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Fristrup K, Miller ZD, Newton J, Buckley S, Cole H, Linares C, Donners M, Taff BD, Beeco JA, Barber J, Newman P. National Park visitors perceive benefits for themselves and wildlife under blended red-white outdoor lighting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21791. [PMID: 39294210 PMCID: PMC11410814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Visitors to Colter Bay Village in Grand Teton National Park were surveyed to elicit their evaluations of experimental outdoor lighting conditions. Luminaires capable of dimming and switching between two LED modules (white, blended red-white) were installed in street and parking areas. The blended red-white lamps consisted of 30 narrowband LED with a peak wavelength 623 nm and two 3000 K white LEDs. Similar "red" lamps were previously shown to reduce impacts to bats and insects. The white and red lamps were closely matched for luminance. Measured horizontal illuminance at survey locations had an interquartile range from 0.63 to 3.82 lx. The red lamps produced lower perceived brightness (VB2(λ)), even after reflection off asphalt, yet survey participants expressed higher ratings for visual comfort and safety under red lighting. Surveys conducted earlier in the evening, with higher levels of predicted solar and measured horizontal illuminance, rated higher on visual comfort and safety, though these correlations were not as strong as the effect of lamp color. Streetlight ratings and support for lighting that protected natural resources were not contingent upon age or gender. Survey participants assessed red lighting as more protective of the environment. These results demonstrate that outdoor lighting designed to reduce ecological impacts can yield superior nocturnal experience for pedestrians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Fristrup
- Division of Natural Sounds and Night Skies, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 100, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Zachary D Miller
- Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer Newton
- National Park Service, Grand Teton National Park, Moose, WY, USA
| | - Stephanie Buckley
- South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks, 4130 Adventure Trail, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Hunter Cole
- Department of Biological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Carlos Linares
- Department of Biological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - B Derrick Taff
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - J Adam Beeco
- Division of Natural Sounds and Night Skies, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 100, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - Jesse Barber
- American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Peter Newman
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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2
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Zou W, Wu P, Wei X, Zhou D, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Luo B, Liu W, Huo J, Peng S, Feng J. Artificial light affects foraging behavior of a synanthropic bat. Integr Zool 2024; 19:710-720. [PMID: 37987100 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night has been considered an emerging threat to global biodiversity. However, the impacts of artificial light on foraging behavior in most wild animals remain largely unclear. Here, we aimed to assess whether artificial light affects foraging behavior in Asian parti-colored bats (Vespertilio sinensis). We manipulated the spectra of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting in a laboratory. Using video and audio recording, we monitored foraging onset, total foraging time, food consumption, freezing behavior (temporary cessation of body movement), and echolocation vocalizations in triads of bats under each lighting condition. Analyses showed that the foraging activities of experimental bats were reduced under LED light. Green, yellow, and red light had greater negative effects on bats' foraging onset, total foraging time, and food consumption than white and blue light. LED light of different spectra induced increased freezing time and echolocation vocalizations in captive bats, except for the white light. The peak wavelength of light emission correlated positively with freezing time, estimated echolocation pulse rate (the number of echolocation pulses per minute), and foraging onset, but negatively with total foraging time and food consumption. These results demonstrate that artificial light disturbs foraging behavior in Asian parti-colored bats. Our findings have implications for understanding the influencing mechanism of light pollution on bat foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Daying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yingchun Deng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Nanchong, China
| | - Wenqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiaxin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Shichen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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3
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Uebel AS, Pedersen MB, Beedholm K, Stidsholt L, Skalshøi MR, Foskolos I, Madsen PT. Daubenton's bats maintain stereotypical echolocation behaviour and a lombard response during target interception in light. BMC ZOOL 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38679717 PMCID: PMC11057132 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-024-00200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Most bats hunt insects on the wing at night using echolocation as their primary sensory modality, but nevertheless maintain complex eye anatomy and functional vision. This raises the question of how and when insectivorous bats use vision during their largely nocturnal lifestyle. Here, we test the hypothesis that the small insectivorous bat, Myotis daubentonii, relies less on echolocation, or dispenses with it entirely, as visual cues become available during challenging acoustic noise conditions. We trained five wild-caught bats to land on a spherical target in both silence and when exposed to broad-band noise to decrease echo detectability, while light conditions were manipulated in both spectrum and intensity. We show that during noise exposure, the bats were almost three times more likely to use multiple attempts to solve the task compared to in silent controls. Furthermore, the bats exhibited a Lombard response of 0.18 dB/dBnoise and decreased call intervals earlier in their flight during masking noise exposures compared to in silent controls. Importantly, however, these adjustments in movement and echolocation behaviour did not differ between light and dark control treatments showing that small insectivorous bats maintain the same echolocation behaviour when provided with visual cues under challenging conditions for echolocation. We therefore conclude that bat echolocation is a hard-wired sensory system with stereotyped compensation strategies to both target range and masking noise (i.e. Lombard response) irrespective of light conditions. In contrast, the adjustments of call intervals and movement strategies during noise exposure varied substantially between individuals indicating a degree of flexibility that likely requires higher order processing and perhaps vocal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Saermark Uebel
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Kristian Beedholm
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Stidsholt
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ilias Foskolos
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Teglberg Madsen
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhou D, Deng Y, Wei X, Li T, Li Z, Wang S, Jiang Y, Liu W, Luo B, Feng J. Behavioral responses of cave-roosting bats to artificial light of different spectra and intensities: Implications for lighting management strategy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170339. [PMID: 38278253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial light at night has become an emerging environmental pollutant, posing a serious threat to biodiversity. Cave-roosting animals are vulnerable to light pollution due to long-term adaptation to nocturnal niches, and the problem is especially severe in the context of cave tourism and limestone mining. Mitigating the adverse impacts of artificial light on cave-dwelling animals presents a challenge. This study aimed to assess the relative contributions of spectral parameters and light intensity to the emergence behavior of nine cave-roosting bat species: Rhinolophus macrotis, Rhinolophus pearsonii, Rhinolophus rex, Rhinolophus pusillus, Rhinolophus siamensis, Rhinolophus sinicus, Hipposideros armiger, Myotis davidii, and Miniopterus fuliginosus. We manipulated light spectra and intensities through light-emitting diode (LED) lighting and gel filters at the entrance of bat roost. We monitored nightly passes per species to quantify bat emergence under the dark control and ten lighting conditions (blue, green, yellow, red, and white light at high and low intensities) using ultrasonic recording. Our analyses showed that the number of bat passes tended to be reduced in the presence of white, green, and yellow light, independent of light intensity. In contrast, the number of bat passes showed no pronounced differences under the dark control, blue light, and red light. The number of bat passes was primarily affected by LED light's blue component, red component, peak wavelength, and half-width instead of light intensity. These results demonstrate that spectral parameters of LED light can significantly affect emergence behavior of cave-dwelling bats. Our findings highlight the importance of manipulating light colors to reduce the negative impacts of light pollution on cave-roosting bats as a function of their spectral sensitivity. We recommend the use of gel filters to manage existing artificial lighting systems at the entrance of bat-inhabited caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China; Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Yingchun Deng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Taohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Sirui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Yunke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Wenqin Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China; Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng street, Changchun 130118, China.
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5
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Spoelstra K, Teurlincx S, Courbois M, Hopkins ZM, Visser ME, Jones TM, Hopkins GR. Long-term exposure to experimental light affects the ground-dwelling invertebrate community, independent of light spectra. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220364. [PMID: 37899017 PMCID: PMC10613541 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our planet endures a progressive increase in artificial light at night (ALAN), which affects virtually all species, and thereby biodiversity. Mitigation strategies include reducing its intensity and duration, and the adjustment of light spectrum using modern light emitting diode (LED) light sources. Here, we studied ground-dwelling invertebrate (predominantly insects, arachnids, molluscs, millipedes, woodlice and worms) diversity and community composition after 3 or 4 years of continued nightly exposure (every night from sunset to sunrise) to experimental ALAN with three different spectra (white-, and green- and red-dominated light), as well as for a dark control, in natural forest-edge habitat. Diversity of pitfall-trapped ground-dwelling invertebrates, and the local contribution to beta diversity, did not differ between the dark control and illuminated sites, or between the different spectra. The invertebrate community composition, however, was significantly affected by the presence of light. Keeping lights off during single nights did show an immediate effect on the composition of trapped invertebrates compared to illuminated nights. These effects of light on species composition may impact ecosystems by cascading effects across the food web. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Teurlincx
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Courbois
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zoë M. Hopkins
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Therésa M. Jones
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gareth R. Hopkins
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, 345 Monmouth Avenue North, Monmouth, OR 97361, USA
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6
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Jägerbrand AK, Spoelstra K. Effects of anthropogenic light on species and ecosystems. Science 2023; 380:1125-1130. [PMID: 37319223 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic light is ubiquitous in areas where humans are present and is showing a progressive increase worldwide. This has far-reaching consequences for most species and their ecosystems. The effects of anthropogenic light on natural ecosystems are highly variable and complex. Many species suffer from adverse effects and often respond in a highly specific manner. Ostensibly surveyable effects such as attraction and deterrence become complicated because these can depend on the type of behavior and specific locations. Here, we considered how solutions and new technologies could reduce the adverse effects of anthropogenic light. A simple solution to reducing and mitigating the ecological effects of anthropogenic light seems unattainable, because frugal lighting practices and turning off lights may be necessary to eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Jägerbrand
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, 801 76 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands
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7
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Hermans C, Koblitz JC, Bartholomeus H, Stilz P, Visser ME, Spoelstra K. Combining acoustic tracking and LiDAR to study bat flight behaviour in three-dimensional space. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:25. [PMID: 37101233 PMCID: PMC10131301 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitat structure strongly influences niche differentiation, facilitates predator avoidance, and drives species-specific foraging strategies of bats. Vegetation structure is also a strong driver of echolocation call characteristics. The fine-scale assessment of how bats utilise such structures in their natural habitat is instrumental in understanding how habitat composition shapes flight- and acoustic behaviour. However, it is notoriously difficult to study their species-habitat relationship in situ. METHODS Here, we describe a methodology combining Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to characterise three-dimensional vegetation structure and acoustic tracking to map bat behaviour. This makes it possible to study fine-scale use of habitat by bats, which is essential to understand spatial niche segregation in bats. Bats were acoustically tracked with microphone arrays and bat calls were classified to bat guild using automated identification. We did this in multiple LiDAR scanned vegetation plots in forest edge habitat. The datasets were spatially aligned to calculate the distance between bats' positions and vegetation structures. RESULTS Our results are a proof of concept of combining LiDAR with acoustic tracking. Although it entails challenges with combining mass-volumes of fine-scale bat movements and vegetation information, we show the feasibility and potential of combining those two methods through two case studies. The first one shows stereotyped flight patterns of pipistrelles around tree trunks, while the second one presents the distance that bats keep to the vegetation in the presence of artificial light. CONCLUSION By combining bat guild specific spatial behaviour with precise information on vegetation structure, the bat guild specific response to habitat characteristics can be studied in great detail. This opens up the possibility to address yet unanswered questions on bat behaviour, such as niche segregation or response to abiotic factors in interaction with natural vegetation. This combination of techniques can also pave the way for other applications linking movement patterns of other vocalizing animals and 3D space reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hermans
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens C Koblitz
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Constance, Germany
| | - Harm Bartholomeus
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stilz
- Animal Physiology, Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Dimovski AM, Griffiths SR, Fanson KV, Eastick DL, Robert KA. A light-exploiting insectivorous bat shows no melatonin disruption under lights with different spectra. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221436. [PMID: 36998760 PMCID: PMC10049747 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural light-dark cycles synchronize an animal's internal clock with environmental conditions. The introduction of artificial light into the night-time environment masks natural light cues and has the potential to disrupt this well-established biological rhythm. Nocturnal animal species, such as bats, are adapted to low light conditions and are therefore among the most vulnerable to the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN). The behaviour and activity of insectivorous bats is disrupted by short-wavelength artificial light at night, while long-wavelength light is less disruptive. However, the physiological consequences of this lighting have not been investigated. Here, we examine the effect of LEDs with different spectra on urinary melatonin in an insectivorous bat. We collected voluntarily voided urine samples from Gould's wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) and measured melatonin-sulfate under ambient night-time conditions (baseline) and under red (λP 630 nm), amber (λP 601 nm), filtered warm white (λP 586 nm) and cool white (λP 457 nm) LEDs. We found no effect of light treatment on melatonin-sulfate irrespective of spectra. Our findings suggest that short-term exposure to LEDs at night do not disrupt circadian physiology in the light-exploiting Gould's wattled bat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Dimovski
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Griffiths
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Kerry V. Fanson
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Danielle L. Eastick
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Kylie A. Robert
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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Lafitte A, Sordello R, Legrand M, Nicolas V, Obein G, Reyjol Y. A flashing light may not be that flashy: A systematic review on critical fusion frequencies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279718. [PMID: 36584184 PMCID: PMC9803175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light pollution could represent one of the main drivers behind the current biodiversity erosion. While the effects of many light components on biodiversity have already been studied, the influence of flicker remains poorly understood. The determination of the threshold frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as continuous by a species, usually called the Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF), could thus help further identify the impacts of artificial lighting on animals. OBJECTIVE This review aimed at answering the following questions: what is the distribution of CFF between species? Are there differences in how flicker is perceived between taxonomic classes? Which species are more at risk of being impacted by artificial lighting flicker? METHODS Citations were extracted from three literature databases and were then screened successively on their titles, abstracts and full-texts. Included studies were critically appraised to assess their validity. All relevant data were extracted and analysed to determine the distribution of CFF in the animal kingdom and the influence of experimental designs and species traits on CFF. RESULTS At first, 4881 citations were found. Screening and critical appraisal provided 200 CFF values for 156 species. Reported values of CFF varied from a maximum of between 300 Hz and 500 Hz for the beetle Melanophila acuminata D. to a mean of 0.57 (± 0.08) Hz for the snail Lissachatina fulica B. Insects and birds had higher CFF than all other studied taxa. Irrespective of taxon, nocturnal species had lower CFF than diurnal and crepuscular ones. CONCLUSIONS We identified nine crepuscular and nocturnal species that could be impacted by the potential adverse effects of anthropogenic light flicker. We emphasize that there remains a huge gap in our knowledge of flicker perception by animals, which could potentially be hampering our understanding of its impacts on biodiversity, especially in key taxa like bats, nocturnal birds and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Lafitte
- PatriNat (Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)), Paris, France
- Association Française de l’Eclairage (AFE), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Romain Sordello
- PatriNat (Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)), Paris, France
| | - Marc Legrand
- PatriNat (Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)), Paris, France
- Association Française de l’Eclairage (AFE), Paris, France
- Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Virginie Nicolas
- Association des Concepteurs lumière et Eclairagistes (ACE), Paris, France
- Concepto, Arcueil, France
| | - Gaël Obein
- Association Française de l’Eclairage (AFE), Paris, France
- Laboratoire National de métrologie et d’Essais—Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (LNE-CNAM), Saint-Denis, France
| | - Yorick Reyjol
- PatriNat (Office Français de la Biodiversité (OFB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)), Paris, France
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10
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Cole HJ, Gomes DGE, Barber JR. EcoCountHelper: an R package and analytical pipeline for the analysis of ecological count data using GLMMs, and a case study of bats in Grand Teton National Park. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14509. [PMID: 36536627 PMCID: PMC9758971 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we detail the use of an R package, 'EcoCountHelper', and an associated analytical pipeline aimed at making generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM)-based analysis of ecological count data more accessible. We recommend a GLMM-based analysis workflow that allows the user to (1) employ selection of distributional forms (Poisson vs negative binomial) and zero-inflation (ZIP and ZINB, respectively) using AIC and variance-mean plots, (2) examine models for goodness-of-fit using simulated residual diagnostics, (3) interpret model results via easy to understand outputs of changes in predicted responses, and (4) compare the magnitude of predictor variable effects via effects plots. Our package uses a series of easy-to-use functions that can accept both wide- and long-form multi-taxa count data without the need for programming experience. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we use our package to model acoustic bat activity data relative to multiple landscape characteristics in a protected area (Grand Teton National Park), which is threatened by encroaching disease-white nose syndrome. Global threats to bat conservation such as disease and deforestation have prompted extensive research to better understand bat ecology. Notwithstanding these efforts, managers operating on lands crucial to the persistence of bat populations are often equipped with too little information regarding local bat activity to make informed land-management decisions. In our case study in the Tetons, we found that an increased prevalence of porous buildings increases activity levels of Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis volans; Myotis lucifugus activity decreases as distance to water increases; and Myotis volans activity increases with the amount of forested area. By using GLMMs in tandem with 'EcoCountHelper', managers without advanced programmatic or statistical expertise can assess the effects of landscape characteristics on wildlife in a statistically-robust framework.
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11
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Effect of artificial light on activity in frugivorous bats (Pteropodidae). J ETHOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-022-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Yawning informs behavioural state changing in wild spotted hyaenas. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Yawning is a complex behaviour linked to several physiological (e.g. drowsiness, arousal, thermoregulation) and social phenomena (e.g. yawn contagion). Being yawning an evolutionary well-conserved, fixed action pattern widespread in vertebrates, it is a valuable candidate to test hypotheses on its potential functions across the different taxa. The spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), the most social and cooperative species of the Hyaenidae family, is a good model to test hypotheses on yawning correlates and significances. Through an accurate sequential analysis performed on a group of wild hyaenas, we found that yawning mainly occurred during an imminent behavioural state changing in both juveniles and adults and that seeing others’ yawn elicited a mirror response in the receiver, thus demonstrating that yawn contagion is present in this species. These results taken together suggest that yawning is linked to a behavioural state change of the yawner and that such change is caught by the observers that engage in a motor resonance phenomenon, yawn contagion, possibly effective in anticipating yawners’ motor actions. Although additional data are necessary to verify whether yawn contagion translates into subsequent motor convergence and alignment, our data suggest that both spontaneous and contagious yawning can be fundamental building blocks on the basis of animal synchronisation in highly social and cooperative species.
Significant statement
Yawning is pervasive in many animal species, including humans. It is considered as a polyfunctional cue that has a role in regulating social interactions. While several studies focussed on yawning functions in primates, a little amount of effort was devoted to exploring this behaviour in social carnivores. We monitored a group of wild spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), which is one of the most cooperative carnivore species. In both immature and adult subjects, we found that a subject frequently changed its behavioural state after spontaneously yawning and that seeing others’ yawn elicited a mirror response in the observer. Although additional data are necessary to verify whether yawn contagion translates into subsequent motor convergence and alignment, our data suggest that both spontaneous and contagious yawning can be fundamental building blocks on the basis of animal synchronisation in highly social and cooperative species.
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13
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Mahandran V, Hakkim H, Sinha V, Jain M. Fruit scent as an indicator of ripeness status in ‘bat fruits’ to attract ‘fruit bats’: chemical basis of chiropterochory. Acta Ethol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-022-00405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sánchez de Miguel A, Bennie J, Rosenfeld E, Dzurjak S, Gaston KJ. Environmental risks from artificial nighttime lighting widespread and increasing across Europe. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6891. [PMID: 36103525 PMCID: PMC9473566 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nighttime environment of much of Earth is being changed rapidly by the introduction of artificial lighting. While data on spatial and temporal variation in the intensity of artificial lighting have been available at a regional and global scale, data on variation in its spectral composition have only been collected for a few locations, preventing variation in associated environmental and human health risks from being mapped. Here, we use imagery obtained using digital cameras by astronauts on the International Space Station to map variation in the spectral composition of lighting across Europe for 2012-2013 and 2014-2020. These show a regionally widespread spectral shift, from that associated principally with high-pressure sodium lighting to that associated with broad white light-emitting diodes and with greater blue emissions. Reexpressing the color maps in terms of spectral indicators of environmental pressures, we find that this trend is widely increasing the risk of harmful effects to ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Instituto de Física de Particulas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Bennie
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Emma Rosenfeld
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Simon Dzurjak
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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15
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Huang JCC, Yang YW, Chang HC. Roost Use of Operational Road Tunnels by Non-Cave Specialist Bats in a Subtropical Mountain Forest in Taiwan. MAMMAL STUDY 2022. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Formosan Golden Bat's Home, Shuilin Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Chia Chang
- Formosan Golden Bat's Home, Shuilin Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
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16
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Predator-Prey Relationship between Urban Bats and Insects Impacted by Both Artificial Light at Night and Spatial Clutter. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060829. [PMID: 35741350 PMCID: PMC9219930 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Predators respond to the increase of prey by aggregation in space or foraging more often. However, foraging habitat suitability limits predators' responses. For nocturnal insectivorous bats, artificial light at night (ALAN) can trigger insect prey aggregation. It is not clear how ALAN might affect predator-prey relationships in the urban setting, where urban bats could have adapted to the city, and novel spatial complexity introduced by man-made objects might alter foraging habitat suitability. We strategically selected sites to represent different levels of ALAN and spatial complexity. We recorded bat commuting and foraging activities and collected aerial insects to examine how ALAN and spatial complexity affected bat-insect relationships. We found that insect biomass was positively correlated with ALAN, but was not affected by spatial complexity. Large-sized big brown bats and hoary bats positively responded to change of prey in open sites whereas small-sized eastern red bats and silver-haired bats positively responded in cluttered sites, suggesting that the impact of ALAN could vary when ALAN is coupled with urban spatial complexity. Our study demonstrates that foraging habitat suitability can alter which species might benefit from ALAN. Predator-prey relationships in cities are complex, but general ecological principles still apply in novel urban ecosystems.
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17
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An Updated Review of Hypotheses Regarding Bat Attraction to Wind Turbines. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030343. [PMID: 35158666 PMCID: PMC8833423 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of bat activity and mortalities at wind energy facilities suggest that bats are attracted to wind turbines based on bat behavioral responses to wind turbines. For example, current monitoring efforts suggest that bat activity increases post-wind turbine construction, with bats making multiple passes near wind turbines. We separated the attraction hypothesis into five previously proposed explanations of bat interactions at or near wind turbines, including attraction based on noise, roost sites, foraging and water, mating behavior, and lights, and one new hypothesis regarding olfaction, and provide a state of the knowledge in 2022. Our review indicates that future research should prioritize attraction based on social behaviors, such as mating and scent-marking, as this aspect of the attraction hypothesis has many postulates and remains the most unclear. Relatively more data regarding attraction to wind turbines based on lighting and noise emission exist, and these data indicate that these are unlikely attractants. Analyzing attraction at the species-level should be prioritized because of differences in foraging, flight, and social behavior among bat species. Lastly, research assessing bat attraction at various scales, such as the turbine or facility scale, is lacking, which could provide important insights for both wind turbine siting decisions and bat mortality minimization strategies. Identifying the causes of bat interactions with wind turbines is critical for developing effective impact minimization strategies.
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18
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Cryan PM, Gorresen PM, Straw BR, Thao S(S, DeGeorge E. Influencing Activity of Bats by Dimly Lighting Wind Turbine Surfaces with Ultraviolet Light. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010009. [PMID: 35011115 PMCID: PMC8744972 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bats often fly near wind turbines. The fatalities associated with this behavior continue to be an issue for wind energy development and wildlife conservation. We tested an experimental method intended to reduce bat fatalities at the wind turbines. We assumed that bats navigate over long distances at night by dim-light vision and might be dissuaded from approaching artificially lit structures. For over a year, we experimentally lit wind turbines at night with dim, flickering ultraviolet (UV) light while measuring the presence and activity of bats, birds, and insects with thermal-imaging cameras. We detected no statistical differences in the activity of the bats, insects, or birds at a test turbine when lit with UV light compared with that of unlit nights. Additional experiments to test this or other possible bat-deterrence methods may benefit from considering subtle measures of animal response that can provide useful information on the possible behavioral effects of fatality-reduction experiments. Abstract Wind energy producers need deployable devices for wind turbines that prevent bat fatalities. Based on the speculation that bats approach turbines after visually mistaking them for trees, we tested a potential light-based deterrence method. It is likely that the affected bats see ultraviolet (UV) light at low intensities. Here, we present the results of a multi-month experiment to cast dim, flickering UV light across wind turbine surfaces at night. Our objectives were to refine and test a practical system for dimly UV-illuminating turbines while testing whether the experimental UV treatment influenced the activity of bats, birds, and insects. We mounted upward-facing UV light arrays on turbines and used thermal-imaging cameras to quantify the presence and activity of night-flying animals. The results demonstrated that the turbines can be lit to the highest reaches of the blades with “invisible” UV light, and the animal responses to such experimental treatment can be concurrently monitored. The UV treatment did not significantly change nighttime bat, insect, or bird activity at the wind turbine. Our findings show how observing flying animals with thermal cameras at night can help test emerging technologies intended to variably affect their behaviors around wind turbines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Cryan
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo M. Gorresen
- Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA;
- USGS Pacific Island Ecosystems Science Center, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hilo, HI 96718, USA
| | - Bethany R. Straw
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Syhoune (Simon) Thao
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80007, USA; (S.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Elise DeGeorge
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Wind Technology Center, Boulder, CO 80007, USA; (S.T.); (E.D.)
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19
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Luo B, Xu R, Li Y, Zhou W, Wang W, Gao H, Wang Z, Deng Y, Liu Y, Feng J. Artificial light reduces foraging opportunities in wild least horseshoe bats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117765. [PMID: 34265558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night has been proposed as a global threat to biodiversity. Insectivorous bats are strictly nocturnal animals that are vulnerable to disruption from artificial light. Given that many light-sensitive bats tend to avoid night light during roost departure, it is often assumed that nighttime light pollution reduces their foraging opportunities, albeit empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis remains elusive. Here, we used least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus, to assess whether white artificial light is detrimental for the opportunities of foraging. We manipulated the levels of ambient illumination and perceived predation risk inside the bat roost. We monitored bats' emergence activity using high-speed video and audio recording systems. DNA-based faecal dietary analysis and insect survey were applied to determine activity time of prey in foraging areas. Following experimentally manipulation of white light-emitting diode (LED) lighting 0-15 min after sunset, bat pass, flight duration, and echolocation pulse emission decreased. The mean emergence time of bats flying out was delayed by 14 min under lit treatment compared with the dark control. Only 10% of bats left for foraging during 40 min of light exposure. Aversive effects of LED light on bat emergence were robust regardless of the presence of a potential predator. Insect prey reached a peak of abundance between 30 and 60 min after sunset. These results demonstrate that white artificial light hinders evening emergence behavior in least horseshoe bats, leading to a mismatch between foraging onset and peak food availability. Our findings highlight that light pollution overrides foraging onset, suggesting the importance of improving artificial lighting scheme near the roosts of light-sensitive bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Yunchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Yingchun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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20
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Nolfo AP, Casetta G, Palagi E. Play fighting in wild spotted hyaenas: like a bridge over the troubled water of a hierarchical society. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Levy K, Wegrzyn Y, Efronny R, Barnea A, Ayali A. Lifelong exposure to artificial light at night impacts stridulation and locomotion activity patterns in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211626. [PMID: 34547907 PMCID: PMC8456136 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms experience a worldwide continuous increase in artificial light at night (ALAN), negatively affecting their behaviour. The field cricket, an established model in physiology and behaviour, can provide insights into the effect of ALAN on insect behaviour. The stridulation and locomotion patterns of adult male crickets reared under different lifelong ALAN intensities were monitored simultaneously for five consecutive days in custom-made anechoic chambers. Daily activity periods and acrophases were compared between the experimental groups. Control crickets exhibited a robust rhythm, stridulating at night and demonstrating locomotor activity during the day. By contrast, ALAN affected both the relative level and timing of the crickets' nocturnal and diurnal activity. ALAN induced free-running patterns, manifested in significant changes in the median and variance of the activity periods, and even arrhythmic behaviour. The magnitude of disruption was light intensity dependent, revealing an increase in the difference between the activity periods calculated for stridulation and locomotion in the same individual. This finding may indicate the existence of two peripheral clocks. Our results demonstrate that ecologically relevant ALAN intensities affect crickets' behavioural patterns, and may lead to decoupling of locomotion and stridulation behaviours at the individual level, and to loss of synchronization at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Levy
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoav Wegrzyn
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ronny Efronny
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Anat Barnea
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 43107, Israel
| | - Amir Ayali
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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22
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Syposz M, Padget O, Willis J, Van Doren BM, Gillies N, Fayet AL, Wood MJ, Alejo A, Guilford T. Avoidance of different durations, colours and intensities of artificial light by adult seabirds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18941. [PMID: 34556717 PMCID: PMC8460786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for impacts of light pollution on the physiology and behaviour of wild animals. Nocturnally active Procellariiform seabirds are often found grounded in areas polluted by light and struggle to take to the air again without human intervention. Hence, understanding their responses to different wavelengths and intensities of light is urgently needed to inform mitigation measures. Here, we demonstrate how different light characteristics can affect the nocturnal flight of Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus by experimentally introducing lights at a colony subject to low levels of light pollution due to passing ships and coastal developments. The density of birds in flight above the colony was measured using a thermal imaging camera. We compared number of flying shearwaters under dark conditions and in response to an artificially introduced light, and observed fewer birds in flight during 'light-on' periods, suggesting that adult shearwaters were repelled by the light. This effect was stronger with higher light intensity, increasing duration of 'light-on' periods and with green and blue compared to red light. Thus, we recommend lower light intensity, red colour, and shorter duration of 'light-on' periods as mitigation measures to reduce the effects of light at breeding colonies and in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Syposz
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK.
| | - Oliver Padget
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Jay Willis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Benjamin M Van Doren
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Natasha Gillies
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Annette L Fayet
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Matt J Wood
- School of Natural & Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Cheltenham, GL50 4AZ, UK
| | - Aarón Alejo
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Tim Guilford
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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23
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Nolfo AP, Casetta G, Palagi E. Visual communication in social play of a hierarchical carnivore species: the case of wild spotted hyenas. Curr Zool 2021; 68:411-422. [PMID: 36090136 PMCID: PMC9450175 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Communication relies on signals that can be produced via different sensory modalities to modify receivers’ behavior. During social interactions, the possibility to perceive subtle visual cues enhances the use of facial expressions to exchange information. One of the most appropriate fields to explore the specific design features of visual signals is play fighting. Here, we explored the production and potential role of Relaxed Open Mouth (ROM) and Head Bobbing (HB) in regulating play fighting of wild spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta, a highly hierarchical carnivore species. In accordance with the assumptions of the signal optimization theory, wild hyenas produced ROM and HB almost exclusively when the sender was in direct visual contact with the receiver thus suggesting that senders were attentive to the playmates’ face. Contrary to HB, the sequential analysis revealed that ROM often anticipated offensive patterns such as play biting thus supporting the hypothesis that ROM, but not HB, is a metacomunicative signal. Moreover, when the offensive patterns were biased toward one of the 2 players, the session was punctuated by a higher number of ROMs. Our findings support the general hypothesis that these 2 visual signals can play different roles in the management of play fighting in this carnivore species. The complementary use of ROM and HB would suggest that spotted hyenas are highly competent and fast in processing facial displays of different nature to correctly “read others’ intentions” and respond with appropriate motor actions to avoid misunderstanding during one of the most multifaceted and risky social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paolo Nolfo
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Grazia Casetta
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Palagi
- Department of Biology, Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 6, Pisa, 56126, Italy
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Via Roma 79, Calci, Pisa, 56011, Italy
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24
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Voigt CC, Dekker J, Fritze M, Gazaryan S, Hölker F, Jones G, Lewanzik D, Limpens HJGA, Mathews F, Rydell J, Spoelstra K, Zagmajster M. The Impact Of Light Pollution On Bats Varies According To Foraging Guild And Habitat Context. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We Review How Different Bat Guilds Respond To Artificial Light At Night (Alan) And Assess How The Impacts Can Vary According To Ecological Context. All Studied European Species Respond Negatively To Alan Close To Roosts And Drinking Sites, And The Impacts Occur Across A Wide Range Of Light Colors And Intensities. Most Bat Species Are Sensitive To Alan When Commuting And Foraging. Although Narrow-Space-Foraging Bat Species Consistently Avoid Alan When Foraging, Open And Edge-Space-Foraging Species May Exploit Insects Lured By Alan. Therefore, Alan Acts As An Environmental Filter On Bat Assemblages. Considering The Detrimental Effect Of Alan On Insects, We Conclude That Alan Probably Has Negative Impacts On All Bat Species, Even On Those Foraging At Streetlights. The Sprawl Of Alan May Be A Key Factor Driving The Decline Of Bat Diversity Globally, And The Current Trajectory Of Increasing Alan Is Therefore Of Considerable Concern For Bat Conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suren Gazaryan
- Unep/Eurobats, The Agreement On The Conservation Of Populations Of European Bats, Part Of The United Nations Environment Programme, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franz Hölker
- Leibniz-Institute Of Freshwater Ecology And Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gareth Jones
- School Of Biological Sciences, University Of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lewanzik
- Leibniz Institute For Zoo And Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fiona Mathews
- School Of Life Sciences, University Of Sussex, Falmer, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Rydell
- Department Of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department Of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute Of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- Subbiolab, Department Of Biology's Biotechnical Faculty, University Of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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26
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Diamantopoulou C, Christoforou E, Dominoni DM, Kaiserli E, Czyzewski J, Mirzai N, Spatharis S. Wavelength-dependent effects of artificial light at night on phytoplankton growth and community structure. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210525. [PMID: 34157871 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a disruptive form of pollution, impacting physiological and behavioural processes that may scale up to population and community levels. Evidence from terrestrial habitats show that the severity and type of impact depend on the wavelength and intensity of ALAN; however, research on marine organisms is still limited. Here, we experimentally investigated the effect of different ALAN colours on marine primary producers. We tested the effect of green (525 nm), red (624 nm) and broad-spectrum white LED ALAN, compared to a dark control, on the green microalgae Tetraselmis suesica and a diatom assemblage. We show that green ALAN boosted chlorophyll production and abundance in T. suesica. All ALAN wavelengths affected assemblage biomass and diversity, with red and green ALAN having the strongest effects, leading to higher overall abundance and selective dominance of specific diatom species, some known to cause harmful algal blooms. Our findings show that green and red ALAN should be used with caution as alternative LED colours in coastal areas, where there might be a need to strike a balance between the effects of green and red light on marine primary producers with the benefit they appear to bring to other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Diamantopoulou
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Eleni Christoforou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Davide M Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Eirini Kaiserli
- Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Jakub Czyzewski
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), Bioelectronics Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Sofie Spatharis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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Sangavi D, Murugan CM, Mahandran V, Marimuthu G, Thiruchenthil Nathan P. Adaptive foraging tactics of greater short-nosed fruit bats on a spiny shrub and its effect on seed dispersal. J ETHOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-021-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Opinion: Eight simple actions that individuals can take to save insects from global declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2002547117. [PMID: 33431563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002547117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Baskir EA, Hazen RE, Powell DM. Documenting nocturnal activity of dragon-headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) under artificial light. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:342-345. [PMID: 33830531 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Across the genera of katydids from the family Tettigoniidae, both diurnal and nocturnal species have been identified. The Saint Louis Zoo Bayer Insectarium filmed dragon-headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) overnight using red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to examine the activity of this presumed nocturnal species to provide quantitative information about these insects that are otherwise immobile when keepers are present. Evidence from the literature suggests that LED bulbs emitting long-wavelength red and infrared lights are less likely to cause changes to the subjects' behavioral budgets and movements through the habitat. Three katydids were filmed for 5 nights, and time-interval scan sampling was used to record their positions and whether they were active every 15 min for two 2-h periods starting at midnight and noon. A modified Shannon's diversity index determined that katydids were recorded in more areas when under only red LEDs at night as compared to artificial daytime working lights. Similarly, repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that insects were significantly more active under nighttime red LEDs when compared to daytime working lights. While we cannot be sure if behaviors recorded under red LEDs are the same as those that would be performed under total darkness in situ, the use of red LED illumination ex situ to facilitate overnight filming did not suppress nocturnal movement or activity for our subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Baskir
- Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renée E Hazen
- Bayer Insectarium, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Powell
- Department of Reproductive and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Giavi S, Fontaine C, Knop E. Impact of artificial light at night on diurnal plant-pollinator interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1690. [PMID: 33727549 PMCID: PMC7966740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night has rapidly spread around the globe over the last decades. Evidence is increasing that it has adverse effects on the behavior, physiology, and survival of animals and plants with consequences for species interactions and ecosystem functioning. For example, artificial light at night disrupts plant-pollinator interactions at night and this can have consequences for the plant reproductive output. By experimentally illuminating natural plant-pollinator communities during the night using commercial street-lamps we tested whether light at night can also change interactions of a plant-pollinator community during daytime. Here we show that artificial light at night can alter diurnal plant-pollinator interactions, but the direction of the change depends on the plant species. We conclude that the effect of artificial light at night on plant-pollinator interactions is not limited to the night, but can also propagate to the daytime with so far unknown consequences for the pollinator community and the diurnal pollination function and services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giavi
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, CESCO, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eva Knop
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Departement of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Browning E, Barlow KE, Burns F, Hawkins C, Boughey K. Drivers of European bat population change: a review reveals evidence gaps. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Browning
- Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Division of Biosciences University College London LondonWC1E 6BTUK
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regents Park LondonNW1 4RYUK
| | - Kate E. Barlow
- The Bat Conservation Trust Quadrant House, 250 Kennington Lane LondonSE11 5RDUK
| | - Fiona Burns
- The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Centre for Conservation Science SandySG19 2DLUK
| | - Charlotte Hawkins
- The Bat Conservation Trust Quadrant House, 250 Kennington Lane LondonSE11 5RDUK
| | - Katherine Boughey
- The Bat Conservation Trust Quadrant House, 250 Kennington Lane LondonSE11 5RDUK
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Barré K, Kerbiriou C, Ing RK, Bas Y, Azam C, Le Viol I, Spoelstra K. Bats seek refuge in cluttered environment when exposed to white and red lights at night. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:3. [PMID: 33482918 PMCID: PMC7821510 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial light at night is recognized as an increasing threat to biodiversity. However, information on the way highly mobile taxa such as bats spatially respond to light is limited. Following the hypothesis of a behavioural adaptation to the perceived risks of predation, we hypothesised that bats should avoid lit areas by shifting their flight route to less exposed conditions. METHODS Using 3D acoustic localization at four experimentally illuminated sites, we studied how the distance to streetlights emitting white and red light affected the Probability of bats Flying Inside the Forest (PFIF) versus along the forest edge. RESULTS We show that open-, edge-, and narrow-space foraging bats strongly change flight patterns by increasing PFIF when getting closer to white and red streetlights placed in the forest edge. These behavioural changes occurred mainly on the streetlight side where light was directed. CONCLUSIONS The results show that bats cope with light exposure by actively seeking refuge in cluttered environment, potentially due to involved predation risks. This is a clear indication that bats make use of landscape structures when reacting to light, and shows the potential of vegetation and streetlight orientation in mitigating effects of light. The study nevertheless calls for preserving darkness as the most efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Barré
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station de Biologie Marine, 1 place de la Croix, 29900, Concarneau, France.
| | - Christian Kerbiriou
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station de Biologie Marine, 1 place de la Croix, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Ros-Kiri Ing
- Institut Langevin, UMR 7587 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238, Paris, France
| | - Yves Bas
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémentine Azam
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Viol
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Station de Biologie Marine, 1 place de la Croix, 29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Barré K, Spoelstra K, Bas Y, Challéat S, Kiri Ing R, Azam C, Zissis G, Lapostolle D, Kerbiriou C, Le Viol I. Artificial light may change flight patterns of bats near bridges along urban waterways. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Barré
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleStation de Biologie Marine Concarneau France
| | - K. Spoelstra
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Y. Bas
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175CNRS Montpellier France
| | - S. Challéat
- Géographie de l’Environnement (GÉODE) UMR 5602 CNRSUniversité Toulouse 2 ‐ Jean Jaurès Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - R. Kiri Ing
- Institut LangevinUMR 7587 CNRSUniversité Paris Diderot (Paris 7) Paris France
| | - C. Azam
- Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la NatureMusée de l’Homme Paris France
| | - G. Zissis
- Université Toulouse 3LAPLACEUMR‐5213 CNRS‐INPT‐UT3 Toulouse France
| | - D. Lapostolle
- Théoriser et Modéliser pour Aménager (ThéMA) UMR 6049 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Besançon France
| | - C. Kerbiriou
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleStation de Biologie Marine Concarneau France
| | - I. Le Viol
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Sorbonne Université Paris France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleStation de Biologie Marine Concarneau France
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Giavi S, Blösch S, Schuster G, Knop E. Artificial light at night can modify ecosystem functioning beyond the lit area. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11870. [PMID: 32681056 PMCID: PMC7368033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a relatively new and rapidly increasing global change driver. While evidence on adverse effects of ALAN for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is increasing, little is known on the spatial extent of its effects. We therefore tested whether ALAN can affect ecosystem functioning in areas adjacent to directly illuminated areas. We exposed two phytometer species to three different treatments of ALAN (sites directly illuminated, sites adjacent to directly illuminated sites, control sites without illumination), and we measured its effect on the reproductive output of both plant species. Furthermore, in one of the two plant species, we quantified pre-dispersal seed predation and the resulting relative reproductive output. Finally, under controlled condition in the laboratory, we assessed flower visitation and oviposition of the main seed predator in relation to light intensity. There was a trend for reduced reproductive output of one of the two plant species on directly illuminated sites, but not of the other. Compared to dark control sites, seed predation was significantly increased on dark sites adjacent to illuminated sites, which resulted in a significantly reduced relative reproductive output. Finally, in the laboratory, the main seed predator flew away from the light source to interact with its host plant in the darkest area available, which might explain the results found in the field. We conclude that ALAN can also affect ecosystem functioning in areas not directly illuminated, thereby having ecological consequences at a much larger scale than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giavi
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Agroscope, Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sina Blösch
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstr. 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Bernese School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Länggasse 85, 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Guido Schuster
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland, Oberseestrasse 10, 8640, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Eva Knop
- Agroscope, Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zamora‐Gutierrez V, Ortega J, Avila‐Flores R, Aguilar‐Rodríguez PA, Alarcón‐Montano M, Avila‐Torresagatón LG, Ayala‐Berdón J, Bolívar‐Cimé B, Briones‐Salas M, Chan‐Noh M, Chávez‐Cauich M, Chávez C, Cortés‐Calva P, Cruzado J, Cuevas JC, Del Real‐Monroy M, Elizalde‐Arellano C, García‐Luis M, García‐Morales R, Guerrero JA, Guevara‐Carrizales AA, Gutiérrez EG, Hernández‐Mijangos LA, Ibarra‐López MP, Iñiguez‐Dávalos LI, León‐Madrazo R, López‐González C, López‐Téllez MC, López‐Vidal JC, Martínez‐Balvanera S, Montiel‐Reyes F, Murrieta‐Galindo R, Orozco‐Lugo CL, Pech‐Canché JM, Pérez‐Pérez L, Ramírez‐Martínez MM, Rizo‐Aguilar A, Robredo‐Esquivelzeta E, Rodas‐Martínez AZ, Rojo‐Cruz MA, Selem‐Salas CI, Uribe‐Bencomo E, Vargas‐Contreras JA, MacSwiney G. MC. The Sonozotz project: Assembling an echolocation call library for bats in a megadiverse country. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4928-4943. [PMID: 32551071 PMCID: PMC7297765 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat acoustic libraries are important tools that assemble echolocation calls to allow the comparison and discrimination to confirm species identifications. The Sonozotz project represents the first nation-wide library of bat echolocation calls for a megadiverse country. It was assembled following a standardized recording protocol that aimed to cover different recording habitats, recording techniques, and call variation inherent to individuals. The Sonozotz project included 69 species of echolocating bats, a high species richness that represents 50% of bat species found in the country. We include recommendations on how the database can be used and how the sampling methods can be potentially replicated in countries with similar environmental and geographic conditions. To our knowledge, this represents the most exhaustive effort to date to document and compile the diversity of bat echolocation calls for a megadiverse country. This database will be useful to address a range of ecological questions including the effects of anthropogenic activities on bat communities through the analysis of bat sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zamora‐Gutierrez
- CONACYT—Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Rafael Avila‐Flores
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | - Pedro Adrián Aguilar‐Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones TropicalesUniversidad VeracruzanaXalapaMéxico
- Universidad Autónoma de TlaxcalaTlaxcala de XicohténcatlMéxico
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Briones‐Salas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral RegionalUnidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMéxico
| | - Martha Chan‐Noh
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
| | - Manuel Chávez‐Cauich
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Chávez
- Departamento de Ciencias AmbientalesUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Unidad LermaLermaMéxico
| | - Patricia Cortés‐Calva
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental y ConservaciónCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.La PazMéxico
| | | | - Jesús Carlo Cuevas
- Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales y AgropecuariosUniversidad de GuadalajaraAutlánMéxico
| | | | - Cynthia Elizalde‐Arellano
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Margarita García‐Luis
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral RegionalUnidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalOaxacaMéxico
- Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de OaxacaXoxocotlánMéxico
| | | | - José Antonio Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | | | - Edgar G. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Rafael León‐Madrazo
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | - Celia López‐González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | | | - Juan Carlos López‐Vidal
- Departamento de ZoologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | - Fernando Montiel‐Reyes
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango (CIIDIR)Instituto Politécnico NacionalDurangoMéxico
| | | | - Carmen Lorena Orozco‐Lugo
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | - Juan M. Pech‐Canché
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad VeracruzanaTuxpanMéxico
| | - Lucio Pérez‐Pérez
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | | | - Areli Rizo‐Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e IngenieríaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | | | - Alba Z. Rodas‐Martínez
- División Académica de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoVillahermosaMéxico
| | | | | | - Elena Uribe‐Bencomo
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas‐AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaMéxico
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Switching LPS to LED Streetlight May Dramatically Reduce Activity and Foraging of Bats. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night is considered a major threat to biodiversity, especially for nocturnal species, as it reduces habitat availability, quality, and functionality. Since the recent evolution in light technologies in improving luminous efficacy, developed countries are experiencing a renewal of their lighting equipment that reaches its end-of-life, from conventional lighting technologies to light emitting diodes (LEDs). Despite potential cascading impacts of such a shift on nocturnal fauna, few studies have so far dealt with the impact of the renewal of street lighting by new technologies. Specifically, only one study, by Rowse et al.2016, examined the effects of switching from widely used low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps to LEDs, using bats as biological models. This study was based on a before-after-control-impact paired design (BACIP) at 12 pairs in the UK, each including one control and one experimental streetlight. If Rowse et al. 2016 showed no effect of switching to LEDs streetlights on bat activity, the effects of respective changes in light intensity and spectrum were not disentangled when testing switch effects. Here, we conduct a retrospective analysis of their data to include these covariates in statistical models with the aim of disentangling the relative effects of these light characteristics. Our re-analysis clearly indicates that the switches in spectrum and in intensity with replacement of LPS with LED lamps have significant additive and interactive effects, on bat activity. We also show that bat activity and buzz ratio decrease with increasing LED intensity while an opposite effect is observed with LPS lamps. Hence, the loss or the gain in bat activity when lamp types, i.e., spectrum, are switched strongly depends on the initial and new lamp intensities. Our results stress the need to consider simultaneously the effects of changes in the different lights characteristics when street lighting changes. Because switches from LPS to LED lamps can lead to an increase in light intensity, such technological changes may involve a reduction of bat activity in numerous cases, especially at high LED intensities. Since we are currently at an important crossroad in lighting management, we recommend to limit LED intensity and improve its spectral composition toward warmer colors to limit potential deleterious impacts on bat activity.
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Dominoni DM, Kjellberg Jensen J, de Jong M, Visser ME, Spoelstra K. Artificial light at night, in interaction with spring temperature, modulates timing of reproduction in a passerine bird. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02062. [PMID: 31863538 PMCID: PMC7187248 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on phenological events such as reproductive timing is increasingly recognized. In birds, previous experiments under controlled conditions showed that ALAN strongly advances gonadal growth, but effects on egg-laying date are less clear. In particular, effects of ALAN on timing of egg laying are found to be year-dependent, suggesting an interaction with climatic conditions such as spring temperature, which is known have strong effects on the phenology of avian breeding. Thus, we hypothesized that ALAN and temperature interact to regulate timing of reproduction in wild birds. Field studies have suggested that sources of ALAN rich in short wavelengths can lead to stronger advances in egg-laying date. We therefore tested this hypothesis in the Great Tit (Parus major), using a replicated experimental set-up where eight previously unlit forest transects were illuminated with either white, green, or red LED light, or left dark as controls. We measured timing of egg laying for 619 breeding events spread over six consecutive years and obtained temperature data for all sites and years. We detected overall significantly earlier egg-laying dates in the white and green light vs. the dark treatment, and similar trends for red light. However, there was a strong interannual variability in mean egg-laying dates in all treatments, which was explained by spring temperature. We did not detect any fitness consequence of the changed timing of egg laying due to ALAN, which suggests that advancing reproduction in response to ALAN might be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M. Dominoni
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG128PG United Kingdom
| | | | - Maaike de Jong
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kamiel Spoelstra
- Department of Animal EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental change in nocturnal landscapes due to the increasing use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as being detrimental to the environment and raises important regulatory questions as to whether and how it should be regulated based on the manifold risks to the environment. Here, we present the results of an analysis of the current legal obligations on ALAN in context with a systematic review of adverse effects. The legal analysis includes the relevant aspects of European and German environmental law, specifically nature conservation and immission control. The review represents the results of 303 studies indicating significant disturbances of organisms and landscapes. We discuss the conditions for prohibitions by environmental laws and whether protection gaps persist and, hence, whether specific legislation for light pollution is necessary. While protection is predominantly provided for species with special protection status that reveal avoidance behavior of artificially lit landscapes and associated habitat loss, adverse effects on species and landscapes without special protection status are often unaddressed by existing regulations. Legislative shortcomings are caused by difficulties in proving adverse effect on the population level, detecting lighting malpractice, and applying the law to ALAN-related situations. Measures to reduce ALAN-induced environmental impacts are highlighted. We discuss whether an obligation to implement such measures is favorable for environmental protection and how regulations can be implemented.
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Dominoni DM, Halfwerk W, Baird E, Buxton RT, Fernández-Juricic E, Fristrup KM, McKenna MF, Mennitt DJ, Perkin EK, Seymoure BM, Stoner DC, Tennessen JB, Toth CA, Tyrrell LP, Wilson A, Francis CD, Carter NH, Barber JR. Why conservation biology can benefit from sensory ecology. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:502-511. [PMID: 32203474 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Global expansion of human activities is associated with the introduction of novel stimuli, such as anthropogenic noise, artificial lights and chemical agents. Progress in documenting the ecological effects of sensory pollutants is weakened by sparse knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these effects. This severely limits our capacity to devise mitigation measures. Here, we integrate knowledge of animal sensory ecology, physiology and life history to articulate three perceptual mechanisms-masking, distracting and misleading-that clearly explain how and why anthropogenic sensory pollutants impact organisms. We then link these three mechanisms to ecological consequences and discuss their implications for conservation. We argue that this framework can reveal the presence of 'sensory danger zones', hotspots of conservation concern where sensory pollutants overlap in space and time with an organism's activity, and foster development of strategic interventions to mitigate the impact of sensory pollutants. Future research that applies this framework will provide critical insight to preserve the natural sensory world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel T Buxton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Kurt M Fristrup
- National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Megan F McKenna
- National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth K Perkin
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Group, Hatfield Consultants, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brett M Seymoure
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David C Stoner
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Cory A Toth
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke P Tyrrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Neil H Carter
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse R Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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41
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Dominoni D, Smit JAH, Visser ME, Halfwerk W. Multisensory pollution: Artificial light at night and anthropogenic noise have interactive effects on activity patterns of great tits (Parus major). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113314. [PMID: 31761596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation is increasing globally at a rapid pace. Consequently, wild species face novel environmental stressors associated with urban sprawl, such as artificial light at night and noise. These stressors have pervasive effects on the behaviour and physiology of many species. Most studies have singled out the impact of just one of these stressors, while in the real world they are likely to co-occur both temporally and spatially, and we thus lack a clear understanding of the combined effect of anthropogenic stressors on wild species. Here, we experimentally exposed captive male great tits (Parus major) to artificial light at night and 24 h noise in a fully factorial experiment. We then measured the effect of both these stressors on their own and their combination on the amount and timing of activity patterns. We found that both light and noise affected activity patterns when presented alone, but in opposite ways: light increased activity, particularly at night, while noise reduced it, particularly during the day. When the two stressors were combined, we found a synergistic effect on the total activity and the nighttime activity, but an antagonistic effect on daytime activity. The significant interaction between noise and light treatment also differed among forest and city birds. Indeed, we detected a significant interactive effect on light and noise on daytime, nighttime, dusktime and offset of activity of urban birds, but not of forest birds. These results suggest that both artificial light at night and anthropogenic noise can drive changes in activity patterns, but that the specific impacts depend on the habitat of origin. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that co-occurring exposure to noise and light can lead to a stronger impact at night than predicted from the additive effects and thus that multisensory pollution may be a considerable threat for wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dominoni
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Judith A H Smit
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Khan ZA, Yumnamcha T, Mondal G, Devi SD, Rajiv C, Labala RK, Sanjita Devi H, Chattoraj A. Artificial Light at Night (ALAN): A Potential Anthropogenic Component for the COVID-19 and HCoVs Outbreak. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:622. [PMID: 33013700 PMCID: PMC7511708 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is zoonotic. The circadian day-night is the rhythmic clue to organisms for their synchronized body functions. The "development for mankind" escalated the use of artificial light at night (ALAN). In this article, we tried to focus on the possible influence of this anthropogenic factor in human coronavirus (HCoV) outbreak. The relationship between the occurrences of coronavirus and the ascending curve of the night-light has also been delivered. The ALAN influences the physiology and behavior of bat, a known nocturnal natural reservoir of many Coronaviridae. The "threatened" and "endangered" status of the majority of bat species is mainly because of the destruction of their proper habit and habitat predominantly through artificial illumination. The stress exerted by ALAN leads to the impaired body functions, especially endocrine, immune, genomic integration, and overall rhythm features of different physiological variables and behaviors in nocturnal animals. Night-light disturbs "virus-host" synchronization and may lead to mutation in the genomic part of the virus and excessive virus shedding. We also proposed some future strategies to mitigate the repercussions of ALAN and for the protection of the living system in the earth as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Thangal Yumnamcha
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Gopinath Mondal
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Sijagurumayum Dharmajyoti Devi
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Chongtham Rajiv
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Labala
- Distributed Information Sub-centre, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
| | - Haobijam Sanjita Devi
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Animal Resources Programme, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, India
| | - Asamanja Chattoraj
- Biological Rhythm Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
- *Correspondence: Asamanja Chattoraj ;
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43
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A Conceptual Framework for Choosing Target Species for Wildlife-Inclusive Urban Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11246972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the significance of cities for biodiversity, making them important places for conservation in their own right. Current conservation approaches in cities are mostly defensive. Thus, they focus on remnant pockets of natural areas or try to protect particular species that occur in the built environment. These approaches are vulnerable to further urban development and do not create habitats. An alternative strategy is to make wildlife an integral part of urban development and thereby create a new habitat in the built-up area. Here we address the challenge of choosing target species for such wildlife-inclusive urban design. The starting point of our conceptual framework is the regional species pool, which can be obtained from geo-referenced species data. The existing habitat types on and around the development site and dispersal barriers limit the species numbers to the local species potential. In the next step, the site’s potential for each species is analyzed—how can it be upgraded to host species given the planned development and the life-cycle of the species? For the final choice of target species, traits related to the human–animal interaction are considered. We suggest that stakeholders will be involved in the final species selection. Our approach differs from existing practice, such as expert choice of priority species, by (1) representing an open process where many species are potential targets of conservation, (2) the involvement of stakeholders in a participatory way. Our approach can also be used at larger spatial scales such as quarters or entire cities.
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Mate choice decisions of female serrate-legged small treefrogs are affected by ambient light under natural, but not enhanced artificial nocturnal light conditions. Behav Processes 2019; 169:103997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Long-Term Comparison of Attraction of Flying Insects to Streetlights after the Transition from Traditional Light Sources to Light-Emitting Diodes in Urban and Peri-Urban Settings. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11226198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the different light sources used for street lighting, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are likely to dominate the world market in the coming years. At the same time, the spectral composition of nocturnal illumination is changing. Europe and many other areas worldwide have implemented bans on energy-inefficient lamps, such as the still very common mercury vapor lamps. However, the impact of artificial light on insects is mostly tested with light-traps or flight-intercept traps that are used for short periods only. By comparing the numbers of insects attracted by street lamps before and after replacing mercury vapor light sources (MV) with light emitting diodes, we assessed the impact in more typical (urban and peri-urban) settings over several years. We found that LED attracted approximately half of the number of insects compared to MV lights. Furthermore, most insect groups are less drawn by LED than by MV, while Hymenoptera are less attracted by MV than by LED. Thus, the composition of the attracted communities differed between the light sources, which may impact ecosystem processes and functions. In green peri-urban settings more insects are attracted than in an urban setting, but the relative difference between the light sources is the same.
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46
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Russo D, Cosentino F, Festa F, De Benedetta F, Pejic B, Cerretti P, Ancillotto L. Artificial illumination near rivers may alter bat-insect trophic interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1671-1677. [PMID: 31284209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial illumination at night represents an increasingly concerning threat to ecosystems worldwide, altering persistence, behaviour, physiology and fitness of many organisms and their mutual interactions, in the long-term affecting ecosystem functioning. Bats are very sensitive to artificial light at night because they are obligate nocturnal and feed on insects which are often also responsive to lights. Here we tested the effects of LED lighting on prey-predator interactions at riverine ecosystems, using bats and their insect prey as models, and compared bat and insect reactions in terms of bat activity and prey insect abundance and diversity, respectively, on artificially lit vs. unlit nights. Artificial light influenced both insect and bat assemblages in taxon-specific directions: insect abundances increased at lit sites, particularly due to an increase in small dipterans near the light source. Composition of insect assemblages also differed significantly between lit and unlit sites. Total bat activity declined at lit sites, but this change was mainly due to the response of the most abundant species, Myotis daubentonii, while opportunistic species showed no reaction or even an opposite pattern (Pipistrellus kuhlii). We show that artificial lighting along rivers may affect trophic interactions between bats and insects, resulting in a profound alteration of community structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Italy; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Francesca Cosentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Festa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Flavia De Benedetta
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Branka Pejic
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "S. Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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47
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Dominoni DM, Nelson RJ. Artificial light at night as an environmental pollutant: An integrative approach across taxa, biological functions, and scientific disciplines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 329:387-393. [PMID: 30371014 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Dominoni
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown,, Virginia
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48
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Straka TM, Wolf M, Gras P, Buchholz S, Voigt CC. Tree Cover Mediates the Effect of Artificial Light on Urban Bats. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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49
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Seymoure BM, Linares C, White J. Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Seymoure
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - C. Linares
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - J. White
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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50
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Scherrer D, Christe P, Guisan A. Modelling bat distributions and diversity in a mountain landscape using focal predictors in ensemble of small models. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scherrer
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Lausanne, Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Lausanne, Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Lausanne, Biophore Lausanne Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of Lausanne, Géopolis Lausanne Switzerland
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