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Du S, Tihelka E, Yu D, Chen WJ, Bu Y, Cai C, Engel MS, Luan YX, Zhang F. Revisiting the four Hexapoda classes: Protura as the sister group to all other hexapods. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408775121. [PMID: 39298489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408775121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects represent the most diverse animal group, yet previous phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data have failed to agree on the evolutionary relationships of early insects and their six-legged relatives (together constituting the clade Hexapoda). In particular, the phylogenetic positions of the three early-diverging hexapod lineages-the coneheads (Protura), springtails (Collembola), and two-pronged bristletails (Diplura)-have been debated for over a century, with alternative topologies implying drastically different scenarios of the evolution of the insect body plan and hexapod terrestrialization. We addressed this issue by sampling all hexapod orders and experimenting with a broad range of across-site compositional heterogeneous models designed to tackle ancient divergences. Our analyses support Protura as the earliest-diverging hexapod lineage ("Protura-sister") and Collembola as a sister group to Diplura, a clade corresponding to the original composition of Entognatha, and characterized by the shared possession of internal muscles in the antennal flagellum. The previously recognized 'Elliplura' hypothesis is recovered only under the site-homogeneous substitution models with partial supermatrices. Our cross-validation analysis shows that the site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model, which recovers "Protura-sister," fits significantly better than homogeneous models. Furthermore, the morphologically unusual Protura are also supported as the earliest-diverging hexapod lineage by other lines of evidence, such as mitogenomes, comparative embryology, and sperm morphology, which produced results similar to those in this study. Our backbone phylogeny of hexapods will facilitate the exploration of the underpinnings of hexapod terrestrialization and megadiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Du
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Erik Tihelka
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Daoyuan Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wan-Jun Chen
- Mammoth (Shenzhen) Education Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yun Bu
- Natural History Research Center, Shanghai Natural History Museum, Shanghai Science & Technology Museum, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - Chenyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Perú
- Departamento de Entomología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Perú
| | - Yun-Xia Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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2
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Manthey C, Metcalf CJE, Monaghan MT, Steiner UK, Rolff J. Rapid growth and the evolution of complete metamorphosis in insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402980121. [PMID: 39250668 PMCID: PMC11420152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402980121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of all animal species are insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. The key innovation of these holometabolous insects is a pupal stage between the larva and adult when most structures are completely rebuilt. Why this extreme lifestyle evolved is unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that a trade-off between growth and differentiation explains the evolution of this novelty. Using a comparative approach, we find that holometabolous insects grow much faster than hemimetabolous insects. Using a theoretical model, we then show how holometaboly evolves under a growth-differentiation trade-off and identify conditions under which such temporal decoupling of growth and differentiation is favored. Our work supports the notion that the holometabolous life history evolved to remove developmental constraints on fast growth, primarily under high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Manthey
- Evolutionary Biology, Institue of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Evolutionary Biology, Institue of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin12587, Germany
| | - Ulrich K. Steiner
- Evolutionary Biology, Institue of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
- Evolutionary Demography, Institute of Biology, Freie Univeristät Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Evolutionary Biology, Institue of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
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3
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Burtner AE, M. Grossnickle D, Santana SE, Law CJ. Gliding toward an understanding of the origin of flight in bats. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17824. [PMID: 39071138 PMCID: PMC11283779 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only mammals capable of powered flight and have correspondingly specialized body plans, particularly in their limb morphology. The origin of bat flight is still not fully understood due to an uninformative fossil record but, from the perspective of a functional transition, it is widely hypothesized that bats evolved from gliding ancestors. Here, we test predictions of the gliding-to-flying hypothesis of the origin of bat flight by using phylogenetic comparative methods to model the evolution of forelimb and hindlimb traits on a dataset spanning four extinct bats and 231 extant mammals with diverse locomotor modes. Our results reveal that gliders exhibit adaptive trait optima (1) toward relatively elongate forelimbs that are intermediate between those of bats and non-gliding arborealists, and (2) toward relatively narrower but not longer hindlimbs that are intermediate between those of non-gliders and bats. We propose an adaptive landscape based on limb length and width optimal trends derived from our modeling analyses. Our results support a hypothetical evolutionary pathway wherein glider-like postcranial morphology precedes a bat-like morphology adapted to powered-flight, setting a foundation for future developmental, biomechanical, and evolutionary research to test this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Grossnickle
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, United States
| | | | - Chris J. Law
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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4
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Treidel LA, Deem KD, Salcedo MK, Dickinson MH, Bruce HS, Darveau CA, Dickerson BH, Ellers O, Glass JR, Gordon CM, Harrison JF, Hedrick TL, Johnson MG, Lebenzon JE, Marden JH, Niitepõld K, Sane SP, Sponberg S, Talal S, Williams CM, Wold ES. Insect Flight: State of the Field and Future Directions. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:icae106. [PMID: 38982327 PMCID: PMC11406162 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of flight in an early winged insect ancestral lineage is recognized as a key adaptation explaining the unparalleled success and diversification of insects. Subsequent transitions and modifications to flight machinery, including secondary reductions and losses, also play a central role in shaping the impacts of insects on broadscale geographic and ecological processes and patterns in the present and future. Given the importance of insect flight, there has been a centuries-long history of research and debate on the evolutionary origins and biological mechanisms of flight. Here, we revisit this history from an interdisciplinary perspective, discussing recent discoveries regarding the developmental origins, physiology, biomechanics, and neurobiology and sensory control of flight in a diverse set of insect models. We also identify major outstanding questions yet to be addressed and provide recommendations for overcoming current methodological challenges faced when studying insect flight, which will allow the field to continue to move forward in new and exciting directions. By integrating mechanistic work into ecological and evolutionary contexts, we hope that this synthesis promotes and stimulates new interdisciplinary research efforts necessary to close the many existing gaps about the causes and consequences of insect flight evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Treidel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln NE, 68588, USA
| | - Kevin D Deem
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14627, USA
| | - Mary K Salcedo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bradley H Dickerson
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Olaf Ellers
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Jordan R Glass
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Caleb M Gordon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Tyson L Hedrick
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Meredith G Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Lebenzon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - James H Marden
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA
| | | | - Sanjay P Sane
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065 India
| | - Simon Sponberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Stav Talal
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ethan S Wold
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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5
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Jouault C, Condamine FL, Legendre F, Perrichot V. The Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution buffered ants against extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317795121. [PMID: 38466878 PMCID: PMC10990090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317795121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With ~14,000 extant species, ants are ubiquitous and of tremendous ecological importance. They have undergone remarkable diversification throughout their evolutionary history. However, the drivers of their diversity dynamics are not well quantified or understood. Previous phylogenetic analyses have suggested patterns of diversity dynamics associated with the Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution (ATR), but these studies have overlooked valuable information from the fossil record. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using a large dataset that includes both the ant fossil record (~24,000 individual occurrences) and neontological data (~14,000 occurrences), and tested four hypotheses proposed for ant diversification: co-diversification, competitive extinction, hyper-specialization, and buffered extinction. Taking into account biases in the fossil record, we found three distinct diversification periods (the latest Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligo-Miocene) and one extinction period (Late Cretaceous). The competitive extinction hypothesis between stem and crown ants is not supported. Instead, we found support for the co-diversification, buffered extinction, and hyper-specialization hypotheses. The environmental changes of the ATR, mediated by the angiosperm radiation, likely played a critical role in buffering ants against extinction and favoring their diversification by providing new ecological niches, such as forest litter and arboreal nesting sites, and additional resources. We also hypothesize that the decline and extinction of stem ants during the Late Cretaceous was due to their hyper-specialized morphology, which limited their ability to expand their dietary niche in changing environments. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach when studying the interplay between past environments and the evolutionary trajectories of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Jouault
- Institut de Systématique Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE-PSL, Université des Antilles, Paris75005, France
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier34095, France
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Rennes35000, France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Institut de Systématique Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE-PSL, Université des Antilles, Paris75005, France
| | - Vincent Perrichot
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Rennes35000, France
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6
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Wu S, Rheindt FE, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang L, Quan C, Li Z, Wang M, Wu F, Qu Y, Edwards SV, Zhou Z, Liu L. Genomes, fossils, and the concurrent rise of modern birds and flowering plants in the Late Cretaceous. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319696121. [PMID: 38346181 PMCID: PMC10895254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319696121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny and divergence timing of the Neoavian radiation remain controversial despite recent progress. We analyzed the genomes of 124 species across all Neoavian orders, using data from 25,460 loci spanning four DNA classes, including 5,756 coding sequences, 12,449 conserved nonexonic elements, 4,871 introns, and 2,384 intergenic segments. We conducted a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to account for the heterogeneity across different DNA classes, leading to an optimal tree of Neoaves with high resolution. This phylogeny features a novel Neoavian dichotomy comprising two monophyletic clades: a previously recognized Telluraves (land birds) and a newly circumscribed Aquaterraves (waterbirds and relatives). Molecular dating analyses with 20 fossil calibrations indicate that the diversification of modern birds began in the Late Cretaceous and underwent a constant and steady radiation across the KPg boundary, concurrent with the rise of angiosperms as well as other major Cenozoic animal groups including placental and multituberculate mammals. The KPg catastrophe had a limited impact on avian evolution compared to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, which triggered a rapid diversification of seabirds. Our findings suggest that the evolution of modern birds followed a slow process of gradualism rather than a rapid process of punctuated equilibrium, with limited interruption by the KPg catastrophe. This study places bird evolution into a new context within vertebrates, with ramifications for the evolution of the Earth's biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu International Joint Center of Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Frank E Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu International Joint Center of Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu International Joint Center of Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Cheng Quan
- School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606
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7
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Manthey C, Johnston PR, Nakagawa S, Rolff J. Complete metamorphosis and microbiota turnover in insects. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6543-6551. [PMID: 36039743 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insects constitute the majority of animal diversity. Most insects are holometabolous: during complete metamorphosis their bodies are radically reorganized. This reorganization poses a significant challenge to the gut microbiota, as the gut is replaced during pupation, a process that does not occur in hemimetabolous insects. In holometabolous hosts, it offers the opportunity to decouple the gut microbiota between the larval and adult life stages resulting in high beta diversity whilst limiting alpha diversity. Here, we studied 18 different herbivorous insect species from five orders of holometabolous and three orders of hemimetabolous insects. Comparing larval and adult specimens, we find a much higher beta-diversity and hence microbiota turnover in holometabolous insects compared to hemimetabolous insects. Alpha diversity did not differ between holo- and hemimetabolous insects nor between developmental stages within these groups. Our results support the idea that pupation offers the opportunity to change the gut microbiota and hence might facilitate ecological niche shifts. This possible effect of niche shift facilitation could explain a selective advantage of the evolution of complete metamorphosis, which is a defining trait of the most speciose insect taxon, the holometabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Manthey
- Institut für Biologie, Evolutionary Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens Rolff
- Institut für Biologie, Evolutionary Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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8
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Harrison RE, Yang X, Eum JH, Martinson VG, Dou X, Valzania L, Wang Y, Boyd BM, Brown MR, Strand MR. The mosquito Aedes aegypti requires a gut microbiota for normal fecundity, longevity and vector competence. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1154. [PMID: 37957247 PMCID: PMC10643675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes shift from detritus-feeding larvae to blood-feeding adults that can vector pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. The sugar and blood meals adults consume are rich in carbohydrates and protein but are deficient in other nutrients including B vitamins. Facultatively hematophagous insects like mosquitoes have been hypothesized to avoid B vitamin deficiencies by carryover of resources from the larval stage. However, prior experimental studies have also used adults with a gut microbiota that could provision B vitamins. Here, we used Aedes aegypti, which is the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV), to ask if carryover effects enable normal function in adults with no microbiota. We show that adults with no gut microbiota produce fewer eggs, live longer with lower metabolic rates, and exhibit reduced DENV vector competence but are rescued by provisioning B vitamins or recolonizing the gut with B vitamin autotrophs. We conclude carryover effects do not enable normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby E Harrison
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiushuai Yang
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jai Hoon Eum
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Vincent G Martinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Luca Valzania
- Institut Curie, 20 Rue d'Ulm, 75238, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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9
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Viertler A, Urfer K, Schulz G, Klopfstein S, Spasojevic T. Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2023; 142:30. [PMID: 37927422 PMCID: PMC10624732 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-023-00294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The correct interpretation of fossils and their reliable taxonomic placements are fundamental for understanding the evolutionary history of biodiversity. Amber inclusions often preserve more morphological information than compression fossils, but are often partially hidden or distorted, which can impede taxonomic identification. Here, we studied four new fossil species of Darwin wasps from Baltic and Dominican amber, using micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans and 3D reconstructions to accurately interpret and increase the availability of morphological information. We then infer their taxonomic placement in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis by combining morphological and molecular data of extant and fossil Darwin wasps and evaluate the impact and usefulness of the additional information from micro-CT scanning. The results show that although we gained significant morphological information from micro-CT scanning, especially concerning measurements and hidden dorsal and ventral structures, this did not impact subfamily-level placement for any of the four fossils. However, micro-CT scanning improved the precision of fossil placements at the genus level, which might be key in future dating and diversification analyses. Finally, we describe the four new fossil species as Rhyssa gulliveri sp. nov. in Rhyssinae, Triclistus levii sp. nov. in Metopiinae, Firkantus freddykruegeri gen. et. sp. nov. in Pimplinae and Magnocula sarcophaga gen. et sp. nov. in Phygadeuontinae. The first two species are the first known representatives of the subfamilies Rhyssinae and Metopiinae in amber. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00294-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Viertler
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Urfer
- Natural History Museum St. Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 263, 9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schulz
- Core Facility Micro- and Nanotomography, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167 B/C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Hegenheimermattweg 167 B/C, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Seraina Klopfstein
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Spasojevic
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Suetsugu K, Nozaki T, Hirota SK, Funaki S, Ito K, Isagi Y, Suyama Y, Kaneko S. Phylogeographical evidence for historical long-distance dispersal in the flightless stick insect Ramulus mikado. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231708. [PMID: 37817589 PMCID: PMC10565398 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring how organisms overcome geographical barriers to dispersal is a fundamental question in biology. Passive long-distance dispersal events, although infrequent and unpredictable, have a considerable impact on species range expansions. Despite limited active dispersal capabilities, many stick insect species have vast geographical ranges, indicating that passive long-distance dispersal is vital for their distribution. A potential mode of passive dispersal in stick insects is via the egg stage within avian digestive tracts, as suggested by experimental evidence. However, detecting such events under natural conditions is challenging due to their rarity. Therefore, to indirectly assess the potential of historical avian-mediated dispersal, we examined the population genetic structure of the flightless stick insect Ramulus mikado across Japan, based on a multifaceted molecular approach [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes, nuclear simple sequence repeat markers and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms]. Subsequently, we identified unique phylogeographic patterns, including the discovery of identical COI genotypes spanning considerable distances, which substantiates the notion of passive long-distance genotypic dispersal. Overall, all the molecular data revealed the low and mostly non-significant genetic differentiation among populations, with identical or very similar genotypes across distant populations. We propose that long-distance dispersal facilitated by birds is the plausible explanation for the unique phylogeographic pattern observed in this flightless stick insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonari Nozaki
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shun K. Hirota
- Botanical Gardens, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano City, Osaka 576-0004, Japan
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Shoichi Funaki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Katsura Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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11
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Gau J, Lynch J, Aiello B, Wold E, Gravish N, Sponberg S. Bridging two insect flight modes in evolution, physiology and robophysics. Nature 2023; 622:767-774. [PMID: 37794191 PMCID: PMC10599994 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Since taking flight, insects have undergone repeated evolutionary transitions between two seemingly distinct flight modes1-3. Some insects neurally activate their muscles synchronously with each wingstroke. However, many insects have achieved wingbeat frequencies beyond the speed limit of typical neuromuscular systems by evolving flight muscles that are asynchronous with neural activation and activate in response to mechanical stretch2-8. These modes reflect the two fundamental ways of generating rhythmic movement: time-periodic forcing versus emergent oscillations from self-excitation8-10. How repeated evolutionary transitions have occurred and what governs the switching between these distinct modes remain unknown. Here we find that, despite widespread asynchronous actuation in insects across the phylogeny3,6, asynchrony probably evolved only once at the order level, with many reversions to the ancestral, synchronous mode. A synchronous moth species, evolved from an asynchronous ancestor, still preserves the stretch-activated muscle physiology. Numerical and robophysical analyses of a unified biophysical framework reveal that rather than a dichotomy, these two modes are two regimes of the same dynamics. Insects can transition between flight modes across a bridge in physiological parameter space. Finally, we integrate these two actuation modes into an insect-scale robot11-13 that enables transitions between modes and unlocks a new self-excited wingstroke strategy for engineered flight. Together, this framework accounts for repeated transitions in insect flight evolution and shows how flight modes can flip with changes in physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Gau
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Lynch
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brett Aiello
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, PA, USA
| | - Ethan Wold
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nick Gravish
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Simon Sponberg
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Blaimer BB, Santos BF, Cruaud A, Gates MW, Kula RR, Mikó I, Rasplus JY, Smith DR, Talamas EJ, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 36869077 PMCID: PMC9984522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera, but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral foundations for adaptations more directly associated with diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert R Kula
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David R Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Prokop J, Nel A, Engel MS. Diversity, Form, and Postembryonic Development of Paleozoic Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:401-429. [PMID: 36689304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-022637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While Mesozoic, Paleogene, and Neogene insect faunas greatly resemble the modern one, the Paleozoic fauna provides unique insights into key innovations in insect evolution, such as the origin of wings and modifications of postembryonic development including holometaboly. Deep-divergence estimates suggest that the majority of contemporary insect orders originated in the Late Paleozoic, but these estimates reflect divergences between stem groups of each lineage rather than the later appearance of the crown groups. The fossil record shows the initial radiations of the extant hyperdiverse clades during the Early Permian, as well as the specialized fauna present before the End Permian mass extinction. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to the documented diversity of Paleozoic hexapods, as well as current knowledge about what has actually been verified from fossil evidence as it relates to postembryonic development and the morphology of different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Jacobs CGC, van der Hulst R, Chen YT, Williamson RP, Roth S, van der Zee M. Immune function of the serosa in hemimetabolous insect eggs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210266. [PMID: 36252212 PMCID: PMC9574632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects comprise more than a million species and many authors have attempted to explain this success by evolutionary innovations. A much overlooked evolutionary novelty of insects is the serosa, an extraembryonic epithelium around the yolk and embryo. We have shown previously that this epithelium provides innate immune protection to eggs of the beetle Tribolium castaneum. It remained elusive, however, whether this immune competence evolved in the Tribolium lineage or is ancestral to all insects. Here, we expand our studies to two hemimetabolous insects, the bug Oncopeltus fasciatus and the swarming grasshopper Locusta migratoria. For Oncopeltus, RNA sequencing reveals an extensive response upon infection, including the massive upregulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). We demonstrate antimicrobial activity of these peptides using in vitro bacterial growth assays and describe two novel AMP families called Serosins and Ovicins. For both insects, quantitative polymerase chain reaction shows immune competence of the eggs when the serosa is present, and in situ hybridizations demonstrate that immune gene expression is localized in the serosa. This first evidence from hemimetabolous insect eggs suggests that immune competence is an ancestral property of the serosa. The evolutionary origin of the serosa with its immune function might have facilitated the spectacular radiation of the insects. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G. C. Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Remy van der Hulst
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Yen-Ta Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Ryan P. Williamson
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Maurijn van der Zee
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
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15
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Liu T, Xu X, An F, Zhu W, Luo D, Liu S, Wei G, Wang L. Functional analysis of nuclear receptor HR96 gene in Bombyx mori exposed to phoxim. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21910. [PMID: 35470488 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NRs) gene family functions as ligand-dependent transcription factors in a variety of animals, which participates in a variety of biological processes, such as cell differentiation, metabolic regulation, reproduction, development, insect metamorphosis. In this study, a nuclear receptor HR96 gene in silkworm Bombyx mori (BmHR96) was identified, and the responses of BmHR96 gene to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), three insecticides, and two disinfectants were analyzed and its function in phoxim exposure was explored. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of BmHR96 mRNA was the highest in ovary of 5th instar Day 3 silkworm larvae and in silk gland of the wandering stage. The expression patterns of BmHR96 gene in ovary, head, testis, and midgut of different stages were different. After injecting 20E into B. mori, the expression of BmHR96 mRNA had no significant difference compared with control. Three insecticides and two disinfectants were used to treat B. mori, respectively, and it was found that they had different influence patterns on the expression level of BmHR96. siRNA of BmHR96 was injected into silkworm larvae and the expression of BmHR96 was decreased significantly after injecting 72 h. After silencing of BmHR96, B. mori was fed with phoxim-treated leaves. The results showed that the mortality of B. mori after silencing of BmHR96 was significantly higher than the control. Our results indicated that HR96 plays an important role in regulating the stress response of phoxim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fudong An
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weihao Zhu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongling Luo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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16
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Vršanský P, Aristov D, Hain M, Kúdelová T, Kúdela M, Metscher B, Palková H, Káčerová J, Hinkelman J. Longest-surviving Carboniferous-family insect found in Mesozoic amber. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Raś M, Wipfler B, Dannenfeld T, Iwan D. Postembryonic development of the tracheal system of beetles in the context of aptery and adaptations towards an arid environment. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13378. [PMID: 35855904 PMCID: PMC9288169 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tracheal system comprises one of the major adaptations of insects towards a terrestrial lifestyle. Many aspects such as the modifications towards wing reduction or a life in an arid climate are still poorly understood. To address these issues, we performed the first three-dimensional morphometric analyses of the tracheal system of a wingless insect, the desert beetle Gonopus tibialis and compared it with a flying beetle (Tenebrio molitor). Our results clearly show that the reduction of the flight apparatus has severe consequences for the tracheal system. This includes the reduction of the tracheal density, the relative volume of the trachea, the volume of the respective spiracles and the complete loss of individual tracheae. At the same time, the reduction of wings in the desert beetle allows modifications of the tracheal system that would be impossible in an animal with a functional flight apparatus such as the formation of a subelytral cavity as a part of the tracheal system, the strong elongation of the digestive tract including its tracheal system or the respiration through a single spiracle. Finally, we addressed when these modifications of the tracheal system take place during the development of the studied beetles. We can clearly show that they develop during pupation while the larvae of both species are almost identical in their tracheal system and body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Raś
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Benjamin Wipfler
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Dannenfeld
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dariusz Iwan
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Cogni R, Quental TB, Guimarães PR. Ehrlich and Raven escape and radiate coevolution hypothesis at different levels of organization: Past and future perspectives. Evolution 2022; 76:1108-1123. [PMID: 35262199 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The classic paper by Ehrlich and Raven on coevolution will soon be 60 years old. Although they were not the first to develop the idea of coevolution, their thought-provoking paper certainly popularized this idea and inspired several generations of scientists interested in coevolution. Here, we describe some of their main contributions, quantitatively measure the impact of their seminal paper on different fields of research, and discuss how ideas related to their original paper might push the study of coevolution forward. To guide our discussion, we explore their original hypothesis into three research fields that are associated with distinct scales/levels of organization: (1) the genetic mechanisms underlying coevolutionary interactions; (2) the potential association between coevolutionary diversification and the organization of ecological networks; and (3) the micro- and macroevolutionary mechanisms and expected patterns under their hypothesis. By doing so, we discuss potentially overlooked aspects and future directions for the study of coevolutionary dynamics and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cogni
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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19
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Ecological radiations of insects in the Mesozoic. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:529-540. [PMID: 35287981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mesozoic is a key era for the rise of the modern insect fauna. Among the most important evolutionary events in Mesozoic insects are the radiation of holometabolous insects, the origin of eusocial and parasitoid insects, diversification of pollinating insects, and development of advanced mimicry and camouflage. These events are closely associated with the diversification of insect ecological behaviors and colonization of new ecospaces. At the same time, insects had evolved more complex and closer ecological associations with various plants and animals. Mesozoic insects played a key and underappreciated ecological role in reconstructing and maintaining terrestrial ecosystems. A greater understanding of the history of insects may help to mitigate future changes in insect diversity and abundance.
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20
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ten Brink H, Seehausen O. Competition among small individuals hinders adaptive radiation despite ecological opportunity. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212655. [PMID: 35317672 PMCID: PMC8941390 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ontogenetic diet shifts, where individuals change their resource use during development, are the rule rather than the exception in the animal world. Here, we aim to understand how such changes in diet during development affect the conditions for an adaptive radiation in the presence of ecological opportunity. We use a size-structured consumer-resource model and the adaptive dynamics approach to study the ecological conditions for speciation. We assume that small individuals all feed on a shared resource. Large individuals, on the other hand, have access to multiple food sources on which they can specialize. We find that competition among small individuals can hinder an adaptive radiation to unfold, despite plenty of ecological opportunity for large individuals. When small individuals experience strong competition for food, they grow slowly and only a few individuals are recruited to the larger size classes. Hence, competition for food among large individuals is weak and there is therefore no disruptive selection. In addition, initial conditions determine if an adaptive radiation occurs or not. A consumer population initially dominated by small individuals will not radiate. On the other hand, a population initially dominated by large individuals may undergo adaptive radiation and diversify into multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna ten Brink
- Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center of Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center of Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Molecular mechanisms underlying metamorphosis in the most-ancestral winged insect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114773119. [PMID: 35217609 PMCID: PMC8892354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114773119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As caterpillars metamorphose to butterflies, insects change their appearance dramatically through metamorphosis. Some insects have an immobile pupal stage for morphological remodeling (homometaboly). Other insects, such as cockroaches, have no pupal stage, and the juveniles and adults are morphologically similar (hemimetaboly). Notably, among the most-ancestral hemimetabolous insects, dragonflies drastically alter their appearance from aquatic nymphs to aerial adults. In dragonflies, we showed that transcription factors Kr-h1 and E93 are essential for regulating metamorphosis as in other insects, while broad, the master gene for pupation in holometabolous insects, regulates a number of both nymph-specific genes and adult-specific genes, providing insight into what evolutionary trajectory the key transcription factor broad has experienced before ending up with governing pupation and holometaboly. Insects comprise over half of the described species, and the acquisition of metamorphosis must have contributed to their diversity and prosperity. The order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) is among the most-ancestral insects with drastic morphological changes upon metamorphosis, in which understanding of the molecular mechanisms will provide insight into the evolution of incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects. In order to identify metamorphosis-related genes in Odonata, we performed comprehensive RNA-sequencing of the blue-tailed damselfly Ischnura senegalensis at different developmental stages. Comparative RNA-sequencing analyses between nymphs and adults identified eight nymph-specific and seven adult-specific transcripts. RNA interference (RNAi) of these candidate genes demonstrated that three transcription factors, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), broad, and E93 play important roles in metamorphosis of both I. senegalensis and a phylogenetically distant dragonfly, Pseudothemis zonata. E93 is essential for adult morphogenesis, and RNAi of Kr-h1 induced precocious metamorphosis in epidermis via up-regulation of E93. Precocious metamorphosis was also induced by RNAi of the juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met), confirming that the regulation of metamorphosis by the MEKRE93 (Met-Kr-h1-E93) pathway is conserved across diverse insects including the basal insect lineage Odonata. Notably, RNAi of broad produced unique grayish pigmentation on the nymphal abdominal epidermis. Survey of downstream genes for Kr-h1, broad, and E93 uncovered that unlike other insects, broad regulates a substantial number of nymph-specific and adult-specific genes independently of Kr-h1 and E93. These findings highlight the importance of functional changes and rewiring of the transcription factors Kr-h1, broad, and E93 in the evolution of insect metamorphosis.
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22
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Aiello BR, Sikandar UB, Minoguchi H, Bhinderwala B, Hamilton CA, Kawahara AY, Sponberg S. The evolution of two distinct strategies of moth flight. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210632. [PMID: 34847789 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across insects, wing shape and size have undergone dramatic divergence even in closely related sister groups. However, we do not know how morphology changes in tandem with kinematics to support body weight within available power and how the specific force production patterns are linked to differences in behaviour. Hawkmoths and wild silkmoths are diverse sister families with divergent wing morphology. Using three-dimensional kinematics and quasi-steady aerodynamic modelling, we compare the aerodynamics and the contributions of wing shape, size and kinematics in 10 moth species. We find that wing movement also diverges between the clades and underlies two distinct strategies for flight. Hawkmoths use wing kinematics, especially high frequencies, to enhance force and wing morphologies that reduce power. Silkmoths use wing morphology to enhance force, and slow, high-amplitude wingstrokes to reduce power. Both strategies converge on similar aerodynamic power and can support similar body weight ranges. However, inter-clade within-wingstroke force profiles are quite different and linked to the hovering flight of hawkmoths and the bobbing flight of silkmoths. These two moth groups fly more like other, distantly related insects than they do each other, demonstrating the diversity of flapping flight evolution and a rich bioinspired design space for robotic flappers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Aiello
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Usama Bin Sikandar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hajime Minoguchi
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Chris A Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.,Department Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Simon Sponberg
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Aiello BR, Tan M, Bin Sikandar U, Alvey AJ, Bhinderwala B, Kimball KC, Barber JR, Hamilton CA, Kawahara AY, Sponberg S. Adaptive shifts underlie the divergence in wing morphology in bombycoid moths. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210677. [PMID: 34344177 PMCID: PMC8334871 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of flapping flight is linked to the prolific success of insects. Across Insecta, wing morphology diversified, strongly impacting aerodynamic performance. In the presence of ecological opportunity, discrete adaptive shifts and early bursts are two processes hypothesized to give rise to exceptional morphological diversification. Here, we use the sister-families Sphingidae and Saturniidae to answer how the evolution of aerodynamically important traits is linked to clade divergence and through what process(es) these traits evolve. Many agile Sphingidae evolved hover feeding behaviours, while adult Saturniidae lack functional mouth parts and rely on a fixed energy budget as adults. We find that Sphingidae underwent an adaptive shift in wing morphology coincident with life history and behaviour divergence, evolving small high aspect ratio wings advantageous for power reduction that can be moved at high frequencies, beneficial for flight control. By contrast, Saturniidae, which do not feed as adults, evolved large wings and morphology which surprisingly does not reduce aerodynamic power, but could contribute to their erratic flight behaviour, aiding in predator avoidance. We suggest that after the evolution of flapping flight, diversification of wing morphology can be potentiated by adaptative shifts, shaping the diversity of wing morphology across insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Aiello
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Milton Tan
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Usama Bin Sikandar
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alexis J. Alvey
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | | | - Katalina C. Kimball
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jesse R. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Chris A. Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Simon Sponberg
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Arbuckle K, Harris RJ. Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:150. [PMID: 34344322 PMCID: PMC8336261 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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25
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A transitional fossil mite (Astigmata: Levantoglyphidae fam. n.) from the early Cretaceous suggests gradual evolution of phoresy-related metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15113. [PMID: 34301989 PMCID: PMC8302706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis is a key innovation allowing the same species to inhabit different environments and accomplish different functions, leading to evolutionary success in many animal groups. Astigmata is a megadiverse lineage of mites that expanded into a great number of habitats via associations with invertebrate and vertebrate hosts (human associates include stored food mites, house dust mites, and scabies). The evolutionary success of Astigmata is linked to phoresy-related metamorphosis, namely the origin of the heteromorphic deutonymph, which is highly specialized for phoresy (dispersal on hosts). The origin of this instar is enigmatic since it is morphologically divergent and no intermediate forms are known. Here we describe the heteromorphic deutonymph of Levantoglyphus sidorchukae n. gen. and sp. (Levantoglyphidae fam. n.) from early Cretaceous amber of Lebanon (129 Ma), which displays a transitional morphology. It is similar to extant phoretic deutonymphs in its modifications for phoresy but has the masticatory system and other parts of the gnathosoma well-developed. These aspects point to a gradual evolution of the astigmatid heteromorphic morphology and metamorphosis. The presence of well-developed presumably host-seeking sensory elements on the gnathosoma suggests that the deutonymph was not feeding either during phoretic or pre- or postphoretic periods.
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26
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Burress ED, Muñoz MM. Ecological Opportunity from Innovation, not Islands, Drove the Anole Lizard Adaptive Radiation. Syst Biol 2021; 71:93-104. [PMID: 33956152 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands are thought to facilitate adaptive radiation by providing release from competition and predation. Anole lizards are considered a classic example of this phenomenon: different ecological specialists ('ecomorphs') evolved in the Caribbean Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico), resulting in convergent assemblages that are not observed in mainland Latin America. Yet, the role of islands in facilitating adaptive radiation is more often implied than directly tested, leaving uncertain the role of biogeography in stimulating diversification. Here, we assess the proposed "island effect" on anole diversification using Bayesian phylogenetic comparative methods that explicitly incorporate rate heterogeneity across the tree and demonstrate two cases of would-be false positives. We discovered that rates of speciation and morphological evolution of island and mainland anoles are equivalent, implying that islands provide no special context for exceptionally rapid diversification. Likewise, rates of evolution were equivalent between island anoles that arose via in situ versus dispersal-based mechanisms, and we found no evidence for island-specific rates of speciation or morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the origin of Anolis is characterized by a speciation pulse that slowed over time - a classic signature of waning ecological opportunity. Our findings cast doubt on the notion that islands catalyzed the anole adaptive radiation and instead point to a key innovation, adhesive toe pads, which facilitated the exploitation of many arboreal niches sparsely utilized by other iguanian lizards. The selective pressures responsible for arboreal niche diversification differ between islands and the mainland, but the tempo of diversification driven by these discordant processes is indistinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Burress
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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27
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Ortiz‐Acevedo E, Gomez JP, Espeland M, Toussaint EFA, Willmott KR. The roles of wing color pattern and geography in the evolution of Neotropical Preponini butterflies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12801-12816. [PMID: 33304495 PMCID: PMC7713932 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversification rates and evolutionary trajectories are known to be influenced by phenotypic traits and the geographic history of the landscapes that organisms inhabit. One of the most conspicuous traits in butterflies is their wing color pattern, which has been shown to be important in speciation. The evolution of many taxa in the Neotropics has also been influenced by major geological events. Using a dated, species-level molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for Preponini, a colorful Neotropical butterfly tribe, we evaluated whether diversification rates were constant or varied through time, and how they were influenced by color pattern evolution and biogeographical events. We found that Preponini originated approximately 28 million years ago and that diversification has increased through time consistent with major periods of Andean uplift. Even though some clades show evolutionarily rapid transitions in coloration, contrary to our expectations, these shifts were not correlated with shifts in diversification. Involvement in mimicry with other butterfly groups might explain the rapid changes in dorsal color patterns in this tribe, but such changes have not increased species diversification in this group. However, we found evidence for an influence of major Miocene and Pliocene geological events on the tribe's evolution. Preponini apparently originated within South America, and range evolution has since been dynamic, congruent with Andean geologic activity, closure of the Panama Isthmus, and Miocene climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz‐Acevedo
- Departamento de Química y BiologíaUniversidad del NorteBarranquillaColombia
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Juan Pablo Gomez
- Departamento de Química y BiologíaUniversidad del NorteBarranquillaColombia
| | | | | | - Keith R. Willmott
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Ballerini ES, Min Y, Edwards MB, Kramer EM, Hodges SA. POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, in Aquilegia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22552-22560. [PMID: 32848061 PMCID: PMC7486772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006912117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of novel features, such as eyes or wings, that allow organisms to exploit their environment in new ways can lead to increased diversification rates. Therefore, understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms involved in the origin of these key innovations has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. In flowering plants, floral nectar spurs are a prime example of a key innovation, with the independent evolution of spurs associated with increased diversification rates in multiple angiosperm lineages due to their ability to promote reproductive isolation via pollinator specialization. As none of the traditional plant model taxa have nectar spurs, little is known about the genetic and developmental basis of this trait. Nectar spurs are a defining feature of the columbine genus Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae), a lineage that has experienced a relatively recent and rapid radiation. We use a combination of genetic mapping, gene expression analyses, and functional assays to identify a gene crucial for nectar spur development, POPOVICH (POP), which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor. POP plays a central role in regulating cell proliferation in the Aquilegia petal during the early phase (phase I) of spur development and also appears to be necessary for the subsequent development of nectaries. The identification of POP opens up numerous avenues for continued scientific exploration, including further elucidating of the genetic pathway of which it is a part, determining its role in the initial evolution of the Aquilegia nectar spur, and examining its potential role in the subsequent evolution of diverse spur morphologies across the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline S Ballerini
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
| | - Ya Min
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02318
| | - Molly B Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02318
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02318
| | - Scott A Hodges
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
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29
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Simon C, Gordon ERL, Moulds MS, Cole JA, Haji D, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Kortyna M, Nazario K, Wade EJ, Meister RC, Goemans G, Chiswell SM, Pessacq P, Veloso C, McCutcheon JP, Łukasik P. Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Phylogenetic asymmetry is common throughout the tree of life and results from contrasting patterns of speciation and extinction in the paired descendant lineages of ancestral nodes. On the depauperate side of a node, we find extant ‘relict’ taxa that sit atop long, unbranched lineages. Here, we show that a tiny, pale green, inconspicuous and poorly known cicada in the genus Derotettix, endemic to degraded salt-plain habitats in arid regions of central Argentina, is a relict lineage that is sister to all other modern cicadas. Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies of cicadas inferred from probe-based genomic hybrid capture data of both target and non-target loci and a morphological cladogram support this hypothesis. We strengthen this conclusion with genomic data from one of the cicada nutritional bacterial endosymbionts, Sulcia, an ancient and obligate endosymbiont of the larger plant-sucking bugs (Auchenorrhyncha) and an important source of maternally inherited phylogenetic data. We establish Derotettiginae subfam. nov. as a new, monogeneric, fifth cicada subfamily, and compile existing and new data on the distribution, ecology and diet of Derotettix. Our consideration of the palaeoenvironmental literature and host-plant phylogenetics allows us to predict what might have led to the relict status of Derotettix over 100 Myr of habitat change in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric R L Gordon
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - M S Moulds
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Cole
- Natural Sciences Division, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Diler Haji
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Michelle Kortyna
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katherine Nazario
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Wade
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA
| | - Russell C Meister
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Geert Goemans
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Pablo Pessacq
- Centro de Investigaciones Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónicas, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Science Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - John P McCutcheon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Burress ED, Tan M, Wainwright PC. Head Shape Modulates Diversification of a Classic Cichlid Pharyngeal Jaw Innovation. Am Nat 2019; 194:693-706. [PMID: 31613667 DOI: 10.1086/705392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional innovations are often invoked to explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity. Innovations may provide access to new adaptive zones by expanding available ecological opportunities and may serve as catalysts of adaptive radiation. However, diversity is often unevenly distributed within clades that share a key innovation, highlighting the possibility that the impact of the innovation is mediated by other traits. Pharyngognathy is a widely recognized innovation of the pharyngeal jaws that enhances the ability to process hard and tough prey in several major radiations of fishes, including marine wrasses and freshwater cichlids. We explored diversification of lower pharyngeal jaw shape, a key feature of pharyngognathy, and the extent to which it is influenced by head shape in Neotropical cichlids. While pharyngeal jaw shape was unaffected by either head length or head depth, its disparity declined dramatically with increasing head width. Head width also predicted the rate of pharyngeal jaw evolution such that higher rates were associated with narrow heads. Wide heads are associated with exploiting prey that require intense processing by pharyngeal jaws that have expanded surfaces for the attachment of enlarged muscles. However, we show that a wide head constrains access to adaptive peaks associated with several trophic roles. A constraint on the independent evolution of pharyngeal jaw and head shape may explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity within a clade that shares a major functional innovation.
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31
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Belles X. The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180415. [PMID: 31438822 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Kaji T, Song C, Murata K, Nonaka S, Ogawa K, Kondo Y, Ohtsuka S, Palmer AR. Evolutionary transformation of mouthparts from particle-feeding to piercing carnivory in Viper copepods: Review and 3D analyses of a key innovation using advanced imaging techniques. Front Zool 2019; 16:35. [PMID: 31440302 PMCID: PMC6704645 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel feeding adaptations often facilitate adaptive radiation and diversification. But the evolutionary origins of such feeding adaptations can be puzzling if they require concordant change in multiple component parts. Pelagic, heterorhabdid copepods (Calanoida) exhibit diverse feeding behaviors that range from simple particle feeding to a highly specialized form of carnivory involving piercing mouthparts that likely inject venom. We review the evolutionary history of heterorhabdid copepods and add new high-resolution, 3D anatomical analyses of the muscular system, glands and gland openings associated with this remarkable evolutionary transformation. RESULTS We examined four heterorhabdid copepods with different feeding modes: one primitive particle-feeder (Disseta palumbii), one derived and specialized carnivore (Heterorhabdus subspinifrons), and two intermediate taxa (Mesorhabdus gracilis and Heterostylites longicornis). We used two advanced, high-resolution microscopic techniques - serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy - to visualize mouthpart form and internal anatomy at unprecedented nanometer resolution. Interactive 3D graphical visualizations allowed putative homologues of muscles and gland cells to be identified with confidence and traced across the evolutionary transformation from particle feeding to piercing carnivory. Notable changes included: a) addition of new gland cells, b) enlargement of some (venom producing?) glands, c) repositioning of gland openings associated with hollow piercing fangs on the mandibles, d) repurposing of some mandibular-muscle function to include gland-squeezing, and e) addition of new muscles that may aid venom injection exclusively in the most specialized piercing species. In addition, live video recording of all four species revealed mandibular blade movements coupled to cyclic contraction of some muscles connected to the esophagus. These behavioral and 3D morphological observations revealed a novel injection system in H. subspinifrons associated with piercing (envenomating?) carnivory. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that subtle changes in mandibular tooth form, and muscle and gland form and location, facilitated the evolution of a novel, piercing mode of feeding that accelerated diversification of the genus Heterorhabdus. They also highlight the value of interactive 3D animations for understanding evolutionary transformations of complex, multicomponent morphological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Kaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
- Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Institut fur Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Chihong Song
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Shigenori Nonaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kota Ogawa
- Biosystematics Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Okazaki, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0024 Japan
| | - Susumu Ohtsuka
- Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0024 Japan
| | - A. Richard Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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Muñoz-Tobar SI, Caterino MS. The role of dispersal for shaping phylogeographical structure of flightless beetles from the Andes. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7226. [PMID: 31304068 PMCID: PMC6611450 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Páramo is a tropical alpine ecosystem present in the northern Andes. Its patchy distribution imposes limits and barriers to specialist inhabitants. We aim to assess the effects of this habitat distribution on divergence across two independently flightless ground beetle lineages, in the genera Dyscolus and Dercylus. Methods One nuclear and one mitochondrial gene from 110 individuals from 10 sites across the two lineages were sequenced and analyzed using a combination of phylogenetics, population genetic analyses, and niche modeling methods. Results The two lineages show different degrees of population subdivision. Low levels of gene flow were found in Dyscolus alpinus, where one dominant haplotype is found in four out of the six populations analyzed for both molecular markers. However, complete population isolation was revealed in species of the genus Dercylus, where high levels of differentiation exist at species and population level for both genes. Maximum entropy models of species in the Dercylus lineage show overlapping distributions. Still, species distributions appear to be restricted to small areas across the Andes. Conclusion Even though both beetle lineages are flightless, the dispersal ability of each beetle lineage appears to influence the genetic diversity across fragmented páramo populations, where Dyscolus alpinus appears to be a better disperser than species in the genus Dercylus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Muñoz-Tobar
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Michael S Caterino
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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34
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Hasan J, Roy A, Chatterjee K, Yarlagadda PKDV. Mimicking Insect Wings: The Roadmap to Bioinspiration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3139-3160. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Hasan
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Anindo Roy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Prasad K. D. V. Yarlagadda
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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35
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Kulkarni A, Extavour CG. The Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus: Techniques for Quantitative and Functional Genetic Analyses of Cricket Biology. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:183-216. [PMID: 31598857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All extant species are an outcome of nature's "experiments" during evolution, and hence multiple species need to be studied and compared to gain a thorough understanding of evolutionary processes. The field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) aspires to expand the number of species studied, because most functional genetic studies in animals have been limited to a small number of "traditional" model organisms, many of which belong to the same phylum (Chordata). The phylum Arthropoda, and particularly its component class Insecta, possesses many important characteristics that are considered favorable and attractive for evo-devo research, including an astonishing diversity of extant species and a wide disparity in body plans. The development of the most thoroughly investigated insect genetic model system to date, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (a holometabolous insect), appears highly derived with respect to other insects and indeed with respect to most arthropods. In comparison, crickets (a basally branching hemimetabolous insect lineage compared to the Holometabola) are thought to embody many developmental features that make them more representative of insects. Here we focus on crickets as emerging models to study problems in a wide range of biological areas and summarize the currently available molecular, genomic, forward and reverse genetic, imaging and computational tool kit that has been established or adapted for cricket research. With an emphasis on the cricket species Gryllus bimaculatus, we highlight recent efforts made by the scientific community in establishing this species as a laboratory model for cellular biology and developmental genetics. This broad toolkit has the potential to accelerate many traditional areas of cricket research, including studies of adaptation, evolution, neuroethology, physiology, endocrinology, regeneration, and reproductive behavior. It may also help to establish newer areas, for example, the use of crickets as animal infection model systems and human food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kulkarni
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Chafino S, López-Escardó D, Benelli G, Kovac H, Casacuberta E, Franch-Marro X, Kathirithamby J, Martín D. Differential expression of the adult specifier E93 in the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum Rossi suggests a role in female neoteny. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14176. [PMID: 30242215 PMCID: PMC6155025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Holometaboly is a key evolutionary innovation that has facilitated the spectacular radiation of insects. Despite the undeniable advantage of complete metamorphosis, the female of some holometabolous species have lost the typical holometabolous development through neoteny. In Xenos vesparum Rossi (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae), a derived species of the holometabolous endoparasitic order Strepsiptera, neotenic females reach sexual maturity without the pupal and the imaginal stages, thus retaining their larval morphology (with the exception of the anterior part of the body or cephalothorax), while males undergo normal pupal-based metamorphosis. Expression of the “adult-specifier” E93 factor has been shown to be required for proper metamorphosis in holometabolous insects. Here, we investigated the involvement of E93 in female neoteny by cloning XvE93. Interestingly, while we detected a clear up-regulation of XvE93 expression in pupal and adult stages of males, persistent low levels of XvE93 were detected in X. vesparum females. However, a specific up-regulation of XvE93 was observed in the cephalothorax of late 4th female instar larva, which correlates with the occurrence of neotenic-specific features in the anterior part of the female body. Moreover, the same expression dynamic in the cephalothorax and abdomen was also observed for other two critical metamorphic regulators, the anti-metamorphic XvKr-h1 and the pupal specifier XvBr-C. The specific up-regulation of XvE93 and XvBr-C in the female cephalothorax seems to be the result of an increase in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling in this region for we detected higher expression levels of the 20E-dependent nuclear receptors XvHR3 and XvE75 in the cephalothorax. Overall, our results detect a sex-specific expression pattern of critical metamorphic genes in X. vesparum, suggesting that neoteny in Strepsiptera results from the modification of the normal expression of E93, Br-C and Kr-h1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chafino
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D López-Escardó
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - H Kovac
- Institut für Biologie, Universitaet Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - E Casacuberta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Franch-Marro
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kathirithamby
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - D Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zheng D, Chang SC, Wang H, Fang Y, Wang J, Feng C, Xie G, Jarzembowski EA, Zhang H, Wang B. Middle-Late Triassic insect radiation revealed by diverse fossils and isotopic ages from China. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat1380. [PMID: 30191177 PMCID: PMC6124916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Triassic represented an important period that witnessed the diversification of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The radiations of terrestrial plants and vertebrates during this period have been widely investigated; however, the Triassic history of insects, the most diverse group of organisms on Earth, remains enigmatic because of the rarity of Early-Middle Triassic fossils. We report new insect fossils from a Ladinian deposit (Tongchuan entomofauna) dated to approximately 238 to 237 million years ago and a Carnian deposit (Karamay entomofauna) in northwestern China, including the earliest definite caddisfly cases (Trichoptera), water boatmen (Hemiptera), diverse polyphagan beetles (Coleoptera), and scorpionflies (Mecoptera). The Tongchuan entomofauna is near the Ladinian-Carnian boundary in age, providing a calibration date for correlation to contemporaneous biotas. Our findings confirm that the clade Holometabola, comprising most of the modern-day insect species, experienced extraordinary diversification in the Middle-Late Triassic. Moreover, our results suggest that the diversification of aquatic insects (a key event of the "Mesozoic Lacustrine Revolution") had already begun by the Middle Triassic, providing new insights into the early evolution of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daran Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Su-Chin Chang
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chongqing Feng
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Guwei Xie
- Institute of Exploration, Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch, Xi’an SX 710018, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil and Gas Fields, Xi’an SX 710018, China
| | - Edmund A. Jarzembowski
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Haichun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
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Grzywacz B, Lehmann AW, Chobanov DP, Lehmann GU. Multiple origin of flightlessness in Phaneropterinae bushcrickets and redefinition of the tribus Odonturini (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Poe S, de Oca ANM, Torres-Carvajal O, de Queiroz K, Velasco JA, Truett B, Gray LN, Ryan MJ, Köhler G, Ayala-Varela F, Latella I. Comparative Evolution of an Archetypal Adaptive Radiation: Innovation and Opportunity inAnolisLizards. Am Nat 2018; 191:E185-E194. [DOI: 10.1086/697223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Raś M, Iwan D, Kamiński MJ. The tracheal system in post-embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle. J Anat 2018; 232:997-1015. [PMID: 29574917 PMCID: PMC5980188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro-computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co-analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo-prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo-prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso- and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Raś
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Dariusz Iwan
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Jan Kamiński
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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41
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Ylla G, Piulachs MD, Belles X. Comparative Transcriptomics in Two Extreme Neopterans Reveals General Trends in the Evolution of Modern Insects. iScience 2018; 4:164-179. [PMID: 30240738 PMCID: PMC6147021 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of neopteran insects, with 1 million species described, is associated with developmental innovations such as holometaboly and the evolution from short to long germband embryogenesis. To unveil the mechanisms underlining these innovations, we compared gene expression during the ontogeny of two extreme neopterans, the cockroach Blattella germanica (polyneopteran, hemimetabolan, and short germband species) and the fly Drosophila melanogaster (endopterygote, holometabolan, and long germband species). Results revealed that genes associated with metamorphosis are predominantly expressed in late nymphal stages in B. germanica and in the early-mid embryo in D. melanogaster. In B. germanica the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) concentrates early in embryogenesis, when juvenile hormone factors are significantly expressed. In D. melanogaster, the MZT extends throughout embryogenesis, during which time juvenile hormone factors appear to be unimportant. These differences possibly reflect broad trends in the evolution of development within neopterans, related to the germband type and the metamorphosis mode. Transcriptomes of cockroaches and flies show key differences along development Cockroaches and flies express metamorphosis factors with distinct timings in ontogeny Cockroaches methylate DNA in early embryogenesis, whereas flies do not MZT is limited to the early embryo in cockroaches, but it extends until hatching in flies
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Ylla
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolors Piulachs
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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42
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Nel P, Bertrand S, Nel A. Diversification of insects since the Devonian: a new approach based on morphological disparity of mouthparts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3516. [PMID: 29476087 PMCID: PMC5824790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the analyses of the evolutionary history of the megadiverse class Insecta are based on the documented taxonomic palaeobiodiversity. A different approach, poorly investigated, is to focus on morphological disparity, linked to changes in the organisms' functioning. Here we establish a hierarchy of the great geological epochs based on a new method using Wagner parsimony and a 'presence/absence of a morphological type of mouthpart of Hexapoda' dataset. We showed the absence of major rupture in the evolution of the mouthparts, but six epochs during which numerous innovations and few extinctions happened, i.e., Late Carboniferous, Middle and Late Triassic, 'Callovian-Oxfordian', 'Early' Cretaceous, and 'Albian-Cenomanian'. The three crises Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Cenozoic had no strong, visible impact on mouthparts types. We particularly emphasize the origination of mouthparts linked to nectarivory during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. We also underline the origination of mouthparts linked to phytophagy during the Middle and the Late Triassic, correlated to the diversification of the gymnosperms, especially in relation to the complex 'flowers' producing nectar of the Bennettitales and Gnetales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France.
- AgroParisTech, 75005, Paris, France.
| | | | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France
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Schachat SR, Labandeira CC, Saltzman MR, Cramer BD, Payne JL, Boyce CK. Phanerozoic pO 2 and the early evolution of terrestrial animals. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172631. [PMID: 29367401 PMCID: PMC5805952 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent gaps in the Late Devonian/Mississippian fossil records of insects and tetrapods (i.e. Romer's Gap) have been attributed to physiological suppression by low atmospheric pO2 Here, updated stable isotope inputs inform a reconstruction of Phanerozoic oxygen levels that contradicts the low oxygen hypothesis (and contradicts the purported role of oxygen in the evolution of gigantic insects during the late Palaeozoic), but reconciles isotope-based calculations with other proxies, like charcoal. Furthermore, statistical analysis demonstrates that the gap between the first Devonian insect and earliest diverse insect assemblages of the Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian Stage) requires no special explanation if insects were neither diverse nor abundant prior to the evolution of wings. Rather than tracking physiological constraint, the fossil record may accurately record the transformative evolutionary impact of insect flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew R Saltzman
- School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Bradley D Cramer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Vršanský P, OruŘinský R, Aristov D, Wei DD, Vidlička Ľ, Ren D. Temporary deleterious mass mutations relate to originations of cockroach families. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ribeiro L, Tobias-Santos V, Santos D, Antunes F, Feltran G, de Souza Menezes J, Aravind L, Venancio TM, Nunes da Fonseca R. Evolution and multiple roles of the Pancrustacea specific transcription factor zelda in insects. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006868. [PMID: 28671979 PMCID: PMC5515446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) evolve as a result of the coevolutionary processes acting on transcription factors (TFs) and the cis-regulatory modules they bind. The zinc-finger TF zelda (zld) is essential for the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) in Drosophila melanogaster, where it directly binds over thousand cis-regulatory modules to regulate chromatin accessibility. D. melanogaster displays a long germ type of embryonic development, where all segments are simultaneously generated along the whole egg. However, it remains unclear if zld is also involved in the MZT of short-germ insects (including those from basal lineages) or in other biological processes. Here we show that zld is an innovation of the Pancrustacea lineage, being absent in more distant arthropods (e.g. chelicerates) and other organisms. To better understand zld´s ancestral function, we thoroughly investigated its roles in a short-germ beetle, Tribolium castaneum, using molecular biology and computational approaches. Our results demonstrate roles for zld not only during the MZT, but also in posterior segmentation and patterning of imaginal disc derived structures. Further, we also demonstrate that zld is critical for posterior segmentation in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus, indicating this function predates the origin of holometabolous insects and was subsequently lost in long-germ insects. Our results unveil new roles of zld in different biological contexts and suggest that changes in expression of zld (and probably other major TFs) are critical in the evolution of insect GRNs. Pioneer transcription factors (TFs) are considered the first regulators of chromatin accessibility in fruit flies and vertebrates, modulating the expression of a large number of target genes. In fruit flies, zelda resembles a pioneer TF, being essential during early embryogenesis. However, the evolutionary origins and ancestral functions of zelda remain largely unknown. Through a number of gene silencing, microscopy and evolutionary analysis, the present work shows that zelda is an innovation of the Pancrustacea lineage, governing not only the MZT in the short-germ insect Tribolium castaneum, but also posterior segmentation and post-embryonic patterning of imaginal disc derived structures such as wings, legs and antennae. Further, zelda regulation of posterior segmentation predates the origin of insects with complete metamorphosis (holometabolous), as supported by gene silencing experiments in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. We hypothesize that the emergence of zelda contributed to the evolution of gene regulatory networks and new morphological structures of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Tobias-Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Daniele Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Felipe Antunes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Geórgia Feltran
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Jackson de Souza Menezes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
| | - L. Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thiago M. Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (TMV); (RNdF)
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus UFRJ Macaé, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular - INCT-EM, Macaé, Brazil
- * E-mail: (TMV); (RNdF)
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Kotyk M, Varadínová Z. Wing reduction influences male mating success but not female fitness in cockroaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2367. [PMID: 28539621 PMCID: PMC5443839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cockroaches (Blattodea s. str.) exhibit high proportion of species with reduced wings, the underlying evolutionary forces remain unclear. Wing reduction in insects is generally considered advantageous for females and a trade-off between investment into the flying apparatus and reproduction is predicted to explain its evolution. However, what if the wing maintenance is an important issue for males' fitness? Males raise wings during the ritualized courtship which is viewed as an unavoidable movement unveiling the tergal glands for female access. We, however, propose a novel male mating success hypothesis suggesting that male wings are essential for their successful mating. We tested these two competing, but not mutually exclusive hypotheses in the cockroach Eublaberus distanti. We found no effect of female wing loss on any of the measured fecundity characteristics despite that alatectomized females histolyzed flight muscles. On the contrary, alatectomized males did not histolyze wing muscles, but experienced a markedly decreased mating success. Our findings, therefore, provide the first evidence on the crucial mechanical role of wings on male mating success. Consequently, selection for the retention of wings in males rather than for their reduction in females can explain the evolution of sexual wing dimorphism in cockroaches and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotyk
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Varadínová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic. .,National Museum, Department of Zoology, Prague, 19300, Czech Republic.
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Tennant JP, Mannion PD, Upchurch P, Sutton MD, Price GD. Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:776-814. [PMID: 26888552 PMCID: PMC6849608 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Tennant
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Philip D. Mannion
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Mark D. Sutton
- Department of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth KensingtonLondonSW7 2AZU.K.
| | - Gregory D. Price
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesPlymouth UniversityPlymouthPL4 8AAU.K.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Insects represent more than 60% of all multicellular life forms, and are easily among the most diverse and abundant organisms on earth. They evolved functional wings and the ability to fly, which enabled them to occupy diverse niches. Insects of the hyper-diverse orders show extreme miniaturization of their body size. The reduced body size, however, imposes steep constraints on flight ability, as their wings must flap faster to generate sufficient forces to stay aloft. Here, we discuss the various physiological and biomechanical adaptations of the thorax in flies which enabled them to overcome the myriad constraints of small body size, while ensuring very precise control of their wing motion. One such adaptation is the evolution of specialized myogenic or asynchronous muscles that power the high-frequency wing motion, in combination with neurogenic or synchronous steering muscles that control higher-order wing kinematic patterns. Additionally, passive cuticular linkages within the thorax coordinate fast and yet precise bilateral wing movement, in combination with an actively controlled clutch and gear system that enables flexible flight patterns. Thus, the study of thoracic biomechanics, along with the underlying sensory-motor processing, is central in understanding how the insect body form is adapted for flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Deora
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sanjay P. Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
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Clapham ME, Karr JA, Nicholson DB, Ross AJ, Mayhew PJ. Ancient origin of high taxonomic richness among insects. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2476. [PMID: 26842567 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are a hyper-diverse group, comprising nearly three-quarters of all named animal species on the Earth, but the environmental drivers of their richness and the roles of ecological interactions and evolutionary innovations remain unclear. Previous studies have argued that family-level insect richness increased continuously over the evolutionary history of the group, but inclusion of extant family records artificially inflated the relative richness of younger time intervals. Here we apply sampling-standardization methods to a species-level database of fossil insect occurrences, removing biases present in previous richness curves. We show that insect family-richness peaked 125 Ma and that Recent values are only 1.5-3 times as high as the Late Palaeozoic. Rarefied species-richness data also tentatively suggest little or no net increase in richness over the past 125 Myr. The Cretaceous peak in family richness was coincident with major radiations within extant groups but occurred prior to extinctions within more basal groups. Those extinctions may in part be linked to mid-Cretaceous floral turnover following the evolution of flowering plants. Negligible net richness change over the past 125 Myr implies that major radiations within extant groups were offset by reduced richness within groups that are now relict or extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Clapham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jered A Karr
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - David B Nicholson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Andrew J Ross
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Peter J Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
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The Occurrence of the Holometabolous Pupal Stage Requires the Interaction between E93, Krüppel-Homolog 1 and Broad-Complex. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006020. [PMID: 27135810 PMCID: PMC4852927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete metamorphosis (Holometaboly) is a key innovation that underlies the spectacular success of holometabolous insects. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Holometabola form a monophyletic group that evolved from ancestors exhibiting hemimetabolous development (Hemimetaboly). However, the nature of the changes underlying this crucial transition, including the occurrence of the holometabolan-specific pupal stage, is poorly understood. Using the holometabolous beetle Tribolium castaneum as a model insect, here we show that the transient up-regulation of the anti-metamorphic Krüppel-homolog 1 (TcKr-h1) gene at the end of the last larval instar is critical in the formation of the pupa. We find that depletion of this specific TcKr-h1 peak leads to the precocious up-regulation of the adult-specifier factor TcE93 and, hence, to a direct transformation of the larva into the adult form, bypassing the pupal stage. Moreover, we also find that the TcKr-h1-dependent repression of TcE93 is critical to allow the strong up-regulation of Broad-complex (TcBr-C), a key transcription factor that regulates the correct formation of the pupa in holometabolous insects. Notably, we show that the genetic interaction between Kr-h1 and E93 is also present in the penultimate nymphal instar of the hemimetabolous insect Blattella germanica, suggesting that the evolution of the pupa has been facilitated by the co-option of regulatory mechanisms present in hemimetabolan metamorphosis. Our findings, therefore, contribute to the molecular understanding of insect metamorphosis, and indicate the evolutionary conservation of the genetic circuitry that controls hemimetabolan and holometabolan metamorphosis, thereby shedding light on the evolution of complete metamorphosis.
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