adaptive nature remains difficult to describe and interpret. We investigated adaptive maternal effects in a clone of the crustacean Daphnia magna, experimentally varying both maternal age and maternal food and subsequently varying food available to offspring. We had two main predictions: that offspring in a food environment matched to their mothers should fare better than offspring in unmatched environments, and that offspring of older mothers would fare better in low food environments. We detected numerous maternal effects, for example offspring of poorly fed mothers were large, whereas offspring of older mothers were both large and showed an earlier age at first reproduction. However, these maternal effects did not clearly translate into the predicted differences in reproduction. Thus, our predictions about adaptive maternal effects in response to food variation were not met in this genotype of Daphnia magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Coakley
- Institute of Global Change, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Nestoros
- Institute of Global Change, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Beyer JE, Hambright KD. Maternal effects are no match for stressful conditions: a test of the maternal match hypothesis in a common zooplankter. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Beyer
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Plankton Ecology and Limnology Laboratory Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - K. David Hambright
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Plankton Ecology and Limnology Laboratory Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
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25
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Garbutt JS, Little TJ. Bigger is better: changes in body size explain a maternal effect of food on offspring disease resistance. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1403-1409. [PMID: 28261452 PMCID: PMC5330872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects triggered by changes in the environment (e.g., nutrition or crowding) can influence the outcome of offspring–parasite interactions, with fitness consequences for the host and parasite. Outside of the classic example of antibody transfer in vertebrates, proximate mechanisms have been little studied, and thus, the adaptive significance of maternal effects on infection is not well resolved. We sought to determine why food‐stressed mothers give birth to offspring that show a low rate of infection when the crustacean Daphnia magna is exposed to an orally infective bacterial pathogen. These more‐resistant offspring are also larger at birth and feed at a lower rate. Thus, reduced disease resistance could result from slow‐feeding offspring ingesting fewer bacterial spores or because their larger size allows for greater immune investment. To distinguish between these theories, we performed an experiment in which we measured body size, feeding rate, and susceptibility, and were able to show that body size is the primary mechanism causing altered susceptibility: Larger Daphnia were less likely to become infected. Contrary to our predictions, there was also a trend that fast‐feeding Daphnia were less likely to become infected. Thus, our results explain how a maternal environmental effect can alter offspring disease resistance (though body size), and highlight the potential complexity of relationship between feeding rate and susceptibility in a host that encounters a parasite whilst feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie S Garbutt
- Ashworth Laboratories Institute of Evolutionary Biology The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Tom J Little
- Ashworth Laboratories Institute of Evolutionary Biology The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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26
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Littlefair JE, Knell RJ. Within- and Trans-Generational Effects of Variation in Dietary Macronutrient Content on Life-History Traits in the Moth Plodia interpunctella. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168869. [PMID: 28033396 PMCID: PMC5199116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that parental environment can play an important role in determining offspring phenotype. These “transgenerational effects” have been linked to many different components of the environment, including toxin exposure, infection with pathogens and parasites, temperature and food quality. In this study, we focus on the latter, asking how variation in the quantity and quality of nutrition affects future generations. Previous studies have shown that artificial diets are a useful tool to examine the within-generation effects of variation in macronutrient content on life history traits, and could therefore be applied to investigations of the transgenerational effects of parental diet. Synthetic diets varying in total macronutrient content and protein: carbohydrate ratios were used to examine both within- and trans-generational effects on life history traits in a generalist stored product pest, the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella. The macronutrient composition of the diet was important for shaping within-generation life history traits, including pupal weight, adult weight, and phenoloxidase activity, and had indirect effects via maternal weight on fecundity. Despite these clear within-generation effects on the biology of P. interpunctella, diet composition had no transgenerational effects on the life history traits of offspring. P. interpunctella mothers were able to maintain their offspring quality, possibly at the expense of their own somatic condition, despite high variation in dietary macronutrient composition. This has important implications for the plastic biology of this successful generalist pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Littlefair
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert J. Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Ogonowski M, Schür C, Jarsén Å, Gorokhova E. The Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Microparticles on Individual Fitness in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155063. [PMID: 27176452 PMCID: PMC4866784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns are being raised that microplastic pollution can have detrimental effects on the feeding of aquatic invertebrates, including zooplankton. Both small plastic fragments (microplastics, MPs) produced by degradation of larger plastic waste (secondary MPs; SMPs) and microscopic plastic spheres used in cosmetic products and industry (primary MPs; PMPs) are ubiquitously present in the environment. However, despite the fact that most environmental MPs consist of weathered plastic debris with irregular shape and broad size distribution, experimental studies of organism responses to MP exposure have largely used uniformly sized spherical PMPs. Therefore, effects observed for PMPs in such experiments may not be representative for MP-effects in situ. Moreover, invertebrate filter-feeders are generally well adapted to the presence of refractory material in seston, which questions the potential of MPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to measurably affect digestion in these organisms. Here, we compared responses to MPs (PMPs and SMPs) and naturally occurring particles (kaolin clay) using the cladoceran Daphnia magna as a model organism. We manipulated food levels (0.4 and 9 μg C mL-1) and MP or kaolin contribution to the feeding suspension (<1 to 74%) and evaluated effects of MPs and kaolin on food uptake, growth, reproductive capacity of the daphnids, and maternal effects on offspring survival and feeding. Exposure to SMPs caused elevated mortality, increased inter-brood period and decreased reproduction albeit only at high MP levels in the feeding suspension (74% by particle count). No such effects were observed in either PMP or kaolin treatments. In daphnids exposed to any particle type at the low algal concentration, individual growth decreased by ~15%. By contrast, positive growth response to all particle types was observed at the high algal concentration with 17%, 54% and 40% increase for kaolin, PMP and SMP, respectively. When test particles comprised 22% in the feeding suspension, both MP types decreased food intake by 30%, while kaolin had no effect. Moreover, SMPs were found to homoaggregate in a concentration-dependent manner, which resulted in a 77% decrease of the ingested SMPs compared to PMPs. To better understand MP-processing in the gut, gut passage time (GPT) and evacuation rate of MPs were also assayed. SMPs and PMPs differed in their effects on daphnids; moreover, the particle effects were dependent on the MP: algae ratio in the suspension. When the MP contribution to the particle abundance in the medium changed from 1 to 4%, GPT for daphnids exposed to SMPs increased 2-fold. Our results suggest that MPs and, in particular, SMPs, have a greater capacity to negatively affect feeding in D. magna compared to naturally occurring mineral particles of similar size. Moreover, grazer responses observed in experiments with PMPs cannot be extrapolated to the field where SMPs dominate, because of the greater effects caused by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ogonowski
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- AquaBiota Water Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schür
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Jarsén
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Gorokhova
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Garbutt JS, Little TJ, Hoyle A. Maternal effects on offspring consumption can stabilize fluctuating predator-prey systems. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20152173. [PMID: 26631563 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects, where the conditions experienced by mothers affect the phenotype of their offspring, are widespread in nature and have the potential to influence population dynamics. However, they are very rarely included in models of population dynamics. Here, we investigate a recently discovered maternal effect, where maternal food availability affects the feeding rate of offspring so that well-fed mothers produce fast-feeding offspring. To understand how this maternal effect influences population dynamics, we explore novel predator-prey models where the consumption rate of predators is modified by changes in maternal prey availability. We address the 'paradox of enrichment', a theoretical prediction that nutrient enrichment destabilizes populations, leading to cycling behaviour and an increased risk of extinction, which has proved difficult to confirm in the wild. Our models show that enriched populations can be stabilized by maternal effects on feeding rate, thus presenting an intriguing potential explanation for the general absence of 'paradox of enrichment' behaviour in natural populations. This stabilizing influence should also reduce a population's risk of extinction and vulnerability to harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie S Garbutt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Tom J Little
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Andy Hoyle
- Computing Science and Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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29
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Tate AT, Graham AL. Dynamic Patterns of Parasitism and Immunity across Host Development Influence Optimal Strategies of Resource Allocation. Am Nat 2015; 186:495-512. [DOI: 10.1086/682705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Kunz K, Uhl G. Short-Term Nutritional Limitation Affects Mating Behaviour and Reproductive Output in Dwarf Spiders. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kunz
- Zoological Institute and Museum; General and Systematic Zoology; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- Zoological Institute and Museum; General and Systematic Zoology; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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