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Assiri A, Hamzi SA, Hamzi YA, Muyidi AY, Harthi FM, Qaysi MM, Jadah AA, Safhi AM, Hobani AH. Knowledge, Attitude, Reception, and Preventive Practices Towards Skin Photoaging Among the General Population in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e55710. [PMID: 38586780 PMCID: PMC10998664 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Skin photoaging is caused by prolonged exposure to sunlight, particularly ultraviolet rays (UV). High cumulative levels of UV radiation may cause burning, photoallergic or phototoxic reactions, pigmentary changes, photoaging, and even immunosuppression and skin cancers. Therefore, this study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, reception, and preventive practices towards skin photoaging among the Jazan general population in Saudi Arabia and its determinants. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Jazan, Saudi Arabia, who were aged 18 years and above and agreed to participate in the study. The calculated minimum sample size was 385. An online, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was distributed conveniently in Google Forms through social media platforms. It included four sections: The first section was about sociodemographic characteristics. The second section assessed the smoking, exercise, and healthy diet behavior of participants and the use of sunscreen. The third section assessed the knowledge regarding the photoaging process and its preventive measures utilization using three-point Likert scale questions. The fourth section assessed attitudes towards the photoaging process and its preventive measures through three-point Likert scales. Results The study included 452, of which 243 (53.76%) were aged 18-30 years, 258 (57.08%) were females, and 272 (60.18%) had white skin color. Approximately 417 (92.26%) were nonsmokers. Sixty-eight percent (372) spent 1-3 hours in the sun. Social media was the primary source of information on photoaging 81 (17.92%). Around 234 (51.77%) defined photoaging correctly. Regarding sunscreen usage, 58 (12.83%) always use sunscreen, and 177 (39.16%) never use it. However, 191 (42.26%) recognized the correct sunscreen application. Approximately 233 (51.5%) and 240 (53.1%) of respondents had fair knowledge and a positive attitude regarding photoaging and sunscreen use. Being female, pursuing university and postgraduate education, and taking information on photoaging from a physician were linked to a higher knowledge of photoaging (p<0.05). Participants who never use sunscreen had lower knowledge than those who always use it (p<0.001). None of the demographic factors was associated with the attitude towards sunscreen use (p>0.05). Conclusion There is a substantial gap in knowledge and preventive practices related to skin photoaging among the Jazan general population in Saudi Arabia. Gender, education level, and information sources influence knowledge levels. Targeted educational interventions are needed to enhance awareness and promote healthier practices, particularly sun exposure and photoaging prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Assiri
- Department of Dermatology, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Shorooq A Hamzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jazan General Hospital, Jazan, SAU
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De Dominici M, DeGregori J. Our ancestry dictates clonal architecture and skin cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1428-1429. [PMID: 37537258 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Mortezaei S, Rabiei R, Asadi F, Emami H. Development and usability evaluation of a mHealth application for albinism self-management. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 37312174 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced or absence of melanin poses physical, social, and psychological challenges to individuals with albinism. Mobile health (mHealth) applications have the potential to improve the accessibility of information and services while reducing time and costs. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a mHealth application for self-management of albinism. METHODS This applied study was conducted in two stages (development and evaluation) in 2022. Initially, the functional requirements were determined, and the conceptual model of the application was then developed using Microsoft Visio 2021. In the second phase, the application was evaluated using the Mobile Application Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) involving patients with albinism to reflect their views on the usability of the application. RESULTS The key capabilities of the application included: reminders, alerts, educational content, useful links, storage and exchange of images of skin lesions, specialist finder, and notifications for albinism-relevant events. Twenty-one users with albinism participated in the usability testing of the application. The users were predominantly satisfied with the application (5.53 ± 1.10; Max: 7.00). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the developed mobile application could assist individuals with albinism to effectively manage their condition by considering the users' requirements and services that the application should deliver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Mortezaei
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rabiei
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farkhondeh Asadi
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Emami
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ang KC, Canfield VA, Foster TC, Harbaugh TD, Early KA, Harter RL, Reid KP, Leong SL, Kawasawa Y, Liu D, Hawley JW, Cheng KC. Native American genetic ancestry and pigmentation allele contributions to skin color in a Caribbean population. eLife 2023; 12:e77514. [PMID: 37294081 PMCID: PMC10371226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our interest in the genetic basis of skin color variation between populations led us to seek a Native American population with genetically African admixture but low frequency of European light skin alleles. Analysis of 458 genomes from individuals residing in the Kalinago Territory of the Commonwealth of Dominica showed approximately 55% Native American, 32% African, and 12% European genetic ancestry, the highest Native American genetic ancestry among Caribbean populations to date. Skin pigmentation ranged from 20 to 80 melanin units, averaging 46. Three albino individuals were determined to be homozygous for a causative multi-nucleotide polymorphism OCA2NW273KV contained within a haplotype of African origin; its allele frequency was 0.03 and single allele effect size was -8 melanin units. Derived allele frequencies of SLC24A5A111T and SLC45A2L374F were 0.14 and 0.06, with single allele effect sizes of -6 and -4, respectively. Native American genetic ancestry by itself reduced pigmentation by more than 20 melanin units (range 24-29). The responsible hypopigmenting genetic variants remain to be identified, since none of the published polymorphisms predicted in prior literature to affect skin color in Native Americans caused detectable hypopigmentation in the Kalinago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai C Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Tiffany C Foster
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Thaddeus D Harbaugh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Kathryn A Early
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Rachel L Harter
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Katherine P Reid
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Shou Ling Leong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Yuka Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Dajiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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Abstract
Evolutionary biology provides a crucial foundation for medicine and behavioral science that has been missing from psychiatry. Its absence helps to explain slow progress; its advent promises major advances. Instead of offering a new kind of treatment, evolutionary psychiatry provides a scientific foundation useful for all kinds of treatment. It expands the search for causes from mechanistic explanations for disease in some individuals to evolutionary explanations for traits that make all members of a species vulnerable to disease. For instance, capacities for symptoms such as pain, cough, anxiety and low mood are universal because they are useful in certain situations. Failing to recognize the utility of anxiety and low mood is at the root of many problems in psychiatry. Determining if an emotion is normal and if it is useful requires understanding an individual's life situation. Conducting a review of social systems, parallel to the review of systems in the rest of medicine, can help achieve that understanding. Coping with substance abuse is advanced by acknowledging how substances available in modern environments hijack chemically mediated learning mechanisms. Understanding why eating spirals out of control in modern environments is aided by recognizing the motivations for caloric restriction and how it arouses famine protection mechanisms that induce binge eating. Finally, explaining the persistence of alleles that cause serious mental disorders requires evolutionary explanations of why some systems are intrinsically vulnerable to failure. The thrill of finding functions for apparent diseases is evolutionary psychiatry's greatest strength and weakness. Recognizing bad feelings as evolved adaptations corrects psychiatry's pervasive mistake of viewing all symptoms as if they were disease manifestations. However, viewing diseases such as panic disorder, melancholia and schizophrenia as if they are adaptations is an equally serious mistake in evolutionary psychiatry. Progress will come from framing and testing specific hypotheses about why natural selection left us vulnerable to mental disorders. The efforts of many people over many years will be needed before we will know if evolutionary biology can provide a new paradigm for understanding and treating mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph M Nesse
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153018. [PMID: 35893872 PMCID: PMC9332464 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton. Homo sapiens evolved approximately 300,000 years ago in East Africa and had adapted vitamin D endocrinology to the intensive exposure of the equatorial sun. However, when some 75,000 years ago, when anatomically modern humans started to populate all continents, they also reached regions with seasonally low or no UV-B, i.e., and under these conditions vitamin D became a vitamin.
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7
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Vitamin D and Pigmented Skin. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020325. [PMID: 35057504 PMCID: PMC8781604 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The default supply of vitamin D3 to humans is its endogenous production in UV-B-exposed skin [...].
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8
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Naik PP, Farrukh SN. Influence of Ethnicities and Skin Color Variations in Different Populations: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:65-76. [PMID: 34515229 DOI: 10.1159/000518826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the world scientific tradition, skin color is the primary physical characteristic used to divide humans into groups. Human skin has a wide range of tones and colors, which can be seen in a wide range of demographic populations. Many factors influence the color of people's skin, but the pigment melanin is by far the most important. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in the skin and is the primary determinant of skin color in people with darker skin. Indeed, >150 genes have now been identified as having a direct or indirect effect on skin color. Vitamin D has recently been discovered to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues, including the skin. The mechanisms through which the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or calcitriol) affects keratinocyte development are numerous and overlap with the mechanisms by which calcium influences keratinocyte differentiation. Ultraviolet (UV) is the most major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmental-influenced skin disorders when it is abundant in the environment. Although the UV component of sunlight is known to cause skin damage, few researches have looked at the impact of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology in terms of inflammation, and there is less information on the role of visible light in pigmentation. SUMMARY The quantity and quality of melanin are regulating by the expression of genes. The enzyme tyrosinase is primarily responsible for the genetic mechanism that controls human skin color. Genetics determines constitutive skin color, which is reinforced by facultative melanogenesis and tanning reactions. High quantities of melanin and melanogenic substances are typically accepted in darker skin to protect against UV radiation-induced molecular damage. Previous research has proposed that skin color variation is caused by a dynamic genetic mechanism, contributing to our understanding of how population demographic history and natural selection shape human genetic and phenotypic diversity. However, the most significant ethnic skin color difference is determined by melanin content. This current review aimed to assess the influence of skin color variations in skin structure and functions as well as difference in dermatological disease patterns. Also, this article reviewed several cases of skin color adaptation in different populations. Key Messages: Skin color impacts the composition and activity. Therefore, the contrast of dermatological ailments between distinct race-related categories is remarkable. Skin color adaptation is a challenging procedure. Refinement of skin color is an age-old craving of humans with ever-evolving drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital & Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Nadir Farrukh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adam-Vital Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Jablonski NG. The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:707-729. [PMID: 33825328 PMCID: PMC8359960 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary biological role of human skin pigmentation is as a mediator of penetration of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) into the deep layers of skin and the cutaneous circulation. Since the origin of Homo sapiens, dark, protective constitutive pigmentation and strong tanning abilities have been favored under conditions of high UVR and represent the baseline condition for modern humans. The evolution of partly depigmented skin and variable tanning abilities has occurred multiple times in prehistory, as populations have dispersed into environments with lower and more seasonal UVR regimes, with unique complements of genes and cultural practices. The evolution of extremes of dark pigmentation and depigmentation has been rare and occurred only under conditions of extremely high or low environmental UVR, promoted by positive selection on variant pigmentation genes followed by limited gene flow. Over time, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been influenced by the nature and course of human dispersals and modifications of cultural practices, which have modified the nature and actions of skin pigmentation genes. Throughout most of prehistory and history, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been a contingent and non-deterministic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Jablonski
- Department of AnthropologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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10
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Missaggia BO, Reales G, Cybis GB, Hünemeier T, Bortolini MC. Adaptation and co-adaptation of skin pigmentation and vitamin D genes in native Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:1060-1077. [PMID: 33325159 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We carried out an exhaustive review regarding human skin color variation and how much it may be related to vitamin D metabolism and other photosensitive molecules. We discuss evolutionary contexts that modulate this variability and hypotheses postulated to explain them; for example, a small amount of melanin in the skin facilitates vitamin D production, making it advantageous to have fair skin in an environment with little radiation incidence. In contrast, more melanin protects folate from degradation in an environment with a high incidence of radiation. Some Native American populations have a skin color at odds with what would be expected for the amount of radiation in the environment in which they live, a finding challenging the so-called "vitamin D-folate hypothesis." Since food is also a source of vitamin D, dietary habits should also be considered. Here we argue that a gene network approach provides tools to explain this phenomenon since it indicates potential alleles co-evolving in a compensatory way. We identified alleles of the vitamin D metabolism and pigmentation pathways segregated together, but in different proportions, in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers. Finally, we highlight how an evolutionary approach can be useful to understand current topics of medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Oliveira Missaggia
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Cybis
- Statistics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Hanel A, Carlberg C. Skin colour and vitamin D: An update. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:864-875. [PMID: 32621306 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homo sapiens evolved in East Africa and had dark skin, hair, and eyes, in order to protect against deleterious consequences of intensive UV radiation at equatorial latitudes. Intensive skin pigmentation was thought to bear the risk of inefficient vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin. This initiated the hypothesis that within the past 75 000 years, in which humans migrated to higher latitudes in Asia and Europe, the need for vitamin D3 synthesis served as an evolutionary driver for skin lightening. In this review, we summarize the recent archeogenomic reconstruction of population admixture in Europe and demonstrate that skin lightening happened as late as 5000 years ago through immigration of lighter pigmented populations from western Anatolia and the Russian steppe but not primarily via evolutionary pressure for vitamin D3 synthesis. We show that variations in genes encoding for proteins being responsible for the transport, metabolism and signalling of vitamin D provide alternative mechanisms of adaptation to a life in northern latitudes without suffering from consequences of vitamin D deficiency. This includes hypotheses explaining differences in the vitamin D status and response index of European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hanel
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. The 4 D's of Pellagra and Progress. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920910159. [PMID: 32327922 PMCID: PMC7163231 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920910159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide homeostasis is a candidate common denominator to explain smooth transitions, whether demographic, epidemiological or economic. This 'NAD world', dependent on hydrogen-based energy, is not widely recognised as it is neither measured nor viewed from a sufficiently multi-genomic or historical perspective. Reviewing the importance of meat and nicotinamide balances during our co-evolution, recent history suggests that populations only modernise and age well with low fertility on a suitably balanced diet. Imbalances on the low meat side lead to an excess of infectious disease, short lives and boom-bust demographics. On the high side, meat has led to an excess of degenerative, allergic and metabolic disease and low fertility. A 'Goldilocks' diet derived from mixed and sustainable farming (preserving the topsoil) allows for high intellectual capital, height and good health with controlled population growth resulting in economic growth and prosperity. Implementing meat equity worldwide could lead to progress for future generations on 'spaceship' earth by establishing control over population quality, thermostat and biodiversity, if it is not already too late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute
of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Sunlight, UV Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Cancer: How Much Sunlight Do We Need? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:19-36. [PMID: 32918212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin for good reason. During exposure to sunlight, the ultraviolet B photons enter the skin and photolyze 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 which in turn is isomerized by the body's temperature to vitamin D3. Most humans have depended on sun for their vitamin D requirement. Skin pigment, sunscreen use, aging, time of day, season, and latitude dramatically affect previtamin D3 synthesis. Vitamin D deficiency was thought to have been conquered, but it is now recognized that more than 50% of the world's population is at risk for vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency is in part due to the inadequate fortification of foods with vitamin D and the misconception that a healthy diet contains an adequate amount of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency causes growth retardation and rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis and increase risk of fracture in adults. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic has other serious consequences including increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease. There needs to be a renewed appreciation of the beneficial effect of moderate sensible sunlight for providing all humans with their vitamin D requirement for health.
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Hanel A, Carlberg C. Vitamin D and evolution: Pharmacologic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 173:113595. [PMID: 31377232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is produced non-enzymatically when the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to UV-B, i.e., evolutionary the first function of the molecule was that of an UV-B radiation scavenging end product. Vitamin D endocrinology started when some 550 million years ago first species developed a vitamin D receptor (VDR) that binds with high affinity the vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. VDR evolved from a subfamily of nuclear receptors sensing the levels of cholesterol derivatives, such as bile acids, and controlling metabolic genes supporting cellular processes, such as innate and adaptive immunity. During vertebrate evolution, the skeletal and adaptive immune system showed in part interesting synchronous development although adaptive immunity is evolutionary older. There are bidirectional osteoimmune interactions between the immune system and bone metabolism, the regulation of both is under control of vitamin D. This diversity of physiological functions explains the pleiotropy of vitamin D signaling and opens the potential for various pharmacological applications of vitamin D as well as of its natural and synthetic derivatives. The overall impact of vitamin D on human health is demonstrated by the fact that the need for its efficient synthesis served in European hunter and gatherers as an evolutionary driver for increased 7-dehydrocholesterol levels, while light skin was established far later via populations from Anatolia and the northern Caucasus entering Europe 9000 and 5000 years ago, respectively. The later population settled preferentially in northern Europe and we hypothesize that that the introduction of high vitamin D responsiveness was an essential trait for surviving dark winters without suffering from the detrimental consequences of vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hanel
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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The Evolutionary History of Human Skin Pigmentation. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:77-87. [PMID: 31363820 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex, conspicuous, highly variable human trait that exhibits a remarkable correlation with latitude. The evolutionary history and genetic basis of skin color variation has been the subject of intense research in the last years. This article reviews the major hypotheses explaining skin color diversity and explores the implications of recent findings about the genes associated with skin pigmentation for understanding the evolutionary forces that have shaped the current patterns of skin color variation. A major aspect of these findings is that the genetic basis of skin color is less simple than previously thought and that geographic variation in skin pigmentation was influenced by the concerted action of different types of natural selection, rather than just by selective sweeps in a few key genes.
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James WPT, Johnson RJ, Speakman JR, Wallace DC, Frühbeck G, Iversen PO, Stover PJ. Nutrition and its role in human evolution. J Intern Med 2019; 285:533-549. [PMID: 30772945 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of human evolution has improved rapidly over recent decades, facilitated by large-scale cataloguing of genomic variability amongst both modern and archaic humans. It seems clear that the evolution of the ancestors of chimpanzees and hominins separated 7-9 million years ago with some migration out of Africa by the earlier hominins; Homo sapiens slowly emerged as climate change resulted in drier, less forested African conditions. The African populations expanded and evolved in many different conditions with slow mutation and selection rates in the human genome, but with much more rapid mutation occurring in mitochondrial DNA. We now have evidence stretching back 300 000 years of humans in their current form, but there are clearly four very different large African language groups that correlate with population DNA differences. Then, about 50 000-100 000 years ago a small subset of modern humans also migrated out of Africa resulting in a persistent signature of more limited genetic diversity amongst non-African populations. Hybridization with archaic hominins occurred around this time such that all non-African modern humans possess some Neanderthal ancestry and Melanesian populations additionally possess some Denisovan ancestry. Human populations both within and outside Africa also adapted to diverse aspects of their local environment including altitude, climate, UV exposure, diet and pathogens, in some cases leaving clear signatures of patterns of genetic variation. Notable examples include haemoglobin changes conferring resistance to malaria, other immune changes and the skin adaptations favouring the synthesis of vitamin D. As humans migrated across Eurasia, further major mitochondrial changes occurred with some interbreeding with ancient hominins and the development of alcohol intolerance. More recently, an ability to retain lactase persistence into adulthood has evolved rapidly under the environmental stimulus of pastoralism with the ability to husband lactating ruminants. Increased amylase copy numbers seem to relate to the availability of starchy foods, whereas the capacity to desaturase and elongate monounsaturated fatty acids in different societies seems to be influenced by whether there is a lack of supply of readily available dietary sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The process of human evolution includes genetic drift and adaptation to local environments, in part through changes in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. These genetic changes may underlie susceptibilities to some modern human pathologies including folate-responsive neural tube defects, diabetes, other age-related pathologies and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P T James
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D C Wallace
- Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Frühbeck
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P O Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P J Stover
- Vice Chancellor and Dean for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX, USA
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Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Arif M, Taha AE, Noreldin AE. Stress biomarkers and proteomics alteration to thermal stress in ruminants: A review. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:120-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Dey V. Assessment of knowledge and attitude towards sun exposure and photoprotection measures among Indian patients attending dermatology clinic. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdd.ijdd_19_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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SINGH SOHANVIR, SOREN SIMSON, SHASHANK CG, KUMAR SUNIL, LAKHANI PREETI, GREWAL SONIKA, KUMAR PRAMOD. Global warming: Impact, adaptation and amelioration strategies for bovine under tropical climatic conditions. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i1.79372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Livestock are exposed to different climatic extreme events such as high air temperature, humidity, flood, drought, desert, heat wave, feed, fodder and water scarcity etc. which now seems to be very common in the tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. The climate change scenario is assumed to be a major threat to animal production systems under tropical climate. The demand of food or the food security issue compel us to undertake holistic approach to sustainable livestock production system that may be one of the remedies for fulfilling the demand of fast growing population. The objective of this review is to focus on the major effect on dairy production system and different strategies to overcome the adverse effect of heat stress under tropical climatic conditions. The identificationof unique adaptive traits between and within breeds and their propagation seem to be essential in near future in respect of climate change scenario. The management and feeding strategies proved to be beneficial for relieving adverse effects of heat stress for maintaining the productivity of dairy animals. Nevertheless, decision makers, extension services and research institutions have to support and encourage livestock activities to enhance the animal productivity under changed climate scenario.
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Hysi PG, Valdes AM, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Bataille V, Visconti A, Hemani G, McMahon G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Lin BD, Willemsen G, Jan Hottenga J, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Gandin I, Sala C, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Chen Y, Zeng C, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Mackey DA, Falchi M, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Hinds DA, Kayser M, Spector TD. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Nat Genet 2018; 50:652-656. [PMID: 29662168 PMCID: PMC5935237 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair color is one of the most recognizable visual traits in European populations and is under strong genetic control. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of almost 300,000 participants of European descent. We identified 123 autosomal and one X-chromosome loci significantly associated with hair color; all but 13 are novel. Collectively, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with hair color within these loci explain 34.6% of red hair, 24.8% of blond hair, and 26.1% of black hair heritability in the study populations. These results confirm the polygenic nature of complex phenotypes and improve our understanding of melanin pigment metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Alessia Visconti
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bochao D Lin
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Faffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mario Falchi
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Timothy D Spector
- King's College London Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, London, UK.
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The Vitamin D⁻Folate Hypothesis as an Evolutionary Model for Skin Pigmentation: An Update and Integration of Current Ideas. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050554. [PMID: 29710859 PMCID: PMC5986434 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is unique in being generated in our skin following ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Ongoing research into vitamin D must therefore always consider the influence of UVR on vitamin D processes. The close relationship between vitamin D and UVR forms the basis of the “vitamin D–folate hypothesis”, a popular theory for why human skin colour has evolved as an apparent adaption to UVR environments. Vitamin D and folate have disparate sensitivities to UVR; whilst vitamin D may be synthesised following UVR exposure, folate may be degraded. The vitamin D–folate hypothesis proposes that skin pigmentation has evolved as a balancing mechanism, maintaining levels of these vitamins. There are several alternative theories that counter the vitamin D–folate hypothesis. However, there is significant overlap between these theories and the now known actions of vitamin D and folate in the skin. The focus of this review is to present an update on the vitamin D–folate hypothesis by integrating these current theories and discussing new evidence that supports associations between vitamin D and folate genetics, UVR, and skin pigmentation. In light of recent human migrations and seasonality in disease, the need for ongoing research into potential UVR-responsive processes within the body is also discussed.
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22
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Albuquerque TAF, Drummond do Val L, Doherty A, de Magalhães JP. From humans to hydra: patterns of cancer across the tree of life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1715-1734. [PMID: 29663630 PMCID: PMC6055669 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of multicellularity; it originates when cells become dysregulated due to mutations and grow out of control, invading other tissues and provoking discomfort, disability, and eventually death. Human life expectancy has greatly increased in the last two centuries, and consequently so has the incidence of cancer. However, how cancer patterns in humans compare to those of other species remains largely unknown. In this review, we search for clues about cancer and its evolutionary underpinnings across the tree of life. We discuss data from a wide range of species, drawing comparisons with humans when adequate, and interpret our findings from an evolutionary perspective. We conclude that certain cancers are uniquely common in humans, such as lung, prostate, and testicular cancer; while others are common across many species. Lymphomas appear in almost every animal analysed, including in young animals, which may be related to pathogens imposing selection on the immune system. Cancers unique to humans may be due to our modern environment or may be evolutionary accidents: random events in the evolution of our species. Finally, we find that cancer‐resistant animals such as whales and mole‐rats have evolved cellular mechanisms that help them avoid neoplasia, and we argue that there are multiple natural routes to cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales A F Albuquerque
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, SMHN Quadra 03 conjunto A, Bloco 1 Edifício Fepecs CEP 70, 710-907, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luisa Drummond do Val
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Room 281, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K
| | - Aoife Doherty
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Room 281, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Room 281, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, U.K
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Abstract
Paraphrasing Dobzhansky’s famous dictum, I discuss how interrogating cancer through the lens of evolution has transformed our understanding of its development, causality and treatment resistance. The emerging picture of cancer captures its extensive diversity and therapeutic resilience, highlighting the need for more innovative approaches to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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24
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Holick MF. Can you have your cake and eat it too? The sunlight D-lema. Br J Dermatol 2017; 175:1129-1131. [PMID: 27996132 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, U.S.A
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25
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Hemachandran H, Jain F, Mohan S, Kumar D T, Priya Doss C G, Ramamoorthy S. Glandular hair constituents of Mallotus philippinensis Muell. fruit act as tyrosinase inhibitors: Insights from enzyme kinetics and simulation study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1675-1682. [PMID: 29054523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glandular hair extracts from the fruit rind of Mallotus philippinensis Muell. is employed to treat various skin infections, however the anti-tyrosinase activity remains unknown. Hence the present study inspected on the anti-melanogenic activity of M. philippinensis constituents. Lineweaver Burk plot revealed mixed inhibition for Rottlerin; non-competitive type of inhibition for mallotophilippen A and B respectively. Thermodynamic studies resulted in static quenching forming ground state complex with higher binding constant temperature dependently. Fluorescence and circular dichroism study implicated conformational change in secondary and tertiary structure of tyrosinase. Molecular docking suggests rottlerin has high binding affinity to the active site pocket of tyrosinase. Simulation study further proved that the compactness of inhibitor with tyrosinase by hydrogen bonding influenced the stability of the enzyme. Depigmentation efficacy is further proved in Aspergillus niger spores. Thus our findings delineate that rottlerin could be utilized as a depigmentation agent in food pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridya Hemachandran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Fagun Jain
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankari Mohan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumal Kumar D
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The colours of humanity: the evolution of pigmentation in the human lineage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160349. [PMID: 28533464 PMCID: PMC5444068 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are a colourful species of primate, with human skin, hair and eye coloration having been influenced by a great variety of evolutionary forces throughout prehistory. Functionally naked skin has been the physical interface between the physical environment and the human body for most of the history of the genus Homo, and hence skin coloration has been under intense natural selection. From an original condition of protective, dark, eumelanin-enriched coloration in early tropical-dwelling Homo and Homo sapiens, loss of melanin pigmentation occurred under natural selection as Homo sapiens dispersed into non-tropical latitudes of Africa and Eurasia. Genes responsible for skin, hair and eye coloration appear to have been affected significantly by population bottlenecks in the course of Homo sapiens dispersals. Because specific skin colour phenotypes can be created by different combinations of skin colour-associated genetic markers, loss of genetic variability due to genetic drift appears to have had negligible effects on the highly redundant genetic 'palette' for the skin colour. This does not appear to have been the case for hair and eye coloration, however, and these traits appear to have been more strongly influenced by genetic drift and, possibly, sexual selection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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27
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Deng L, Xu S. Adaptation of human skin color in various populations. Hereditas 2017; 155:1. [PMID: 28701907 PMCID: PMC5502412 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-017-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin color is a well-recognized adaptive trait and has been studied extensively in humans. Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation of skin color in various populations has many implications in human evolution and medicine. DISCUSSION Impressive progress has been made recently to identify genes associated with skin color variation in a wide range of geographical and temporal populations. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the genetics of skin color variation. We enumerated several cases of skin color adaptation in global modern humans and archaic hominins, and illustrated why, when, and how skin color adaptation occurred in different populations. Finally, we provided a summary of the candidate loci associated with pigmentation, which could be a valuable reference for further evolutionary and medical studies. CONCLUSION Previous studies generally indicated a complex genetic mechanism underlying the skin color variation, expanding our understanding of the role of population demographic history and natural selection in shaping genetic and phenotypic diversity in humans. Future work is needed to dissect the genetic architecture of skin color adaptation in numerous ethnic minority groups around the world, which remains relatively obscure compared with that of major continental groups, and to unravel the exact genetic basis of skin color adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, 200031 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, 200438 China
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28
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Özdemir BC, Dotto GP. Racial Differences in Cancer Susceptibility and Survival: More Than the Color of the Skin? Trends Cancer 2017; 3:181-197. [PMID: 28718431 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies point to race as a determining factor in cancer susceptibility. In US registries recording cancer incidence and survival by race (distinguishing 'black versus white'), individuals of African ancestry have a globally increased risk of malignancies compared with Caucasians and Asian Americans. Differences in socioeconomic status and health-care access play a key role. However, the lesser disease susceptibility of Hispanic populations with comparable lifestyles and socioeconomic status as African Americans (Hispanic paradox) points to the concomitant importance of genetic determinants. Here, we overview the molecular basis of racial disparity in cancer susceptibility ranging from genetic polymorphisms and cancer-driver gene mutations to obesity, chronic inflammation, and immune responses. We discuss implications for race-adapted cancer screening programs and clinical trials to reduce disparities in cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Épalinges, Switzerland; Harvard Dermatology Department and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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29
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Winegard B, Winegard B, Boutwell B. Human Biological and Psychological Diversity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Elias PM, Williams ML. Basis for the gain and subsequent dilution of epidermal pigmentation during human evolution: The barrier and metabolic conservation hypotheses revisited. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:189-207. [PMID: 27324932 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of human skin pigmentation must address both the initial evolution of intense epidermal pigmentation in hominins, and its subsequent dilution in modern humans. While many authorities believe that epidermal pigmentation evolved to protect against either ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation-induced mutagenesis or folic acid photolysis, we hypothesize that pigmentation augmented the epidermal barriers by shifting the UV-B dose-response curve from toxic to beneficial. Whereas erythemogenic UV-B doses produce apoptosis and cell death, suberythemogenic doses benefit permeability and antimicrobial function. Heavily melanized melanocytes acidify the outer epidermis and emit paracrine signals that augment barrier competence. Modern humans, residing in the cooler, wetter climes of south-central Europe and Asia, initially retained substantial pigmentation. While their outdoor lifestyles still permitted sufficient cutaneous vitamin D3 (VD3) synthesis, their marginal nutritional status, coupled with cold-induced caloric needs, selected for moderate pigment reductions that diverted limited nutritional resources towards more urgent priorities (=metabolic conservation). The further pigment-dilution that evolved as humans reached north-central Europe (i.e., northern France, Germany), likely facilitated cutaneous VD3 synthesis, while also supporting ongoing, nutritional requirements. But at still higher European latitudes where little UV-B breaches the atmosphere (i.e., present-day UK, Scandinavia, Baltic States), pigment dilution alone could not suffice. There, other nonpigment-related mutations evolved to facilitate VD3 production; for example, in the epidermal protein, filaggrin, resulting in reduced levels of its distal metabolite, trans-urocanic acid, a potent UV-B chromophore. Thus, changes in human pigmentation reflect a complex interplay between latitude, climate, diet, lifestyle, and shifting metabolic priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, University of California San Francisco, California. .,Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California San Francisco, California.
| | - Mary L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Hasoun L, Bailey S, Outlaw K, Ayling J. Rearrangement and depletion of folate in human skin by ultraviolet radiation. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1087-90. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L.Z. Hasoun
- Department of Pharmacology University of South Alabama Mobile AL 36688 U.S.A
| | - S.W. Bailey
- Department of Pharmacology University of South Alabama Mobile AL 36688 U.S.A
| | - K.K. Outlaw
- Department of Surgery Mobile Infirmary Mobile AL 36607 U.S.A
| | - J.E. Ayling
- Department of Pharmacology University of South Alabama Mobile AL 36688 U.S.A
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Our understanding of cancer is being transformed by exploring clonal diversity, drug resistance, and causation within an evolutionary framework. The therapeutic resilience of advanced cancer is a consequence of its character as a complex, dynamic, and adaptive ecosystem engendering robustness, underpinned by genetic diversity and epigenetic plasticity. The risk of mutation-driven escape by self-renewing cells is intrinsic to multicellularity but is countered by multiple restraints, facilitating increasing complexity and longevity of species. But our own species has disrupted this historical narrative by rapidly escalating intrinsic risk. Evolutionary principles illuminate these challenges and provide new avenues to explore for more effective control. SIGNIFICANCE Lifetime risk of cancer now approximates to 50% in Western societies. And, despite many advances, the outcome for patients with disseminated disease remains poor, with drug resistance the norm. An evolutionary perspective may provide a clearer understanding of how cancer clones develop robustness and why, for us as a species, risk is now off the scale. And, perhaps, of what we might best do to achieve more effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Our understanding of cancer is being transformed by exploring clonal diversity, drug resistance, and causation within an evolutionary framework. The therapeutic resilience of advanced cancer is a consequence of its character as a complex, dynamic, and adaptive ecosystem engendering robustness, underpinned by genetic diversity and epigenetic plasticity. The risk of mutation-driven escape by self-renewing cells is intrinsic to multicellularity but is countered by multiple restraints, facilitating increasing complexity and longevity of species. But our own species has disrupted this historical narrative by rapidly escalating intrinsic risk. Evolutionary principles illuminate these challenges and provide new avenues to explore for more effective control. SIGNIFICANCE Lifetime risk of cancer now approximates to 50% in Western societies. And, despite many advances, the outcome for patients with disseminated disease remains poor, with drug resistance the norm. An evolutionary perspective may provide a clearer understanding of how cancer clones develop robustness and why, for us as a species, risk is now off the scale. And, perhaps, of what we might best do to achieve more effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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34
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Skin cancer was not a potent selective force in the evolution of protective pigmentation in early hominins. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20140517. [PMID: 24990674 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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35
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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36
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Zeng YW, Du J, Pu XY, Yang JZ, Yang T, Yang SM, Yang XM. Coevolution between Human's Anticancer Activities and Functional Foods from Crop Origin Center in the World. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2119-28. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Summers B. Facial skin pigmentation is not related to stratum corneum cohesion, basal transepidermal water loss, barrier integrity and barrier repair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:241-52. [PMID: 25482263 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypotheses have been developed for the evolutionary selection of skin pigmentation one of which relates to improved skin barrier function. The aim of this study was to compare facial skin condition on photoexposed (cheek) and photoprotected (post-auricular) sites of naturally pigmented subjects of different ethnicities (Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II/III and V/VI) and Albino African subjects to understand better the relationship between facial stratum corneum (SC) barrier function, skin surface pH and skin pigmentation. METHODS Expert grading of skin conditions, capacitance, skin surface pH and skin barrier function measurements were performed. For the latter, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements before (basal TEWL), after 3, 6 and 9 consecutive tape strippings (SC integrity) and 3.5 and 24 h post tape stripping (barrier recovery) were taken. Amounts of SC protein removed during stripping were estimated using infrared densitometry (SC cohesion). RESULTS Firstly, correlation analysis of the biometric data of the Black African and Caucasian subjects showed there to be no relationship between skin surface pH and ITA° values nor pH and ITA° with basal TEWL. Neither skin surface pH nor ITA° correlated with SC integrity and barrier recovery measurements, but skin surface pH correlated with SC cohesion. ITA° values were correlated with skin hydration. Secondly, on comparing the three ethnic groups, severe skin photodamage was observed in the Albino African subjects and their SC was thicker. Whereas their basal TEWL was elevated, superior values for SC integrity and barrier recovery were measured. No differences in basal TEWL, SC integrity and barrier recovery were found between the other two subject groups. Equally, SC cohesion and skin surface pH values were similar among the three groups. CONCLUSION There was no relationship between ITA° values and basal TEWL, SC integrity, SC cohesion and barrier recovery, but ITA° was correlated with skin hydration. Skin surface pH, irrespective of ITA° values, correlated with SC cohesion, indicating a greater intracorneal cohesion at lower pH values. Thus, pigmentation has no effect on SC barrier properties but was related to skin hydration. On comparing the three ethnic groups, Albino African SC was found to be superior to the Caucasian and Black African subjects in terms of SC integrity and barrier recovery but not basal TEWL. The Albino African subjects also have a thicker SC which contributes to their better SC integrity. No differences in skin barrier functionality or skin surface pH were observed for the other two groups. Skin hydration was, however, greatest in the Black African subjects. Our data support the evolutionary hypothesis that pigmentation protects the skin from UV irradiation and thereby the skin barrier but not the skin pigmentation-/pH-driven adaptive skin barrier hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., PO Box 2676, Bldg. 203.4/86, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Wright CY, Norval M, Hertle RW. Oculocutaneous albinism in sub-Saharan Africa: adverse sun-associated health effects and photoprotection. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:27-32. [PMID: 25298350 DOI: 10.1111/php.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetically inherited autosomal recessive condition. Individuals with OCA lack melanin and therefore are susceptible to the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, including extreme sun sensitivity, photophobia and skin cancer. OCA is a grave public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa with a prevalence as high as 1 in 1000 in some tribes. This article considers the characteristics and prevalence of OCA in sub-Saharan African countries. Sun-induced adverse health effects in the skin and eyes of OCA individuals are reviewed. Sun exposure behavior and the use of photoprotection for the skin and eyes are discussed to highlight the major challenges experienced by these at-risk individuals and how these might be best resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caradee Y Wright
- Climate Studies, Modelling and Environmental Health Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Nasti TH, Timares L. MC1R, eumelanin and pheomelanin: their role in determining the susceptibility to skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:188-200. [PMID: 25155575 DOI: 10.1111/php.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is due to the accumulation of two types of melanin granules in the keratinocytes. Besides being the most potent blocker of ultraviolet radiation, the role of melanin in photoprotection is complex. This is because one type of melanin called eumelanin is UV absorbent, whereas the other, pheomelanin, is photounstable and may even promote carcinogenesis. Skin hyperpigmentation may be caused by stress or exposure to sunlight, which stimulates the release of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) from damaged keratinocytes. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a key signaling molecule on melanocytes that responds to α-MSH by inducing expression of enzymes responsible for eumelanin synthesis. Persons with red hair have mutations in the MC1R causing its inactivation; this leads to a paucity of eumelanin production and makes red-heads more susceptible to skin cancer. Apart from its effects on melanin production, the α-MSH/MC1R signaling is also a potent anti-inflammatory pathway and has been shown to promote antimelanoma immunity. This review will focus on the role of MC1R in terms of its regulation of melanogenesis and influence on the immune system with respect to skin cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen H Nasti
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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41
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Expression of skin color genes in lymphocytes of Karan Fries cattle and seasonal relationship with tyrosinase and cortisol. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1155-60. [PMID: 24891258 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate difference in the expression of skin color genes (melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and premelanosome (PMEL)) in lymphocytes during winter and summer season and their correlation with tyrosinase enzyme and cortisol, ten Karan-Fries heifers were selected from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) cattle farm. Blood samples were collected from the animals during winter (THI = 60) and summer (THI = 83) season at weekly intervals. Relative MC1R and PMEL messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Karan Fries cattle was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) higher during winter than summer. Similarly, tyrosinase activity during winter was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) higher than summer season. However, plasma cortisol level was significantly (P < 0.01) higher during summer than winter. Thus, expression of the skin color genes showed positive correlation with tyrosinase enzyme, but negative correlation with cortisol level. Expression of MC1R and PMEL in lymphocytes and tyrosinase activity of Karan Fries cattle was highly reduced during summer. The present study showed that the ability of Karan Fries cattle to protect themselves from the harmful radiation of sunlight by melanization decreased with increased heat stress on them.
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