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Halloran PF, Einecke G, Sikosana MLN, Madill-Thomsen K. The Biology and Molecular Basis of Organ Transplant Rejection. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 272:1-26. [PMID: 35091823 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allograft rejection is defined as tissue injury in a transplanted allogeneic organ produced by the effector mechanisms of the adaptive alloimmune response. Effector T lymphocytes and IgG alloantibodies cause two different types of rejection that can occur either individually or simultaneously: T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). In TCMR, cognate effector T cells infiltrate the graft and orchestrate an interstitial inflammatory response in the kidney interstitium in which effector T cells engage antigen-presenting myeloid cells, activating the T cells, antigen-presenting cells, and macrophages. The result is intense expression of IFNG and IFNG-induced molecules, expression of effector T cell molecules and macrophage molecules and checkpoints, and deterioration of parenchymal function. The diagnostic lesions of TCMR follow, i.e. interstitial inflammation, parenchymal deterioration, and intimal arteritis. In ABMR, HLA IgG alloantibodies produced by plasma cells bind to the donor antigens on graft microcirculation, leading to complement activation, margination, and activation of NK cells and neutrophils and monocytes, and endothelial injury, sometimes with intimal arteritis. TCMR becomes infrequent after 5-10 years post-transplant, probably reflecting adaptive mechanisms such as checkpoints, but ABMR can present even decades post-transplant. Some rejection is triggered by inadequate immunosuppression and non-adherence, challenging the clinician to target effective immunosuppression even decades post-transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Halloran
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Gunilla Einecke
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Majid L N Sikosana
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Romo-Tena J, Rajme-López S, Aparicio-Vera L, Alcocer-Varela J, Gómez-Martín D. Lys63-polyubiquitination by the E3 ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) modulates peripheral regulatory T cell tolerance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:42-49. [PMID: 28940360 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients display a wide array of anomalies in peripheral immune tolerance mechanisms. The role of ubiquitin ligases such as Cbl-b has been described recently in these phenomena. However, its role in resistance to suppression phenotype in SLE has not been characterized, which was the aim of the present study. Thirty SLE patients (20 with active disease and 10 with complete remission) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Effector (CD4+ CD25- ) and regulatory (CD4+ CD25+ ) T cells (Tregs ) were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by magnetic selection. Suppression assays were performed in autologous and allogeneic co-cultures and analysed by a flow cytometry assay. Cbl-b expression and lysine-63 (K63)-specific polyubiquitination profile were assessed by Western blotting. We found a defective Cbl-b expression in Tregs from lupus patients in contrast to healthy controls (1·1 ± 0·9 versus 2·5 ± 1·8, P = 0·003), which was related with resistance to suppression (r = 0·633, P = 0·039). Moreover, this feature was associated with deficient K63 polyubiquitination substrates and enhanced expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (pSTAT-3) in Tregs from lupus patients. Our findings support that Cbl-b modulates resistance to suppression by regulating the K63 polyubiquitination profile in lupus Tregs . In addition, defective K63 polyubiquitination of STAT-3 is related to increased pSTAT-3 expression, and might promote the loss of suppressive capacity of Tregs in lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Romo-Tena
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Rajme-López
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Aparicio-Vera
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Alcocer-Varela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wei W, Ding M, Zhou K, Xie H, Zhang M, Zhang C. Protective effects of wedelolactone on dextran sodium sulfate induced murine colitis partly through inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation via AMPK signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Vasquez M, Simões I, Consuegra-Fernández M, Aranda F, Lozano F, Berraondo P. Exploiting scavenger receptors in cancer immunotherapy: Lessons from CD5 and SR-B1. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1108-1118. [PMID: 28504304 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are structurally heterogeneous cell surface receptors characterized by their capacity to remove extraneous or modified self-macromolecules from circulation, thus avoiding the accumulation of noxious agents in the extracellular space. This scavenging activity makes SRs important molecules for host defense and homeostasis. In turn, SRs keep the activation of the steady-state immune response in check, and participate as co-receptors in the priming of the effector immune responses when the macromolecules are associated with a threat that might compromise host homeostasis. Therefore, SRs built up sophisticated sensor mechanisms controlling the immune system, which may be exploited to develop novel drugs for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we focus on the regulation of the anti-tumor immune response by two paradigmatic SRs: the lymphocyte receptor CD5 and the more broadly distributed scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Cancer immunity can be boosted by blockade of SRs working as immune checkpoint inhibitors (CD5) and/or by proper engagement of SRs working as innate danger receptor (SR-B1). Thus, these receptors illustrate both the complexity of targeting SRs in cancer immunotherapy and also the opportunities offered by such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vasquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Inês Simões
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Aranda
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Role of CD8 Regulatory T Cells versus Tc1 and Tc17 Cells in the Development of Human Graft-versus-Host Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1236219. [PMID: 28164135 PMCID: PMC5253169 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1236219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells that secrete proinflammatory cytokines play a central role in exacerbation of inflammation; however, a new subpopulation of CD8 regulatory T cells has recently been characterized. This study analyzes the prominent role of these different subpopulations in the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Samples from 8 healthy donors mobilized with Filgrastim® (G-CSF) and 18 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were evaluated by flow cytometry. Mobilization induced an increase in Tc1 (p < 0.01), Th1 (p < 0.001), Tc17 (p < 0.05), and CD8+IL-10+ cells (p < 0.05), showing that G-CSF induces both pro- and anti-inflammatory profiles. Donor-patient correlation revealed a trend (p = 0.06) toward the development of GVHD in patients who receive a high percentage of Tc1 cells. Patients with acute GVHD (aGVHD), either active or controlled, and patients without GVHD were evaluated; patients with active aGVHD had a higher percentage of Tc1 (p < 0.01) and Tc17 (p < 0.05) cells, as opposed to patients without GVHD in whom a higher percentage of CD8 Treg cells (p < 0.01) was found. These findings indicate that the increase in Tc1 and Tc17 cells is associated with GVHD development, while regulatory CD8 T cells might have a protective role in this disease. These tests can be used to monitor and control GVHD.
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A Critical Role for TGF-β/Fc and Nonlytic IL-2/Fc Fusion Proteins in Promoting Chimerism and Donor-Specific Tolerance. Transplantation 2016; 101:294-301. [PMID: 27306533 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin-cytokine fusion molecules have been shown to be the new generation of immunomodulating agents in transplantation tolerance induction. In the present study, we tested whether immunoregulatory cytokine fusion proteins of IL-10/Fc, TGF-β/Fc, or IL-2/Fc would enhance allogeneic bone marrow cell (BMC) engraftment and promote tolerance induction. METHODS B6 (H2) mice were conditioned with anti-CD154 (MR1) and rapamycin (Rapa) plus 100 cGy total body irradiation (MR1/Rapa/100 cGy) and transplanted with allogeneic B10.D2 (H2) BMC. Recipients were treated with lytic IL-2/Fc, nonlytic IL-2/Fc, TGF-β/Fc, or IL-10/Fc fusion proteins to promote chimerism to induce tolerance. RESULTS Donor chimerism was achieved in 20% of recipients conditioned with MR1/Rapa/100 cGy. The addition of TGF-β/Fc (5- or 10-day treatment) or nonlytic IL-2/Fc (10-day treatment) fusion proteins to the conditioning resulted in engraftment in nearly 100% of recipients. In contrast, lytic IL-2/Fc or IL-10/Fc had no effect. The combination of nonlytic IL-2/Fc and TGF-β/Fc had a synergistic effect to promote engraftment and resulted in significantly higher donor chimerism compared with recipients conditioned with TGF-β/MR1/Rapa/100 cGy. Engraftment was durable in the majority of chimeras and increased over time. The chimeras accepted donor skin grafts and promptly rejected third-party skin grafts. Moreover, specific T cell receptor-Vβ5.½ and TCR-Vβ11 clonal deletion was detected in host T cells in chimeras, suggesting central tolerance to donor alloantigens. CONCLUSIONS Allogeneic BMC engraftment is enhanced with TGF-β/Fc fusion protein treatment. TGF-β/Fc and nonlytic IL-2/Fc exert a synergistic effect in promotion of alloengraftment and donor-specific transplant tolerance, significantly decreasing the minimum total body irradiation dose required.
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Wolf D, Sopper S, Pircher A, Gastl G, Wolf AM. Treg(s) in Cancer: Friends or Foe? J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2598-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute (TKFI); Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Guenther Gastl
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anna Maria Wolf
- Medical Clinic 3; Oncology; Hematology and Rheumatology; University Hospital Bonn (UKB); Bonn Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine 5; Medical University Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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Natural CD8⁺25⁺ regulatory T cell-secreted exosomes capable of suppressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immunity against B16 melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:152-5. [PMID: 23876314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural CD4(+)25(+) and CD8(+)25(+) regulatory T (Tr) cells have been shown to inhibit autoimmune diseases. Immune cells secrete exosomes (EXOs), which are crucial for immune regulation. However, immunomodulatory effect of natural Tr cell-secreted EXOs is unknown. In this study, we purified natural CD8(+)25(+) Tr cells from C57BL/6 mouse naive CD8(+) T cells, and in vitro amplified them with CD3/CD28 beads. EXOs (EXO(Tr)) were purified from Tr cell's culture supernatants by differential ultracentrifugation and analyzed by electron microscopy, Western blot and flow cytometry. Our data showed that EXO(Tr) had a "saucer" or round shape with 50-100 nm in diameter, contained EXO-associated markers LAMP-1 and CD9, and expressed natural Tr cell markers CD25 and GITR. To assess immunomodulatory effect, we i.v. immunized C57BL/6 mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed DCs (DC(OVA)) plus Tr cells or EXO(Tr), and then assessed OVA-specific CD8(+) T cell responses using PE-H-2K(b)/OVA tetramer and FITC-anti-CD8 antibody staining by flow cytometry and antitumor immunity in immunized mice with challenge of OVA-expressing BL6-10OVA melanoma cells. We demonstrated that DC(OVA)-stimulated CD8(+) T cell responses and protective antitumor immunity significantly dropped from 2.52% to 1.08% and 1.81% (p<0.05), and from 8/8 to 2/8 and 5/8 mice DC(OVA) (p<0.05) in immunized mice with co-injection of Tr cells and EXO(Tr), respectively. Our results indicate that natural CD8(+)25(+) Tr cell-released EXOs, alike CD8(+)25(+) Tr cells, can inhibit CD8(+) T cell responses and antitumor immunity. Therefore, EXOs derived from natural CD4(+)25(+) and CD8(+)25(+) Tr cells may become an alternative for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.
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Guo X, Jie Y, Ren D, Zeng H, Zhang Y, He Y, Pan Z. In vitro-expanded CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells controls corneal allograft rejection. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1061-7. [PMID: 22939904 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory cells (nTregs) have been implicated in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. This study aims to test whether immunotherapy using in vitro-expanded Treg (iTregs) could suppress allograft rejection in corneal transplantation model. METHODS Natural CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were freshly purified from naïve mice and expanded in vitro by culturing with anti-CD3/CD28-coated Dynabeads, interleukin (IL)-2 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1). Suppression ability of iTregs was assayed by co-culturing with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells (Teff) in vitro and by targeting corneal allograft rejection in vivo. Tracking of iTreg after adoptive transfer in vivo were examined by CFSE labeling. RESULTS Natural Treg cells were expanded by culturing with anti-CD3/CD28-coated Dynabeads in the presence of IL-2 and TGF-β1. Compared with nTregs, iTregs had similar expression of CD62L, and PD- L1, lower expression of CD69, higher levels of PD-1, CD25, and Foxp3. iTreg cells exerted stronger suppression function than natural Treg cells when cocultured with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in vitro and prevented fully MHC-mismatched corneal allograft rejection. Survival of iTreg cells could suppress alloimmune reaction and most prone to migrate to graft draining LNs and spleens. Moreover, maintaining CD25 expression on iTregs was indicative for preservation of allosuppression. CONCLUSION Therapeutic use of in vitro-expanded CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells may be a effective and safe tool for controlling allograft rejection and may help induce allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Guo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmic and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
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Shin K, Horigome A, Yamauchi K, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. Orally administered lactoperoxidase ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by up-regulating colonic interleukin-10 and maintaining peripheral regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1387-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yuen-Shan Tsang J, Tanriver Y, Jiang S, Leung E, Ratnasothy K, Lombardi G, Lechler R. Indefinite mouse heart allograft survival in recipient treated with CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells with indirect allospecificity and short term immunosuppression. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xia G, Shah M, Luo X. Prevention of allograft rejection by amplification of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Transl Res 2009; 153:60-70. [PMID: 19138650 PMCID: PMC3408234 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were identified originally as potent suppressors of autoimmunity and were later termed "natural regulatory T cells" or nTreg cells. Subsequently, a transcription factor called forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) was identified to be a critical regulator for Treg differentiation and function. Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells have been increasingly documented to suppress allograft rejection and to mediate allograft tolerance in transplantation. In this article, the authors review current approaches for amplification of allo-specific Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells for prevention of allograft rejection and induction of allo-specific transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guliang Xia
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Il 60611, USA
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Bunnag S, Allanach K, Jhangri GS, Sis B, Einecke G, Mengel M, Mueller TF, Halloran PF. FOXP3 expression in human kidney transplant biopsies is associated with rejection and time post transplant but not with favorable outcomes. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1423-33. [PMID: 18510637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) in transplant biopsies is of interest due to its role in a population of regulatory T cells. We analyzed FOXP3 mRNA expression using RT-PCR in 83 renal transplant biopsies for cause in relationship to histopathology, clinical findings and expression of pathogenesis-based transcript sets assessed by microarrays. FOXP3 mRNA was higher in rejection (T-cell and antibody-mediated) than nonrejection. Surprisingly, some native kidney controls also expressed FOXP3 mRNA. Immunostaining for FOXP3 was consistent with RT-PCR, showing interstitial FOXP3+ lymphocytes, even in some native kidney controls. FOXP3 expression correlated with interstitial inflammation, tubulitis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, C4d positivity, longer time posttransplant, younger donors, class II panel reactive antibody >20% and transcript sets reflecting inflammation and injury, but unlike these features was time dependent. In multivariate analysis, higher FOXP3 mRNA was independently associated with rejection, T-cell-associated transcripts, younger donor age and longer time posttransplant. FOXP3 expression did not correlate with favorable graft outcomes, even when the analysis was restricted to biopsies with rejection. Thus FOXP3 mRNA expression is a time-dependent feature of inflammatory infiltrates in renal tissue. We hypothesize that time-dependent entry of FOXP3-positive cells represents a mechanism for stabilizing inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bunnag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Xia G, He J, Leventhal JR. Ex vivo-expanded natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells synergize with host T-cell depletion to promote long-term survival of allografts. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:298-306. [PMID: 18190656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) natural regulatory T (nT(reg)) cells have been shown in immunodeficient mice to suppress allograft rejection after adoptive cotransfer. We hypothesized that immunotherapy using ex vivo-expanded nT(reg) could suppress allograft rejection in wild-type mice. Donor alloantigen (alloAg) specificity of naive splenic nT(reg) was enriched in vitro by culturing with anti-CD3/CD28-coated Dynabeads plus bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DC) in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-2 plus transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. On average, 96.2% fresh CD4(+)CD25(+) nT(reg) were intracellular Foxp3(+). By d+20 in culture, 6.4% nT(reg) were Foxp3(+) following expansion with IL-2 alone, and 14.4% or 19.7% nT(reg) were Foxp3(+) when expanded with IL-2 plus 0.5 or 2.5 ng/mL TGF-beta, respectively. In vitro, alloAg-enriched, TGF-beta/IL-2-conditioned nT(reg) exerted stronger donor alloAg-specific suppression than cells with IL-2 alone in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays. In vivo, alloAg-enriched, TGF-beta/IL-2-conditioned nT(reg) expressed high-level Foxp3 following infusion, effectively overcame acute rejection and induced long-term survival of donor but not third-party heart allografts in peritransplant host T-cell-depleted mice. Long-term surviving allografts were noted to possess Foxp3(+) graft-infiltrating cells of exogenous and endogenous origins. In conjunction with transient host T-cell depletion, therapeutic use of ex vivo-expanded nT(reg) may be a practical means of preventing acute allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xia
- Department of Surgery-Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Juang CM, Hung CF, Yeh JY, Horng HC, Twu NF, Cheng MH, Wen KC, Yuan CC, Chao KC, Wu TC, Yen MS. Regulatory T cells: potential target in anticancer immunotherapy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 46:215-21. [PMID: 17962099 DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(08)60023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of regulatory T cells was first described in the early 1970s, and regulatory T cells were called suppressive T cells at that time. Studies that followed have demonstrated that these suppressive T cells negatively regulated tumor immunity and contributed to tumor growth in mice. Despite the importance of these studies, there was extensive skepticism about the existence of these cells, and the concept of suppressive T cells left the center stage of immunologic research for decades. Interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain, CD25, was first demonstrated in 1995 to serve as a phenotypic marker for CD4+ regulatory cells. Henceforth, research of regulatory T cells boomed. Regulatory T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, autoimmune disease, transplantation immunology, and immune tolerance in pregnancy. Recent evidence has demonstrated that regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression is one of the crucial tumor immune evasion mechanisms and the main obstacle of successful cancer immunotherapy. The mechanism and the potential clinical application of regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Mou Juang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pillai V, Ortega SB, Wang CK, Karandikar NJ. Transient regulatory T-cells: a state attained by all activated human T-cells. Clin Immunol 2006; 123:18-29. [PMID: 17185041 PMCID: PMC1868523 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cells (T(regs)) form an important arm of the immune system responsible for suppressing untoward immune responses. T(regs) can be thymically derived or peripherally induced, even from CD4(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-) T-cells. FOXP3 expression and in vitro suppressive activity are considered unique hallmarks of this dedicated and stable lineage of regulatory cells. Here we show that virtually all human CD4(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-) T-cells and CD8(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-) T-cells attain a transient FOXP3(+)CD25(+) state during activation. In this state of activation, these cells possess the classic phenotype of T(regs), in that they express similar markers and inhibit in vitro proliferation of autologous CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells. This state is characterized by suppressed IFN-gamma production and robust TNF-alpha and IL-10 production. Interestingly, the great majority of the activated cells eventually downregulate FOXP3 expression, with a concomitant drop in suppressive ability. Our results show that, in humans, FOXP3 expression and T(reg) functionality are not exclusive features of a stable or unique lineage of T-cells but may also be a transient state attained by almost all T-cells. These results warrant caution in interpreting human studies using FOXP3 and suppressive activity as readouts and suggest that attempts to induce "T(regs)" may paradoxically result in induction of effector T-cells, unless stability is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Pillai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
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Nardelli DT, Warner TF, Callister SM, Schell RF. Anti-CD25 antibody treatment of mice vaccinated and challenged with Borrelia spp. does not exacerbate arthritis but inhibits borreliacidal antibody production. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:884-91. [PMID: 16893988 PMCID: PMC1539113 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00137-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells are a population of regulatory T cells responsible for the modulation of the immune response in several autoimmune and infectious disease models. We previously showed that adoptive transfer of enriched CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells also plays a major role in the prevention of arthritis in Borrelia-vaccinated (Borrelia burgdorferi isolate 297) and -challenged (B. bissettii) mice. Here, we present evidence that administration of anti-CD25 antibody at the time of challenge or at later intervals fails to enhance the development of severe destructive osteoarthropathy in Borrelia-vaccinated C57BL mice. However, Borrelia-vaccinated and -challenged mice receiving anti-CD25 antibody developed decreased borreliacidal antibody titers compared to vaccinated and challenged controls. These findings suggest that additional mechanisms besides CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells are involved in the regulation of the immune response to Borrelia infection following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Nardelli
- University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 465 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Muthukumarana PADS, Lyons GE, Miura Y, Thompson LH, Watson T, Green CJ, Shurey S, Hess AD, Rosengard BR, Metcalfe SM. Evidence for functional inter-relationships between FOXP3, leukaemia inhibitory factor, and axotrophin/MARCH-7 in transplantation tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1993-2001. [PMID: 17161353 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In an ex vivo mouse model, regulatory transplantation tolerance is not only linked to Foxp3, but also to release of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and to expression of axotrophin (also known as MARCH-7), a putative ubiquitin E3 ligase associated with feedback control of T cell activation and of T cell-derived LIF. Given this coordinate correlation with tolerance, we now ask if Foxp3 expression is influenced by LIF or by axotrophin. In spleen cells from allo-rejected mice we found that exogenous LIF reduced interferon gamma release in response to donor antigen by 50%, but LIF had no direct effect on levels of Foxp3 protein in allo-primed cells that were either tolerant, or aggressive, for donor antigen. However, we did find an effect of axotrophin on Foxp3: in the axotrophin null mouse, thymic Foxp3 transcripts were reduced compared to axotrophin wildtype littermates. To test whether these findings in the mouse were of potential significance in man we measured transcript levels of axotrophin and LIF in peripheral blood cell samples collected for a recently published clinical study concerning haematopoietic stem cell recipients. In controls, human peripheral blood CD4+CD25+cells contained significantly more FOXP3 and axotrophin than CD4+CD25-cells. In bone marrow autograft recipients, where peripheral blood cell samples directly represent both the grafted tissue and the immune response, both FOXP3 and axotrophin negatively correlated with graft versus host disease (GVHD). These data suggest that (i) thymic Foxp3+T cell development is influenced by axotrophin; and (ii) clinical auto-GVHD inversely correlates with axotrophin transcript expression as has been previously reported for FOXP3.
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Fehérvari Z, Yamaguchi T, Sakaguchi S. The dichotomous role of IL-2: tolerance versus immunity. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:109-11. [PMID: 16459146 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a well-known T-cell growth factor, which is traditionally implicated in the agonistic stimulation of immune responses. Recent work, however, has uncovered an unexpected function of this cytokine. In particular, IL-2 appears crucial to maintaining peripheral tolerance by supporting the survival and function of CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells. A recent study examining the role of IL-2 in the peripheral generation of regulatory T cells from apparently naïve T cells has gone some way to reconciling the seemingly opposing functions of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Fehérvari
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Metcalfe SM. Axotrophin and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in transplantation tolerance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1687-94. [PMID: 16147533 PMCID: PMC1569543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune self-tolerance is controlled by a subset of T lymphocytes that are regulatory (Treg) and epigenetically programmed to suppress auto-reactive immune effector cells in vivo. By extrapolation, donor-specific transplantation tolerance might be controlled by donor-specific Treg that have acquired the appropriate epigenetic program for tolerance. Although such tolerance has yet to be achieved in man, proof of concept comes from mouse models where regulatory transplantation tolerance can be induced within the complex micro-environment of the spleen or draining lymph node. By studying whole spleen cell populations in a murine model of transplantation tolerance we have incorporated a complexity of environmental factors when looking for specific features that characterize tolerance versus aggression. This approach has revealed unexpected patterns of gene activity in tolerance and most notably that a novel stem cell gene, axotrophin, regulates T lymphocyte responsiveness both in terms of proliferation and in release of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Since LIF is a regulator of stem cells in addition to being a key neuropoietic cytokine, these preliminary results linking both axotrophin and LIF to transplantation tolerance lead us to propose that regulatory pathways encoded during the epigenetic development of Treg cells are related to pathways that regulate fate determination of stem cells.
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Metcalfe SM, Calne RY, Cobbold SP. Introduction: immunoregulation: harnessing T cell biology for therapeutic benefit. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1641-3. [PMID: 16147527 PMCID: PMC1569538 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su M Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK.
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