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Kumar P, Aishwarya, Srivastava PK, Pandey MK, Anand A, Biswas JK, Drews M, Dobriyal M, Singh RK, De la Sen M, Singh SS, Pandey AK, Kumar M, Rani M. Nitrogen dioxide as proxy indicator of air pollution from fossil fuel burning in New Delhi during lockdown phases of COVID-19 pandemic period: impact on weather as revealed by Sentinel-5 precursor (5p) spectrometer sensor. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36785714 PMCID: PMC9907871 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been a long-lasting impact of the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 on several fronts. One such front is climate which has seen several implications. The consequences of climate change owing to this lockdown need to be explored taking into consideration various climatic indicators. Further impact on a local and global level would help the policymakers in drafting effective rules for handling challenges of climate change. For in-depth understanding, a temporal study is being conducted in a phased manner in the New Delhi region taking NO2 concentration and utilizing statistical methods to elaborate the quality of air during the lockdown and compared with a pre-lockdown period. In situ mean values of the NO2 concentration were taken for four different dates, viz. 4th February, 4th March, 4th April, and 25th April 2020. These concentrations were then compared with the Sentinel (5p) data across 36 locations in New Delhi which are found to be promising. The results indicated that the air quality has been improved maximum in Eastern Delhi and the NO2 concentrations were reduced by one-fourth than the pre-lockdown period, and thus, reduced activities due to lockdown have had a significant impact. The result also indicates the preciseness of Sentinel (5p) for NO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Aishwarya
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Prashant Kumar Srivastava
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Manish Kumar Pandey
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
- Centre for Quantitative Economics and Data Science, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand Ranchi, India
| | - Akash Anand
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies, International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani West Bengal, Kalyani, India
| | - Martin Drews
- Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manmohan Dobriyal
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Ram Kumar Singh
- Department of Natural Resources, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070 India
| | - Manuel De la Sen
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, Institute of Research and Development of Processes IIDP, University of the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa, PO Box 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Sati Shankar Singh
- Extension Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Ajai Kumar Pandey
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- GIS Centre, Forest Research Institute (FRI), PO: New Forest, Dehradun, 248006 India
| | - Meenu Rani
- Department of Geography, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
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Zhao J, Wei Q, Wang S, Ren X. Progress of ship exhaust gas control technology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149437. [PMID: 34375870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ship emissions problems caused by the rapid development of maritime trade can't be ignored. The NOX, SOX, CO2, PM and other toxic substances contained in the exhaust gas are extremely harmful to the environment and human health. In order to cope with the adverse effects of ship emissions and the increasingly stringent emission regulations formulated by the IMO and governments, the shipping industry needs to adopt new clean energy and high-efficiency exhaust control technologies to reduce ship emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review, including: (1) The impact of pollutants such as NOX, SOX, CO2 and PM emitted by ships on the environment and human health; (2) New regulations about ship exhaust emissions; (3) Application of clean energy such as LNG, biodiesel, methanol, hydrogen and ammonia on ships; (4) After-treatment technology of ship exhaust gas such as SCR and EGR. And focusing on the principles, uses, characteristics, implementation obstacles and prospects of different energy and technologies, with a view to provide some help for the research on ship exhaust emissions control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Institute of Shipping Oil Residue and Oily Sewage Clean Technology, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Institute of Shipping Oil Residue and Oily Sewage Clean Technology, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Institute of Shipping Oil Residue and Oily Sewage Clean Technology, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiulian Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; Shandong Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Institute of Shipping Oil Residue and Oily Sewage Clean Technology, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China.
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Nour A, Nina L, Frederik G, Fabienne H, Zouher A, Amandine C. Impacts of ocean acidification on growth and toxin content of the marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis and P. fraudulenta. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105380. [PMID: 34146891 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper present the effects of ocean acidification on growth and domoic acid (DA) content of several strains of the toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the non-toxic P. fraudulenta. Three strains of each species (plus two subclones of P. australis) were acclimated and grown in semi-continuous cultures at three pH levels: 8.07, 7.77, and 7.40, in order to simulate changes of seawater pH from present to plausible future levels. Our results showed that lowering pH from current level (8.07) to predicted pH level in 2100 (7.77) did not affect the mean growth rates of some of the P. australis strains (FR-PAU-17 and L3-100), but affected other strains either negatively (L3-30) or positively (L3.4). However, the growth rates significantly decreased with pH lowered to 7.40 (by 13% for L3-100, 43% for L3-30 and 16% for IFR-PAU-17 compared to the rates at pH 8.07). In contrast, growth rates of the non-toxic P. fraudulenta strains were not affected by pH changing from 8.07 to 7.40. The P. australis strains produced DA at all pH levels tested, and the highest particulate DA concentration normalized to cell abundance (pDA) was found at pH 8.07. Total DA content (pDA and dissolved DA) was significantly higher at current pH (8.07) compared to pH (7.77), exept for one strain (L 3.4) where no difference was found. At lower pH levels 7.77-7.40, total DA content was similar, except for strains IFR-PAU-17 and L3-100 which had the lowest content at the pH 7.77. The diversity in the responses in growth and DA content highlights the inter- and intra-specific variation in Pseudo-nitzschia species in response to ocean acidification. When exploring environmental responses of Pseudo-nitzschia using cultured cells, not only strain-specific variation but also culturing history should be taken into consideration, as the light levels under which the subclones were cultured, afterwards affected both maximum growth rates and DA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayache Nour
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France.
| | - Lundholm Nina
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gai Frederik
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1307, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hervé Fabienne
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Amzil Zouher
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Caruana Amandine
- Institut Francaise de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de La Mer: Ifremer, Phycotoxin Laboratory, F-44311, Nantes, France
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van Rhijn N, Bromley M. The Consequences of Our Changing Environment on Life Threatening and Debilitating Fungal Diseases in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:367. [PMID: 34067211 PMCID: PMC8151111 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities have significantly impacted the environment and are changing our climate in ways that will have major consequences for ourselves, and endanger animal, plant and microbial life on Earth. Rising global temperatures and pollution have been highlighted as potential drivers for increases in infectious diseases. Although infrequently highlighted, fungi are amongst the leading causes of infectious disease mortality, resulting in more than 1.5 million deaths every year. In this review we evaluate the evidence linking anthropomorphic impacts with changing epidemiology of fungal disease. We highlight how the geographic footprint of endemic mycosis has expanded, how populations susceptible to fungal infection and fungal allergy may increase and how climate change may select for pathogenic traits and indirectly contribute to the emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Balaish M, Rupp JLM. Widening the Range of Trackable Environmental and Health Pollutants for Li-Garnet-Based Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100314. [PMID: 33829564 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Classic chemical sensors integrated in phones, vehicles, and industrial plants monitor the levels of humidity or carbonaceous/oxygen species to track environmental changes. Current projections for the next two decades indicate the strong need to increase the ability of sensors to sense a wider range of chemicals for future electronics not only to continue monitoring environmental changes but also to ensure the health and safety of humans. To achieve this goal, more chemical sensing principles and hardware must be developed. Here, a proof-of-principle for the specific electrochemistry, material selection, and design of a Li-garnet Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 (LLZO)-based electrochemical sensor is provided, targeting the highly corrosive environmental pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2 ). This work extends the prime use of LLZO as a battery component as well as the range of trackable pollutants for potential future sensor-noses. Novel composite sensing-electrode designs using LLZO-based porous scaffolds are employed to define a high number of reaction sites, and successfully track SO2 at the dangerous levels of 0-10 ppm with close-to-theoretical SO2 sensitivity. The insights on the sensing electrochemistry, phase stability and sensing electrode/Li+ electrolyte structures provide first guidelines for future Li-garnet sensors to monitor a wider range of environmental pollutants and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Balaish
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Sherwood SC, Webb MJ, Annan JD, Armour KC, Forster PM, Hargreaves JC, Hegerl G, Klein SA, Marvel KD, Rohling EJ, Watanabe M, Andrews T, Braconnot P, Bretherton CS, Foster GL, Hausfather Z, von der Heydt AS, Knutti R, Mauritsen T, Norris JR, Proistosescu C, Rugenstein M, Schmidt GA, Tokarska KB, Zelinka MD. An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000678. [PMID: 33015673 PMCID: PMC7524012 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes feedback process understanding, the historical climate record, and the paleoclimate record. An S value lower than 2 K is difficult to reconcile with any of the three lines of evidence. The amount of cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum provides strong evidence against values of S greater than 4.5 K. Other lines of evidence in combination also show that this is relatively unlikely. We use a Bayesian approach to produce a probability density function (PDF) for S given all the evidence, including tests of robustness to difficult-to-quantify uncertainties and different priors. The 66% range is 2.6-3.9 K for our Baseline calculation and remains within 2.3-4.5 K under the robustness tests; corresponding 5-95% ranges are 2.3-4.7 K, bounded by 2.0-5.7 K (although such high-confidence ranges should be regarded more cautiously). This indicates a stronger constraint on S than reported in past assessments, by lifting the low end of the range. This narrowing occurs because the three lines of evidence agree and are judged to be largely independent and because of greater confidence in understanding feedback processes and in combining evidence. We identify promising avenues for further narrowing the range in S, in particular using comprehensive models and process understanding to address limitations in the traditional forcing-feedback paradigm for interpreting past changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sherwood
- Climate Change Research Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes University of New South Wales Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - M J Webb
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
| | | | | | - P M Forster
- Priestley International Centre for Climate University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | | | - G Hegerl
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - K D Marvel
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math Columbia University New York NY USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York NY USA
| | - E J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - M Watanabe
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | | | - P Braconnot
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, unité mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay Gif sur Yvette France
| | | | - G L Foster
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | | | - A S von der Heydt
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Centre for Complex Systems Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R Knutti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich Switzerland
| | - T Mauritsen
- Department of Meteorology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - J R Norris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla CA USA
| | - C Proistosescu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Geology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - M Rugenstein
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany
| | - G A Schmidt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York NY USA
| | - K B Tokarska
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich Switzerland
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Polar amplification of Pliocene climate by elevated trace gas radiative forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23401-23407. [PMID: 32887804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002320117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm periods in Earth's history offer opportunities to understand the dynamics of the Earth system under conditions that are similar to those expected in the near future. The Middle Pliocene warm period (MPWP), from 3.3 to 3.0 My B.P, is the most recent time when atmospheric CO2 levels were as high as today. However, climate model simulations of the Pliocene underestimate high-latitude warming that has been reconstructed from fossil pollen samples and other geological archives. One possible reason for this is that enhanced non-CO2 trace gas radiative forcing during the Pliocene, including from methane (CH4), has not been included in modeling. We use a suite of terrestrial biogeochemistry models forced with MPWP climate model simulations from four different climate models to produce a comprehensive reconstruction of the MPWP CH4 cycle, including uncertainty. We simulate an atmospheric CH4 mixing ratio of 1,000 to 1,200 ppbv, which in combination with estimates of radiative forcing from N2O and O3, contributes a non-CO2 radiative forcing of 0.9 [Formula: see text] (range 0.6 to 1.1), which is 43% (range 36 to 56%) of the CO2 radiative forcing used in MPWP climate simulations. This additional forcing would cause a global surface temperature increase of 0.6 to 1.0 °C, with amplified changes at high latitudes, improving agreement with geological evidence of Middle Pliocene climate. We conclude that natural trace gas feedbacks are critical for interpreting climate warmth during the Pliocene and potentially many other warm phases of the Cenezoic. These results also imply that using Pliocene CO2 and temperature reconstructions alone may lead to overestimates of the fast or Charney climate sensitivity.
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Hermoso-Orzáez MJ, García-Alguacil M, Terrados-Cepeda J, Brito P. Measurement of environmental efficiency in the countries of the European Union with the enhanced data envelopment analysis method (DEA) during the period 2005-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:15691-15715. [PMID: 32086735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in measuring the environmental efficiency of the different territories, countries, and/or nations. This has led to the development of different methods applied to the evaluation of environmental efficiency such as the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. This method, supported by different studies, allows measuring relative environmental efficiency (eco-efficiency) and is consolidated as a very reliable method to measure the effectiveness of environmental policies in a specific geographical area. The objective of our study is the calculation of the environmental efficiency of the 28 member countries of the European Union (UE) through the DEA method. We will collect the data regarding the last years in which there are reliable comparative data in all. We will study in reference to them, the results of the environmental policies applied in the different countries, in order to make comparisons between countries and classify them according to their environmental efficiency. Using this, two variants of calculation within the DEA method to compare in a contrasted way the results of environmental efficiency for the 28 countries of the EU analyzed and propose possible solutions for improvement. Contributing in this work as main novelty the application of a new variant of the DEA method, which we will call improved analysis method (MAN) and that aims to agglutinate and assess more objectively, the results of the two DEA methods applied. The results show that there are 14 of the 28 countries that have a high relative environmental efficiency. However, we also find countries with very low environmental efficiency that should improve in the coming years. Coinciding precisely in this last group with countries recently admitted to the EU and where environmental policies have not yet been applied effectively and with positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam García-Alguacil
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, (Environmental Sciences), University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Terrados-Cepeda
- Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Paulo Brito
- IPPortalegre, Campus Politécnico, 10, 7300-555, Portalegre, Portugal
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Variations in Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Response to Short-Term Changes in Weather Variables at Three Elevation Ranges, Wakiso District, Uganda. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Weather conditions are among the major factors leading to the increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from the agricultural soils. In this study, variations in the soil GHG fluxes with precipitation and soil temperatures at different elevation ranges in banana–coffee farms, in the Wakiso District, Uganda, were evaluated. The soil GHG fluxes were collected weekly, using the chamber method, and analyzed by using gas chromatography. Parallel soil temperature samples were collected by using a REOTEMP soil thermometer. Daily precipitation was measured with an automated weather station instrument installed on-site. The results showed that CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes were significantly different between the sites at different elevation ranges. Daily precipitation and soil temperatures significantly (p < 0.05) affected the soil GHG fluxes. Along an elevation gradient, daily precipitation and soil temperatures positively associated with the soil GHG fluxes. The combined factors of daily precipitation and soil temperatures also influence the soil GHG fluxes, but their effect was less than that of the single effects. Overall, daily precipitation and soil temperatures are key weather factors driving the soil GHG fluxes in time and space. This particular study suggests that agriculture at lower elevation levels would help reduce the magnitudes of the soil GHG fluxes. However, this study did not measure the soil GHG fluxes from the non-cultivated ecosystems. Therefore, future studies should focus on assessing the variations in the soil GHG fluxes from non-cultivated ecosystems relative to agriculture systems, at varying elevation ranges.
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Rohling EJ, Marino G, Foster GL, Goodwin PA, von der Heydt AS, Köhler P. Comparing Climate Sensitivity, Past and Present. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:261-288. [PMID: 28938079 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate sensitivity represents the global mean temperature change caused by changes in the radiative balance of climate; it is studied for both present/future (actuo) and past (paleo) climate variations, with the former based on instrumental records and/or various types of model simulations. Paleo-estimates are often considered informative for assessments of actuo-climate change caused by anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, but this utility remains debated because of concerns about the impacts of uncertainties, assumptions, and incomplete knowledge about controlling mechanisms in the dynamic climate system, with its multiple interacting feedbacks and their potential dependence on the climate background state. This is exacerbated by the need to assess actuo- and paleoclimate sensitivity over different timescales, with different drivers, and with different (data and/or model) limitations. Here, we visualize these impacts with idealized representations that graphically illustrate the nature of time-dependent actuo- and paleoclimate sensitivity estimates, evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, agreements, and differences of the two approaches. We also highlight priorities for future research to improve the use of paleo-estimates in evaluations of current climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; ,
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Gianluca Marino
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia; ,
| | - Gavin L Foster
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Philip A Goodwin
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Anna S von der Heydt
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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12
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Raila EM, Anderson DO. Black carbon emission reduction strategies in healthcare industry for effective global climate change management. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:416-425. [PMID: 27909212 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16678315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change remains one of the biggest threats to life on earth to date with black carbon (BC) emissions or smoke being the strongest cause after carbon dioxide (CO2). Surprisingly, scientific evidence about black carbon emissions reduction in healthcare settings is sparse. This paper presents new research findings on the reduction of black carbon emissions from an observational study conducted at the UN Peacekeeping Operations (MINUSTAH) in Haiti in 2014. Researchers observed 20 incineration cycles, 30 minutes for each cycle of plastic and cardboard sharps healthcare waste (HCW) containers ranged from 3 to 14.6 kg. The primary aim was to determine if black carbon emissions from healthcare waste incineration can be lowered by mainstreaming the use of cardboard sharps healthcare waste containers instead of plastic sharps healthcare waste containers. Similarly, the study looks into whether burning temperature was associated with the smoke levels for each case or not. Independent samples t-tests demonstrated significantly lower black carbon emissions during the incineration of cardboard sharps containers (6.81 ± 4.79% smoke) than in plastic containers (17.77 ± 8.38% smoke); a statistically significant increase of 10.96% smoke (95% Confidence Interval ( CI) [4.4 to 17.5% smoke], p = 0.003). Correspondingly, lower bottom burner temperatures occurred during the incineration of cardboard sharps containers than in plastic (95% Cl [16 to 126°C], p = 0.014). Finally, we expect the application of the new quantitative evidence to form the basis for policy formulation, mainstream the use of cardboard sharps containers and opt for non-incineration disposal technologies as urgent steps for going green in healthcare waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mmbando Raila
- 1 US Climate and Health Alliance, American Public Health Association, National Environmental Health Association, Institution of Engineers Tanzania, International Solid Waste Association, Austria
| | - David O Anderson
- 2 American Industrial Hygiene Association, American Society of Safety Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association, Institute of Internal Auditors Diplomat, American Board of Industrial Hygiene, USA
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13
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Glikson A. Cenozoic mean greenhouse gases and temperature changes with reference to the Anthropocene. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3843-3858. [PMID: 27151305 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cenozoic greenhouse gases (GHG) variations and warming periods underscore the extreme rates of current climate change, with major implications for the adaptability and survivability of terrestrial and marine habitats. Current rise rate of greenhouse gases, reaching 3.3 ppm CO2 per year during March 2015-2016, is the fastest recorded since the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Event (PETM) when carbon release to the atmosphere was about an order of magnitude less than at present. The ice core evidence of concentration of (GHG) and temperatures in the atmosphere/ocean/cryosphere system over the last 740 kyr suggests that the rate of rise in GHG over the last ~260 years, CO2 rates rising from 0.94 ppm yr-1 in 1959 (315.97 ppm) to 1.62 ppm yr-1 in 2000 (369.52 ppm) to 3.05 ppm yr-1 in 2015 (400.83 ppm), constitutes a unique spike in the history of the atmosphere. The reliance of pre-740 kyr paleoclimate estimates on multiple proxies, including benthic and plankton fossils, fossil plants, residual organic matter, major and trace elements in fossils, sediments and soils, place limits on the resolution of pre-upper Pleistocene paleoclimate estimates, rendering it likely recorded mean Cenozoic paleoclimate trends may conceal abrupt short-term climate fluctuations. However, as exemplified by the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and earlier GHG and temperature spikes associated with major volcanic and asteroid impact events, the long-term residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere extends the signatures of abrupt warming events to within detection limits of multiple paleoproxies. The mean post-1750 temperature rise rate (approximately ~0.0034 °C per yr, or ~0.008 °C per yr where temperature is not masked by sulfur aerosols) exceeds those of the PETM (approximately ~0.0008-0.0015 °C per yr) by an order of magnitude and mean glacial termination warming rates (last glacial termination [LGT] ~ 0.00039; Eemian ~0.0004 °C per yr) by near to an order of magnitude. Consistent with previous interglacial peaks an increasing likelihood of collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Ocean Circulation is threatening a severe stadial event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Glikson
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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14
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Brook BW, Blomqvist L. Innovations and limits in methods of forecasting global environmental change. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Dangal SRS, Tian H, Lu C, Pan S, Pederson N, Hessl A. Synergistic effects of climate change and grazing on net primary production of Mongolian grasslands. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shree R. S. Dangal
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Chaoqun Lu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia 26506 USA
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16
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Cárdenas H, Mejía A. Phase behaviour and interfacial properties of ternary system CO2 + n-butane + n-decane: coarse-grained theoretical modelling and molecular simulations. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1170221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cárdenas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrés Mejía
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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17
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Hernández-Delgado EA. The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:5-28. [PMID: 26455783 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has significantly impacted tropical ecosystems critical for sustaining local economies and community livelihoods at global scales. Coastal ecosystems have largely declined, threatening the principal source of protein, building materials, tourism-based revenue, and the first line of defense against storm swells and sea level rise (SLR) for small tropical islands. Climate change has also impacted public health (i.e., altered distribution and increased prevalence of allergies, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases). Rapid human population growth has exacerbated pressure over coupled social-ecological systems, with concomitant non-sustainable impacts on natural resources, water availability, food security and sovereignty, public health, and quality of life, which should increase vulnerability and erode adaptation and mitigation capacity. This paper examines cumulative and synergistic impacts of climate change in the challenging context of highly vulnerable small tropical islands. Multiple adaptive strategies of coupled social-ecological ecosystems are discussed. Multi-level, multi-sectorial responses are necessary for adaptation to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hernández-Delgado
- University of Puerto Rico, Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, Coral Reef Research Group, PO Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3360, Puerto Rico; University of Puerto Rico, Department of Biology, PO Box 23360, San Juan 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
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18
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Schauer JJ. Design Criteria for Future Fuels and Related Power Systems Addressing the Impacts of Non-CO2 Pollutants on Human Health and Climate Change. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:101-20. [PMID: 26134739 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Concerns over the economics, supply chain, and emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the wide use of fossil fuels have led to increasing interest in developing alternative and renewable fuels for stationary power generation and transportation systems. Although there is considerable uncertainty regarding the economic and environmental impacts of alternative and renewable fuels, there is a great need for assessment of potential and emerging fuels to guide research priorities and infrastructure investment. Likewise, there is a great need to identify potential unintended adverse impacts of new fuels and related power systems before they are widely adopted. Historically, the environmental impacts of emerging fuels and power systems have largely focused on carbon dioxide emissions, often called the carbon footprint, which is used to assess impacts on climate change. Such assessments largely ignore the large impacts of emissions of other air pollutants. Given the potential changes in emissions of air pollutants associated with the large-scale use of new and emerging fuels and power systems, there is a great need to better guide efforts to develop new fuels and power systems that can avoid unexpected adverse impacts on the environment and human health. This review covers the nature of emissions, including the key components and impacts from the use of fuels, and the design criteria for future fuels and associated power systems to assure that the non-CO2 adverse impacts of stationary power generation and transportation are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jay Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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Hays J, Finkel ML, Depledge M, Law A, Shonkoff SBC. Considerations for the development of shale gas in the United Kingdom. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:36-42. [PMID: 25613768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The United States shale gas boom has precipitated global interest in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources. Recently, government ministers in the United Kingdom started granting licenses that will enable companies to begin initial exploration for shale gas. Meanwhile, concern is increasing among the scientific community about the potential impacts of shale gas and other types of unconventional natural gas development (UGD) on human health and the environment. Although significant data gaps remain, there has been a surge in the number of articles appearing in the scientific literature, nearly three-quarters of which has been published since the beginning of 2013. Important lessons can be drawn from the UGD experience in the United States. Here we explore these considerations and argue that shale gas development policies in the UK and elsewhere should be informed by empirical evidence generated on environmental, public health, and social risks. Additionally, policy decisions should take into account the measured effectiveness of harm reduction strategies as opposed to hypothetical scenarios and purported best practices that lack empirical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Hays
- PSE Healthy Energy, United States; Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 East 67th St. New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Madelon L Finkel
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 East 67th St. New York, NY 10065, United States
| | | | - Adam Law
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 East 67th St. New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Seth B C Shonkoff
- PSE Healthy Energy, United States; University of California, Berkeley, United States
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20
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Improved global simulations of gross primary product based on a new definition of water stress factor and a separate treatment of C3 and C4 plants. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Zhang N, Lin J, Yang Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Cheng L, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Mu C. The tolerance of growth and clonal propagation of Phragmites australis (common reeds) subjected to lead contamination under elevated CO 2conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO2might improve growth and clonal propagation resistance to Pb contamination through increasing photosynthetic, phalanx growth and population expansion.
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22
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Kingston E. Climate change as a three-part ethical problem: a response to Jamieson and Gardiner. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2014; 20:1129-1148. [PMID: 24146296 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-013-9483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dale Jamieson has claimed that conventional human-directed ethical concepts are an inadequate means for accurately understanding our duty to respond to climate change. Furthermore, he suggests that a responsibility to respect nature can instead provide the appropriate framework with which to understand such a duty. Stephen Gardiner has responded by claiming that climate change is a clear case of ethical responsibility, but the failure of institutions to respond to it creates a (not unprecedented) political problem. In assessing the debate between Gardiner and Jamieson, I develop an analysis which shows a three-part structure to the problem of climate change, in which the problem Gardiner identifies is only one of three sub-problems of climate change. This analysis highlights difficulties with Jamieson's argument that the duty of respect for nature is necessary for a full understanding of climate ethics, and suggests how a human-directed approach based on the three-part analysis can avoid Jamieson's charge of inadequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Kingston
- Philosophy Department, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand,
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23
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Energy Efficiency at the Base of the Pyramid: A System-Based Market Model for Improved Cooking Stove Adoption. SUSTAINABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/su6128679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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The ‘law of requisite variety’ may assist climate change negotiations: a review of the Kyoto and Durban meetings. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1057/kmrp.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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de Melo-Martín I, Hays J, Finkel ML. The role of ethics in shale gas policies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1114-1119. [PMID: 24246934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The United States has experienced a boom in natural gas production due to recent technological innovations that have enabled natural gas to be produced from unconventional sources, such as shale. There has been much discussion about the costs and benefits of developing shale gas among scientists, policy makers, and the general public. The debate has typically revolved around potential gains in economics, employment, energy independence, and national security as well as potential harms to the environment, the climate, and public health. In the face of scientific uncertainty, national and international governments must make decisions on how to proceed. So far, the results have been varied, with some governments banning the process, others enacting moratoria until it is better understood, and others explicitly sanctioning shale gas development. These policies reflect legislature's preferences to avoid false negative errors or false positive ones. Here we argue that policy makers have a prima facie duty to minimize false negatives based on three considerations: (1) protection from serious harm generally takes precedence over the enhancement of welfare; (2) minimizing false negatives in this case is more respectful to people's autonomy; and (3) alternative solutions exist that may provide many of the same benefits while minimizing many of the harms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jake Hays
- Health-Energy Nexus, Physicians Scientists & Engineers for Healthy Energy, 452W. 57th St. Apt 3E New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Madelon L Finkel
- Clinical Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10065, USA
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Hansen J, Kharecha P, Sato M, Masson-Delmotte V, Ackerman F, Beerling DJ, Hearty PJ, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hsu SL, Parmesan C, Rockstrom J, Rohling EJ, Sachs J, Smith P, Steffen K, Van Susteren L, von Schuckmann K, Zachos JC. Assessing "dangerous climate change": required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81648. [PMID: 24312568 PMCID: PMC3849278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. We use Earth's measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple representations of the global carbon cycle and temperature to define emission reductions needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous impacts on today's young people, future generations, and nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit of ∼500 GtC fossil fuel emissions and 100 GtC storage in the biosphere and soil would keep climate close to the Holocene range to which humanity and other species are adapted. Cumulative emissions of ∼1000 GtC, sometimes associated with 2°C global warming, would spur "slow" feedbacks and eventual warming of 3-4°C with disastrous consequences. Rapid emissions reduction is required to restore Earth's energy balance and avoid ocean heat uptake that would practically guarantee irreversible effects. Continuation of high fossil fuel emissions, given current knowledge of the consequences, would be an act of extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible policymaking requires a rising price on carbon emissions that would preclude emissions from most remaining coal and unconventional fossil fuels and phase down emissions from conventional fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hansen
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pushker Kharecha
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Makiko Sato
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Valerie Masson-Delmotte
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frank Ackerman
- Synapse Energy Economics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Hearty
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shi-Ling Hsu
- College of Law, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Johan Rockstrom
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eelco J. Rohling
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Sachs
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pete Smith
- University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Steffen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lise Van Susteren
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, Advisory Board, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karina von Schuckmann
- L’Institut Francais de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Ifremer, Toulon, France
| | - James C. Zachos
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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Hansen J, Sato M, Russell G, Kharecha P. Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120294. [PMID: 24043864 PMCID: PMC3785813 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cenozoic temperature, sea level and CO2 covariations provide insights into climate sensitivity to external forcings and sea-level sensitivity to climate change. Climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state, but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data. Pleistocene climate oscillations yield a fast-feedback climate sensitivity of 3±1(°)C for a 4 W m(-2) CO2 forcing if Holocene warming relative to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is used as calibration, but the error (uncertainty) is substantial and partly subjective because of poorly defined LGM global temperature and possible human influences in the Holocene. Glacial-to-interglacial climate change leading to the prior (Eemian) interglacial is less ambiguous and implies a sensitivity in the upper part of the above range, i.e. 3-4(°)C for a 4 W m(-2) CO2 forcing. Slow feedbacks, especially change of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO2, amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered. Ice sheet response time is poorly defined, but we show that the slow response and hysteresis in prevailing ice sheet models are exaggerated. We use a global model, simplified to essential processes, to investigate state dependence of climate sensitivity, finding an increased sensitivity towards warmer climates, as low cloud cover is diminished and increased water vapour elevates the tropopause. Burning all fossil fuels, we conclude, would make most of the planet uninhabitable by humans, thus calling into question strategies that emphasize adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hansen
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- e-mail:
| | - Makiko Sato
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gary Russell
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Pushker Kharecha
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
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28
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He F, Shakun JD, Clark PU, Carlson AE, Liu Z, Otto-Bliesner BL, Kutzbach JE. Northern Hemisphere forcing of Southern Hemisphere climate during the last deglaciation. Nature 2013; 494:81-5. [PMID: 23389542 DOI: 10.1038/nature11822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
According to the Milankovitch theory, changes in summer insolation in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere caused glacial cycles through their impact on ice-sheet mass balance. Statistical analyses of long climate records supported this theory, but they also posed a substantial challenge by showing that changes in Southern Hemisphere climate were in phase with or led those in the north. Although an orbitally forced Northern Hemisphere signal may have been transmitted to the Southern Hemisphere, insolation forcing can also directly influence local Southern Hemisphere climate, potentially intensified by sea-ice feedback, suggesting that the hemispheres may have responded independently to different aspects of orbital forcing. Signal processing of climate records cannot distinguish between these conditions, however, because the proposed insolation forcings share essentially identical variability. Here we use transient simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model to identify the impacts of forcing from changes in orbits, atmospheric CO(2) concentration, ice sheets and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) on hemispheric temperatures during the first half of the last deglaciation (22-14.3 kyr BP). Although based on a single model, our transient simulation with only orbital changes supports the Milankovitch theory in showing that the last deglaciation was initiated by rising insolation during spring and summer in the mid-latitude to high-latitude Northern Hemisphere and by terrestrial snow-albedo feedback. The simulation with all forcings best reproduces the timing and magnitude of surface temperature evolution in the Southern Hemisphere in deglacial proxy records. AMOC changes associated with an orbitally induced retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets is the most plausible explanation for the early Southern Hemisphere deglacial warming and its lead over Northern Hemisphere temperature; the ensuing rise in atmospheric CO(2) concentration provided the critical feedback on global deglaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Abstract
Many palaeoclimate studies have quantified pre-anthropogenic climate change to calculate climate sensitivity (equilibrium temperature change in response to radiative forcing change), but a lack of consistent methodologies produces a wide range of estimates and hinders comparability of results. Here we present a stricter approach, to improve intercomparison of palaeoclimate sensitivity estimates in a manner compatible with equilibrium projections for future climate change. Over the past 65 million years, this reveals a climate sensitivity (in K W(-1) m(2)) of 0.3-1.9 or 0.6-1.3 at 95% or 68% probability, respectively. The latter implies a warming of 2.2-4.8 K per doubling of atmospheric CO(2), which agrees with IPCC estimates.
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Abstract
How have climate change and diet shaped the evolution of human energy metabolism, and responses to vitamin C, fructose and uric acid? Through the last three millennia observant physicians have noted the association of inappropriate diets with increased incidence of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer, and over the past 300 years doctors in the UK observed that overeating increased the incidence of these diseases. Anthropological studies of the Inuit culture in the mid-nineteenth century revealed that humans can survive and thrive in the virtual absence of dietary carbohydrate. In the 1960s, Cahill revealed the flexibility of human metabolism in response to partial and total starvation and demonstrated that type 2 diabetics were better adapted than healthy subjects to conserving protein during fasting. The potential role for brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in temperature maintenance and dietary calorie control was suggested by Rothwell and Stock from their experiments with 'cafeteria fed rats' in the 1980s. Recent advances in gene array studies and PET scanning support a role for this process in humans. The industrialisation of food processing in the twentieth century has led to increases in palatability and digestibility with a parallel loss of quality leading to overconsumption and the current obesity epidemic. The switch from animal to vegetable fats at the beginning of the twentieth century, followed by the rapid increase in sugar and fructose consumption from 1979 is mirrored by a steep increase in obesity in the 1980s, in the UK and USA. Containment of the obesity epidemic is compounded by the addictive properties of sugar which involve the same dopamine receptors in the pleasure centres of the brain as for cocaine, nicotine and alcohol. Of the many other toxic effects of excessive sugar consumption, immunocompromisation, kidney damage, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and cancer are highlighted. The WHO and guidelines on sugar consumption include: alternative non-sugar sweeteners; toxic side-effects of aspartame. Stevia and xylitol as healthy sugar replacements; the role of food processing in dietary health; and beneficial effects of resistant starch in natural and processed foods. The rise of maize and soya-based vegetable oils have led to omega-6 fat overload and imbalance in the dietary ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fats. This has led to toxicity studies with industrial trans fats; investigations on health risks associated with stress and comfort eating; and abdominal obesity. Other factors to consider are: diet, cholesterol and oxidative stress, as well as the new approaches to the chronology of eating and the health benefits of intermittent fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Bilton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University.
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31
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Tamburic B, Dechatiwongse P, Zemichael FW, Maitland GC, Hellgardt K. Process and reactor design for biophotolytic hydrogen production. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10783-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51866c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grant KM, Rohling EJ, Bar-Matthews M, Ayalon A, Medina-Elizalde M, Ramsey CB, Satow C, Roberts AP. Rapid coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past 150,000 years. Nature 2012; 491:744-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barna S, Goodman B, Mortimer F. The health effects of climate change: what does a nurse need to know? NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2012; 32:765-771. [PMID: 22683179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The scientific evidence for anthropogenic climate change has been established with increasing precision and there are widespread concerns about its potential to undermine the public health gains of the past century. There is also a growing consensus across private and public sector organisations at national and international level that carbon reduction should be a policy aim. Various international nursing organisations have made strong position statements on the issue, arguing that nurses should be actively engaged as part of their roles in both health promotion and clinical practice. We point to education for sustainability initiatives in other health professions and share resources for curriculum development in nursing. The nurses of tomorrow will make a unique and significant contribution to protecting population health in an unstable climate, if today's nursing educators can help prepare them for this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefi Barna
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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Baltrusaitis J, Hatch C, Orlando R. Periodic DFT study of acidic trace atmospheric gas molecule adsorption on Ca- and Fe-doped MgO(001) surface basic sites. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7950-8. [PMID: 22775293 PMCID: PMC3498610 DOI: 10.1021/jp3041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic properties of undoped and Ca- or Fe-doped MgO(001) surfaces, as well as their propensity toward atmospheric acidic gas (CO2, SO2, and NO2) uptake was investigated with an emphasis on gas adsorption on the basic MgO oxygen surface sites, O(surf), using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Adsorption energy calculations show that MgO doping will provide stronger interactions of the adsorbate with the O(surf) sites than the undoped MgO for a given adsorbate molecule. Charge transfer from the iron atom in Fe-doped MgO(001) to NO2 was shown to increase the binding interaction between adsorbate by an order of magnitude, when compared to that of undoped and Ca-doped MgO(001) surfaces. Secondary binding interactions of adsorbate oxygen atoms were observed with surface magnesium sites at distances close to those of the Mg-O bond within the crystal. These interactions may serve as a preliminary step for adsorption and facilitate further adsorbate transformations into other binding configurations. Impacts on global atmospheric chemistry are discussed as these adsorption phenomena can affect atmospheric gas budgets via altered partitioning and retention on mineral aerosol surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Callaghan TV, Johansson M, Brown RD, Groisman PY, Labba N, Radionov V, Barry RG, Bulygina ON, Essery RLH, Frolov DM, Golubev VN, Grenfell TC, Petrushina MN, Razuvaev VN, Robinson DA, Romanov P, Shindell D, Shmakin AB, Sokratov SA, Warren S, Yang D. The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes. AMBIO 2011; 40:17-31. [PMCID: PMC3357780 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-011-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of in situ and satellite data shows evidence of different regional snow cover responses to the widespread warming and increasing winter precipitation that has characterized the Arctic climate for the past 40–50 years. The largest and most rapid decreases in snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow cover duration (SCD) are observed over maritime regions of the Arctic with the highest precipitation amounts. There is also evidence of marked differences in the response of snow cover between the North American and Eurasian sectors of the Arctic, with the North American sector exhibiting decreases in snow cover and snow depth over the entire period of available in situ observations from around 1950, while widespread decreases in snow cover are not apparent over Eurasia until after around 1980. However, snow depths are increasing in many regions of Eurasia. Warming and more frequent winter thaws are contributing to changes in snow pack structure with important implications for land use and provision of ecosystem services. Projected changes in snow cover from Global Climate Models for the 2050 period indicate increases in maximum SWE of up to 15% over much of the Arctic, with the largest increases (15–30%) over the Siberian sector. In contrast, SCD is projected to decrease by about 10–20% over much of the Arctic, with the smallest decreases over Siberia (<10%) and the largest decreases over Alaska and northern Scandinavia (30–40%) by 2050. These projected changes will have far-reaching consequences for the climate system, human activities, hydrology, and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margareta Johansson
- Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Division of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Analyses, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ross D. Brown
- Climate Research Division of Environment Canada, Ouranos Climate Consortium, c/o Ouranos, 550 Sherbrooke St. West, 19th Floor, Montreal, QC H3A 1B9 Canada
| | - Pavel Ya. Groisman
- NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Veach-Baley Federal Building, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801-5001 USA
| | - Niklas Labba
- Gáisi Sámi Centre, Lakselvbukt, 9042 Laksvatn, Norway
| | - Vladimir Radionov
- AARI, 38 Bering Str., Saint Petersburg, The Russian Federation 199397
| | - Roger G. Barry
- NSIDC/CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0449 USA
| | - Olga N. Bulygina
- Climatology Department, All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information—World Data Centre (RIHMI-WDC), 6 Koroleva Street, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, The Russian Federation 249035
| | | | - D. M. Frolov
- Laboratory of Snow Avalanches and Mudflows, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, The Russian Federation 119991
| | - Vladimir N. Golubev
- Laboratory of Snow Avalanches and Mudflows, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, The Russian Federation 119991
| | - Thomas C. Grenfell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, MS 351640, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640 USA
| | - Marina N. Petrushina
- Department of Physical Geography and Landscapes, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, The Russian Federation 119991
| | | | - David A. Robinson
- Department of Geography, Rutgers University, 54 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Peter Romanov
- NOAA/NESDIS World Weather Building Rm. 711, 5200 Auth Rd., Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA
| | - Drew Shindell
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA
| | - Andrey B. Shmakin
- Institute of Geography, 29 Staromonetny St., Moscow, The Russian Federation 119017
| | - Sergey A. Sokratov
- Faculty of Geography, Natural Risks Assessment Laboratory, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory 1, Moscow, The Russian Federation 119991
| | - Stephen Warren
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, and of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640 USA
| | - Daquing Yang
- Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA
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Symonds ME, Sebert S, Budge H. The obesity epidemic: from the environment to epigenetics - not simply a response to dietary manipulation in a thermoneutral environment. Front Genet 2011; 2:24. [PMID: 22303320 PMCID: PMC3268579 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase particularly in developed countries. To establish the primary mechanisms involved, relevant animal models which track the developmental pathway to obesity are required. This need is emphasized by the substantial rise in the number of overweight and obese children, of which a majority will remain obese through adulthood. The past half century has been accompanied with unprecedented transitions in our lifestyle. Each of these changes substantially contributes to enhancing our capacity to store energy into adipose tissues. The complex etiology of adiposity is critical as a majority of models investigating obesity utilize a simplistic high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet, fed over a short time period to comparatively young inbred animals maintained in fixed environment. The natural history of obesity is much more complex involving many other mechanisms and this type of challenge may not be the optimal experimental intervention. Such processes include changes in adipose tissue composition with time and the transition from brown to white adipose tissue. Brown adipose tissue, due its unique ability to rapidly produce large amounts of heat could have a pivotal role in energy balance and is under epigenetic regulation mediated by the histone H3k9-specific demethylase Jhdma2a. Furthermore, day length has a potential role in determining endocrine and metabolic responses in brown fat. The potential to utilize novel models and interventions across a range of animal species in adipose tissue development may finally start to yield sustainable strategies by which excess fat mass can, at last, be avoided in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Nottingham Respiratory Medicine Biomedical Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Nottingham, UK
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Wallington TJ, Anderson JE, Mueller SA, Winkler S, Ginder JM, Nielsen OJ. Time horizons for transport climate impact assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3169-3168. [PMID: 21366269 DOI: 10.1021/es103768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Peacock KA. The three faces of ecological fitness. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2011; 42:99-105. [PMID: 21300321 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper argues that fitness is most usefully understood as those properties of organisms that are explanatory of survival in the broadest sense, not merely descriptive of reproductive success. Borrowing from Rosenberg and Bouchard (2009), fitness in this sense is ecological in that it is defined by the interactions between organisms and environments. There are three sorts of ecological fitness: the well-documented ability to compete, the ability to cooperate (as in mutualistic symbiosis), and a third sense of fitness that has received insufficient attention in evolutionary theory, the ability to construct. Following Lotka, it can be understood thermodynamically as the ability to maintain or enlarge the energy-circulating capacity of an ecosystem. An organism that does this could end with its gene frequency unchanged but its probability of survival enhanced since it would sustain or increase the total carrying capacity of its ecosystem. Photosynthesizers and other autotrophs are obvious candidates for organisms that are fit in the constructive sense, but any organisms, including heterotrophs, can exhibit constructive fitness if they have some mechanism for channeling external flows of free energy into their ecosystems. I will briefly examine the prospects for the human species in the light of these considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A Peacock
- Department of Philosophy, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
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Epstein PR, Buonocore JJ, Eckerle K, Hendryx M, Stout III BM, Heinberg R, Clapp RW, May B, Reinhart NL, Ahern MM, Doshi SK, Glustrom L. Full cost accounting for the life cycle of coal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1219:73-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Systems analysis and cost estimates for large scale capture of carbon dioxide from air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Turley C, Eby M, Ridgwell AJ, Schmidt DN, Findlay HS, Brownlee C, Riebesell U, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Gattuso JP. The societal challenge of ocean acidification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:787-92. [PMID: 20538146 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jiang H, Chen Y, Jiang P, Zhang C, Smith TJ, Murrell JC, Xing XH. Methanotrophs: Multifunctional bacteria with promising applications in environmental bioengineering. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
RATIONALE The health economy is a significant part of a national economy accounting typically for about 8% of GDP spent. As national economies respond to the dual challenges of severe economic turbulence on the global scale and climate change mitigation, the health economy is coming under increasing pressure to respond. Indications for sharp reductions in budgets and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, are widespread. AIMS In this paper an analysis is undertaken of the diverse forces acting on a typical health care enterprise. The forces, both economic and carbon related, are investigated in terms of their effects through the enterprise and across its boundaries on the supply, demand and waste sides. The overall aim is to show how the enterprise and whole supply chains may flip synchronously into a low-carbon evolutionary pathway. OBJECTIVES By illustrating how different elements of the health care enterprise may respond to these developments, diverse opportunities for cost reduction, carbon reduction and product (goods and services) development are identified. These opportunities involve a variety of waste reduction and energy and materials conservation measures as well as new ways of collaborating with other enterprises going through similar transformations. The overall objective is to show that the carbon-constrained health care enterprise and the low-carbon health economy in which it sits may broaden its role in the coming decades to include a degree of responsibility for the health of the environment. This broader role is likely to supplement and entangle with the traditional role of the health economy, currently focused narrowly on human health, and lead to extensive organisational transformation, and infrastructure and product developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gell
- Xanfeon, Riverside Business Centre, Riverside Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0TQ, UK.
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Costello A, Abbas M, Allen A, Ball S, Bell S, Bellamy R, Friel S, Groce N, Johnson A, Kett M, Lee M, Levy C, Maslin M, McCoy D, McGuire B, Montgomery H, Napier D, Pagel C, Patel J, de Oliveira JAP, Redclift N, Rees H, Rogger D, Scott J, Stephenson J, Twigg J, Wolff J, Patterson C. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. Lancet 2009; 373:1693-733. [PMID: 19447250 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1094] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Costello
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Macintosh A, Wallace L. International aviation emissions to 2025: Can emissions be stabilised without restricting demand? ENERGY POLICY 2009; 37:264-273. [PMID: 32287868 PMCID: PMC7126835 DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
International aviation is growing rapidly, resulting in rising aviation greenhouse gas emissions. Concerns about the growth trajectory of the industry and emissions have led to calls for market measures such as emissions trading and carbon levies to be introduced to restrict demand and prompt innovation. This paper provides an overview of the science on aviation's contribution to climate change, analyses key trends in the industry since 1990, projects international civil aviation emissions to 2025 and analyses the emission intensity improvements that are necessary to offset rising international demand. The findings suggest international aviation carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will increase by more than 110 per cent between 2005 and 2025 (from 416 Mt to between 876 and 1013 Mt) and that it is unlikely emissions could be stabilised at levels consistent with risk averse climate targets without restricting demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Macintosh
- ANU Centre for Climate Law and Policy, ANU College of Law, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lailey Wallace
- ANU Centre for Climate Law and Policy, ANU College of Law, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Mackey BG, Watson JE, Hope G, Gilmore S. Climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the role of protected areas: An Australian perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2008.9712902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pfeffer WT, Harper JT, O'Neel S. Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. Science 2008; 321:1340-3. [PMID: 18772435 DOI: 10.1126/science.1159099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of climate modeling and analogies with past conditions, the potential for multimeter increases in sea level by the end of the 21st century has been proposed. We consider glaciological conditions required for large sea-level rise to occur by 2100 and conclude that increases in excess of 2 meters are physically untenable. We find that a total sea-level rise of about 2 meters by 2100 could occur under physically possible glaciological conditions but only if all variables are quickly accelerated to extremely high limits. More plausible but still accelerated conditions lead to total sea-level rise by 2100 of about 0.8 meter. These roughly constrained scenarios provide a "most likely" starting point for refinements in sea-level forecasts that include ice flow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Pfeffer
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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