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Holthaus D, Vasou A, Bamford CGG, Andrejeva J, Paulus C, Randall RE, McLauchlan J, Hughes DJ. Direct Antiviral Activity of IFN-Stimulated Genes Is Responsible for Resistance to Paramyxoviruses in ISG15-Deficient Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:261-271. [PMID: 32423918 PMCID: PMC7311202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture model of ISG15 deficiency replicates findings in ISG15−/− patient cells. Cause of resistance in ISG15−/− cells differs depending on duration of IFN treatment. ISG15−/− patients without serious viral disease do not prove ISGylation is unimportant.
IFNs, produced during viral infections, induce the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some ISGs have specific antiviral activity, whereas others regulate the cellular response. Besides functioning as an antiviral effector, ISG15 is a negative regulator of IFN signaling, and inherited ISG15 deficiency leads to autoinflammatory IFNopathies, in which individuals exhibit elevated ISG expression in the absence of pathogenic infection. We have recapitulated these effects in cultured human A549-ISG15−/− cells and (using A549-UBA7−/− cells) confirmed that posttranslational modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) is not required for regulation of the type I IFN response. ISG15-deficient cells pretreated with IFN-α were resistant to paramyxovirus infection. We also showed that IFN-α treatment of ISG15-deficient cells led to significant inhibition of global protein synthesis, leading us to ask whether resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of ISGs or whether cells were nonpermissive because of translation defects. We took advantage of the knowledge that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) is the principal antiviral ISG for parainfluenza virus 5. Knockdown of IFIT1 restored parainfluenza virus 5 infection in IFN-α–pretreated, ISG15-deficient cells, confirming that resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of the IFN response. However, resistance could be induced if cells were pretreated with IFN-α for longer times, presumably because of inhibition of protein synthesis. These data show that the cause of virus resistance is 2-fold; ISG15 deficiency leads to the early overexpression of specific antiviral ISGs, but the later response is dominated by an unanticipated, ISG15-dependent loss of translational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holthaus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andri Vasou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Connor G G Bamford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Andrejeva
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christina Paulus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hughes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
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Azarm KD, Lee B. Differential Features of Fusion Activation within the Paramyxoviridae. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020161. [PMID: 32019182 PMCID: PMC7077268 DOI: 10.3390/v12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirus (PMV) entry requires the coordinated action of two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (RBP) and fusion protein (F). The sequence of events that occurs during the PMV entry process is tightly regulated. This regulation ensures entry will only initiate when the virion is in the vicinity of a target cell membrane. Here, we review recent structural and mechanistic studies to delineate the entry features that are shared and distinct amongst the Paramyxoviridae. In general, we observe overarching distinctions between the protein-using RBPs and the sialic acid- (SA-) using RBPs, including how their stalk domains differentially trigger F. Moreover, through sequence comparisons, we identify greater structural and functional conservation amongst the PMV fusion proteins, as compared to the RBPs. When examining the relative contributions to sequence conservation of the globular head versus stalk domains of the RBP, we observe that, for the protein-using PMVs, the stalk domains exhibit higher conservation and find the opposite trend is true for SA-using PMVs. A better understanding of conserved and distinct features that govern the entry of protein-using versus SA-using PMVs will inform the rational design of broader spectrum therapeutics that impede this process.
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Young DF, Andrejeva J, Li X, Inesta-Vaquera F, Dong C, Cowling VH, Goodbourn S, Randall RE. Human IFIT1 Inhibits mRNA Translation of Rubulaviruses but Not Other Members of the Paramyxoviridae Family. J Virol 2016; 90:9446-56. [PMID: 27512068 PMCID: PMC5044818 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01056-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that IFIT1 is primarily responsible for the antiviral action of interferon (IFN) alpha/beta against parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV5), selectively inhibiting the translation of PIV5 mRNAs. Here we report that while PIV2, PIV5, and mumps virus (MuV) are sensitive to IFIT1, nonrubulavirus members of the paramyxoviridae such as PIV3, Sendai virus (SeV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) are resistant. The IFIT1 sensitivity of PIV5 was not rescued by coinfection with an IFIT1-resistant virus (PIV3), demonstrating that PIV3 does not specifically inhibit the antiviral activity of IFIT1 and that the inhibition of PIV5 mRNAs is regulated by cis-acting elements. We developed an in vitro translation system using purified human IFIT1 to further investigate the mechanism of action of IFIT1. While the translations of PIV2, PIV5, and MuV mRNAs were directly inhibited by IFIT1, the translations of PIV3, SeV, and CDV mRNAs were not. Using purified human mRNA-capping enzymes, we show biochemically that efficient inhibition by IFIT1 is dependent upon a 5' guanosine nucleoside cap (which need not be N7 methylated) and that this sensitivity is partly abrogated by 2'O methylation of the cap 1 ribose. Intriguingly, PIV5 M mRNA, in contrast to NP mRNA, remained sensitive to inhibition by IFIT1 following in vitro 2'O methylation, suggesting that other structural features of mRNAs may influence their sensitivity to IFIT1. Thus, surprisingly, the viral polymerases (which have 2'-O-methyltransferase activity) of rubulaviruses do not protect these viruses from inhibition by IFIT1. Possible biological consequences of this are discussed. IMPORTANCE Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of diseases, and yet most of their genes encode structural proteins and proteins involved in their replication cycle. Thus, the amount of genetic information that determines the type of disease that paramyxoviruses cause is relatively small. One factor that will influence disease outcomes is how they interact with innate host cell defenses, including the interferon (IFN) system. Here we show that different paramyxoviruses interact in distinct ways with cells in a preexisting IFN-induced antiviral state. Strikingly, all the rubulaviruses tested were sensitive to the antiviral action of ISG56/IFIT1, while all the other paramyxoviruses tested were resistant. We developed novel in vitro biochemical assays to investigate the mechanism of action of IFIT1, demonstrating that the mRNAs of rubulaviruses can be directly inhibited by IFIT1 and that this is at least partially because their mRNAs are not correctly methylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Young
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - J Andrejeva
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - X Li
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - F Inesta-Vaquera
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C Dong
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - V H Cowling
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - S Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R E Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Shi Y, Zhang Y. HVJ envelope vector, a versatile delivery system: its development, application, and perspectives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:345-9. [PMID: 18588856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and minimally invasive vector system is the "bottle neck" of both gene transfer and drug delivery. Numerous viral and non-viral (synthetic) delivery systems have been developed and improved. Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ, Sendai virus) envelope vector is a novel and unique system which combined the advantages of viral and non-viral vectors with the following features and advantages: (1) safe and easy as a "non-viral" transfection reagent; (2) delivery of various molecules including plasmid DNA, siRNA, protein, antisense oligonucleotide; (3) wide usability from in vitro to in vivo. In this review, the development, application, and perspectives of the HVJ envelope vector will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
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Seth S, Shaila MS. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus is biologically active when transiently expressed in mammalian cells. Virus Res 2001; 75:169-77. [PMID: 11325471 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The genes coding for the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and hemagglutinin (H) of rinderpest virus (RPV) were cloned in a cytomagalovirus promoter driven expression vector and expressed transiently in mammalian cells. The protein expression was apparent 24 h after transfection and the expressed proteins were detected at the cell surface. The transiently expressed PPRV HN protein was found to be biologically active in possessing hemadsorption and neuraminidase activities. On the other hand, RPV H protein exhibited neuraminidase activity but was deficient in hemadsorption activity. The substrate specificity of the neuraminidase activity of these two proteins differed distinctly. The presence of neuraminidase activity in both PPRV HN and RPV H proteins is unusual among members of the morbillivirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seth
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, 560012, Bangalore, India
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Taylor J, Edbauer C, Rey-Senelonge A, Bouquet JF, Norton E, Goebel S, Desmettre P, Paoletti E. Newcastle disease virus fusion protein expressed in a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection in chickens. J Virol 1990; 64:1441-50. [PMID: 2157037 PMCID: PMC249277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1441-1450.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA copy of the RNA encoding the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Texas, a velogenic strain of NDV, was obtained and the sequence was determined. The 1,792-base-pair sequence encodes a protein of 553 amino acids which has essential features previously established for the F protein of virulent NDV strains. These include the presence of three strongly hydrophobic regions and pairs of dibasic amino acids in the pentapeptide Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg preceding the putative cleavage site. When inserted into a fowlpox virus vector, a glycosylated protein was expressed and presented on the surface of infected chicken embryo fibroblast cells. The F protein expressed by the recombinant fowlpox virus was cleaved into two polypeptides. When inoculated into susceptible birds by a variety of routes, an immunological response was induced. Ocular or oral administration of the recombinant fowlpox virus gave partial protection, whereas both intramuscular and wing-web routes of inoculation gave complete protection after a single inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taylor
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201
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7
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Kim J, Okada Y. Difference in capacities for virion-to-virion fusion of young and aged HVJ (Sendai virus): a model of membrane fusion. J Membr Biol 1987; 97:241-9. [PMID: 3041004 DOI: 10.1007/bf01869226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Young and aged HVJ virions differ structurally and morphologically due to changes that occur during aging in vitro or in ovo. Young virions soon after their budding off are rod-shaped, rigid and relatively uniform in size, whereas virions that have aged in vitro after their formation are round, nonrigid and variable in size. These changes during aging seem to be due to the variation of M protein, a "skeletal" protein that is associated with both the envelope membrane proteins and nucleocapsid strands in the virions. The capacities for virion-to-virion fusion of young and aged virions were compared to clarify the relation between the membrane fusion and membrane-associating skeletal proteins. On treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG), aged virions readily fused, forming large virion vesicles, but young virions were resistant to fusion. Further, aged virions fused even on incubation at 37 degrees C without the fusogen. Thus the capacity for virion-to-virion fusion evidently increases during aging of virions. This result suggests that skeletal proteins associating with the biological membrane are important for preventing membrane fusion, and that virion-to-virion fusion is a good model system for use in studies on the mechanism of membrane fusion.
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8
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Barnes JA, Pehowich DJ, Allen TM. Characterization of the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Sendai virus. J Lipid Res 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Abstract
Treatment of purified bovine coronavirus (Mebus strain) with pronase destroyed the integrity of virion surface glycoproteins gp140, gp120, gp100, reduced the amount of gp26 and destroyed the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. Bromelain, on the other hand, destroyed the integrity of gp120, gp100 and gp26 but failed to remove gp140 and failed to destroy viral hemagglutinating activity. These experiments suggest that gp140 is the virion hemagglutinin. Immunoblotting studies using monospecific antiserum demonstrate that gp140 is a disulfide-linked dimeric structure reducible to monomers of 65 kDa.
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11
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12
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Narang HK. Comparative morphology of measles virus and paramyxovirus-like tubules in multiple sclerosis using ruthenium red stain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1981; 7:411-20. [PMID: 6170905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1981.tb00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphology of intracytoplasmic nucleocapsid measles virus from mouse brain and tissue culture was studied with the use of ruthenium red by tilting and high resolution electron microscopy and compared with the paramyxovirus-like tubules found in multiple sclerosis (MS). Both in vivo and in vitro the measles nucleo-protein profiles were surrounded by 'fuzzy' material which could be resolved in a pentagon shape and this stained specifically with ruthenium red. The tubules found in MS appeared not to have a 'fuzzy' coat and also did not stain with ruthenium red. The main difference observed between infected tissue culture cells and mouse brain was that in the latter no alignment of measles nucleoprotein was observed under the cell membrane and no budding particles were seen. The virus could not be passed to mice or tissue culture from the infected mouse brain.
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13
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Merz DC, Prehm P, Scheid A, Choppin PW. Inhibition of the neuraminidase of paramyxoviruses by halide ions: a possible means of modulating the two activities of the HN protein. Virology 1981; 112:296-305. [PMID: 6264686 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Peterhans E. Chemiluminescence: an early event in the interaction of Sendai and influenza viruses with mouse spleen cells. I. The role of the envelope glycoproteins in the stimulation of chemiluminescence. Virology 1980; 105:445-55. [PMID: 6252685 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Richardson CD, Scheid A, Choppin PW. Specific inhibition of paramyxovirus and myxovirus replication by oligopeptides with amino acid sequences similar to those at the N-termini of the F1 or HA2 viral polypeptides. Virology 1980; 105:205-22. [PMID: 7414950 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Merz DC, Scheid A, Choppin PW. Importance of antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein of paramyxoviruses in the prevention of spread of infection. J Exp Med 1980; 151:275-88. [PMID: 6766174 PMCID: PMC2185790 DOI: 10.1084/jem.151.2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of monospecific antibodies to the viral glycoprotein with hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity (HN) and the viral glycoprotein with membrane-fusing activity (F) of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) on the spread of infection in two cell types have been investigated. In CV-1 cells, infection can spread by either released progeny virus adsorbing to and infecting other cells, or by fusion of an infected cell with an adjacent cell as a result of the cell-fusing activity of the F glycoprotein. In these cells, antibodies specific for the HN glycoprotein prevented the dissemination of infection by released infectious virus, but spread by cell fusion was not inhibited. Antibodies to the F glycoprotein completely prevented the spread of infection in these cells. In Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, which are relatively resistant to SV5-induced fusion, antibodies to either the HN or F glycoproteins were capable of preventing the dissemination of infection. These results indicate that effective immunological prevention of the spread of paramyxovirus infection requires the presence of antibodies that inactivate the F glycoprotein. This requirement for anti-F antibodies has obvious implications for the design of effective paramyxovirus vaccines and provides an explanation for previous failures of formalin-inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines as well as additional insight into the possible immunopathological mechanisms involved in the atypical and severe infections that have occurred in individuals who received inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines and were subsequently infected by the virus.
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18
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Kim J, Hama K, Miyake Y, Okada Y. Transformation of intramembrane particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) envelopes from an invisible to visible form on aging of virions. Virology 1979; 95:523-35. [PMID: 223291 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Sugita K, Arita H, Sato K, Kawanami J. Studies on antiviral glycosides. II. Mode of action for virucidal effects on Sendai virus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 552:404-12. [PMID: 221016 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Sendai virus with p-(sec-butyl)-phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside, followed by freezing and thawing resulted in a loss of hemolytic and cell fusion activities as well as infectivity without affecting hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. The anti-hemolytic activity of this compound was reversed by the addition of phosphatidyl choline to the virus samples. p-Azidophenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-beta-D[3H]glucopyranoside was successfully used for photoaffinity labeling of a specific virion site, and we confirmed the affected site of the glucoside to be the lipid components in the viral envelopes.
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21
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Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Dubovi EJ. Viral membranes: model systems for studying biological membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:165-217. [PMID: 378533 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Matsuya Y, Kusano T, Endo S, Takahashi N, Yamane I. Reduced tumorigenicity by addition in vitro of Sendai virus. Eur J Cancer 1978; 14:837-50. [PMID: 211032 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(78)90099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Wechsler SL, Fields BN. Differences between the intracellular polypeptides of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus. Nature 1978; 272:458-60. [PMID: 634370 DOI: 10.1038/272458a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Nagai Y, Yoshida T, Hamaguchi M, Iinuma M, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Cross-linking of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins. Arch Virol 1978; 58:15-28. [PMID: 697574 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proxomity and spatial relationships of the structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by chemical cross-linking with a series of imidoesters. When the virions were reacted by the cross-linker with a distance 6.1A or longer between the functional groups and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remarkable changes were observed in the migration patterns of the viral proteins. The most striking one was the extensive decrease in the intensity of the M protein band, and although not so strikingly, glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein bands were reduced significantly. Instead, several protein complexes appeared at and near the top of the gels. The protein complexes formed by a reversible cross-linker, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis; the complexes on the first-dimension cylindrical gels were cleaved by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed laterally on the second-dimension slab gels. The results indicated that homodimers of glycoprotein, nucleocapsid protein and M protein were generated under the condition of the most gentle cross-linking employed. At the same time, however, trimer and higher homopolymers of M protein were already detectable. Under the more extensive conditions, the bulk of M protein was cross-linked to form a large protein complex with very high molecular weight. Further, small but significant amounts of glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were always detected in this complex. These results suggest that M protein may be present in the virion in close enough proximity to interact with each other and may further have some interactions with glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. On the basis of these findings possible roles of M protein in virus assembly were discussed.
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26
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Klenk HD, Nagai Y, Rott R, Nicolau C. The structure and function of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Med Microbiol Immunol 1977; 164:35-47. [PMID: 340872 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Iinuma M, Maeno K, Matsumoto T, Hoshino M. Restitution of hemagglutinating activity to spikeless particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) by glycoprotein components of Newcastle disease virus. Microbiol Immunol 1977; 21:379-89. [PMID: 198639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1977.tb00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spikeless particles of HVJ (Sendai virus) lacking in hemagglutinating (HA) activity were obtained by enzymatic digestion of virions with trypsin followed by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient. When they were mixed with glycoprotein components of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained by treatment of purified virions with deoxycholate (DOC), the mixture showed hemagglutination reaction, which was inhibited by anti-NDV serum, but not by anti-HVJ serum. Sedimentation profile of the HA active agents was then examined by centrifugation of the mixture of spikeless particles of HVJ (labeled with 3H-uridine) and glycoproteins of NDV (labeled with 14C-amino acid mixture). The results showed that the peak of HA activity had both of the radioactivities, and that the sedimentation rate of the HA was faster than that of spikeless HVJ but slower than that of intact HVJ. Electron micrographs of such HA active structures showed that they were morphologically closely similar to intact virion of HVJ, although they had neither hemolytic activity nor infectivity. The mixture of spikeless HVJ and glycoproteins of HVJ or NDV which were removed from virions by proteolytic enzymes, on the other hand, did not show any detectable hemagglutinating activity.
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Yoshida T, Nagai Y'Yoshii S, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Membrane (M) protein of HVJ (Sendai virus): its role in virus assembly. Virology 1976; 71:143-61. [PMID: 179199 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Krantz MJ, Lee YC, Hung PP. Characterization and comparison of the major glycoprotein from three strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:66-73. [PMID: 180897 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Mumps virus was propagated in the extra-embryonic fluids of embryonated chicken eggs and was labeled by cionjection of radioactively labeled amino acids. The virus was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and its polypeptides were analyzed by polyarylamide gel electrophoresis. The virus was found to be composed of six polypeptides, ranging in size from 40,000 to 64,000 daltons. Viral proteins 1 and 3 were the glycoproteins of the virons. When the virus particle was treated with noniontic detergents, a small fraction of these glycoproteins could be released into the supernatant. After treatment with nonionic detergents in high salt and alkaline conditions, more of the surface glycoproteins were removed. This treatment also released the smallest viral polypeptide from the virion. The glycoproteins were separated using an affinity chromatographic column of agarose-fetuin. The heavier glycoprotein, viral protein 1, was found to contain both the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity. The two glycoproteins were tested for their ability to react in complement-fixing tests with mumps antisera. Only the heavier glycoprotein reacted with antisera possessing both anti-S and anti-V activity. Neither glycoprotein reacted with antisera specific for the S antigen. Thus, it was concluded that this glycoprotein corresponds to the classical V antigen of mumps virus.
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Homma M, Tozawa H, Shimizu K, Ishida N. A proposal for designation of Sendai virus proteins. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 19:467-70. [PMID: 181619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1975.tb00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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McSharry JJ, Compans RW, Lackland H, Choppin PW. Isolation and characterization of the nonglycosylated membrane protein and a nucleocapsid complex from the paramyxovirus SV5. Virology 1975; 67:365-74. [PMID: 1189285 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shimizu K, Ishida N. The smallest protein of Sendai virus: Its candidate function of binding nucleocapsid to envelope. Virology 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schnitzer TJ, Hodes DS, Gerin J, Camargo E, Chanock RM. Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on the growth and functions of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza 3 viruses. Virology 1975; 67:306-9. [PMID: 169626 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Porter WH, Winzler RJ. Purification and chemical characterization of the major glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:152-63. [PMID: 164824 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hodes DS, Schnitzer TJ, Kalica AR, Camargo E, Chanock RM. Inhibition of Respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza 3 and measles viruses by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virology 1975; 63:201-8. [PMID: 163047 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li JK, Fox CF. Radioiodination of the envelope proteins of Newcastle disease virus. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1975; 3:51-60. [PMID: 1152467 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination selectively labels the two glycoproteins (VP1 and VP2) of Newcastle disease virus. The low-molecular-weight, nonglycosylated major viral protein, VP6, was not iodinated in the intact virus but was iodinated in disrupted virions, suggesting a localization on the inner, rather than the outer, envelope surface. Studies on the distribution of virion proteins labeled with 125-I and 3-H-isoleucine between detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions show that the virion proteins VP4, VP5, and VP6 are solubilized to a much lesser extent than are VP1 and VP2.
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Seto JT, Becht H, Rott R. Effect of specific antibodies on biological functions of the envelope components of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 1974; 61:354-60. [PMID: 4213724 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schluederberg A, Chavanich S, Lipman MB, Carter C. Comparative molecular weight estimates of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus structural polypeptides by simultaneous electrophoresis in acrylamide gel slabs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 58:647-51. [PMID: 4836268 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Klenk HD, Becht H, Rott R. Reaction of viruses and virus-infected cells with heterophile agglutinins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 234:355-68. [PMID: 4528704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb53048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Lenard J, Compans RW. The membrane structure of lipid-containing viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:51-94. [PMID: 4598854 PMCID: PMC7148776 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1973] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Key Words
- viruses, sfv, semliki forest virus
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- sv5, simian virus 5
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- cellscef, chick embryo fibroblasts
- bhk, bhk21 line of baby hamster kidney cells
- mdbk, madin-darby bovine kidney cell line
- mk, primary rhesus monkey kidney cells
- hak, hamster kidney cell line
- rk, primary rabbit kidney cells
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Scheid A, Choppin PW. Identification of biological activities of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Activation of cell fusion, hemolysis, and infectivity of proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor protein of Sendai virus. Virology 1974; 57:475-90. [PMID: 4361457 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Marx PA, Portner A, Kingsbury DW. Sendai virion transcriptase complex: polyeptide composition and inhibition by virion envelope proteins. J Virol 1974; 13:107-12. [PMID: 4359418 PMCID: PMC355265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.1.107-112.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sendai virions, disrupted in 2% Triton X-100 in 1 M KCl, were separated into nucleocapsids and envelope proteins by centrifugation. The nucleocapsids, representing 46% of the virion proteins, had a buoyant density of 1.29 gm/cm(3) in D(2)O sucrose. RNA-dependent transcriptase activity associated with them had a ninefold greater specific activity than transcriptase assayed in unfractionated detergent-disrupted virions. These enzyme-active nucleocapsids contained only two polypeptides, the largest virion polypeptide (molecular weight 75,000) and the nucleocapsid structure unit (molecular weight 60,000). Virion envelope proteins, either glycoproteins or nonglycosylated matrix protein, inhibited nucleocapsid-associated polymerase activity; brief heat denaturation abolished their inhibitory activity. Yeast RNA stimulated nucleocapsid-associated enzyme, suggesting that stimulatory polyanions act at the enzyme-template level.
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Landsberger FR, Compans RW, Choppin PW, Lenard J. Organization of the lipid phase in viral membranes. Effects of independent variation of the lipid and the protein composition. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4498-502. [PMID: 4356241 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Seto JT, Becht H, Rott R. Isolation and purification of surface antigens from disrupted paramyxoviruses. Med Microbiol Immunol 1973; 159:1-12. [PMID: 4358741 DOI: 10.1007/bf02122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
- Chromatography, Gel
- Deoxycholic Acid
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/analysis
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/isolation & purification
- Neuraminidase/analysis
- Neuraminidase/isolation & purification
- Newcastle disease virus/enzymology
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/enzymology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae/immunology
- Peptide Hydrolases
- Respirovirus/enzymology
- Respirovirus/immunology
- Solubility
- Surface-Active Agents
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Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) envelope proteins. The two surface glycoproteins and the non-glycosylated membrane protein were solubilized with 2% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Removal of the KCl by dialysis yielded by precipitation a pure preparation of the non-glycosylated membrane protein, which is insoluble in solutions of low ionic strength. The soluble fraction consisting of the two glycoproteins possessed full neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities. The two glycoproteins could be separated by rate zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Under these conditions, the sedimentation coefficient of the larger glycoprotein, virus protein 1, was 9.3s, and that of the smaller, virus protein 2, was 6.1s. Both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities were associated with virus protein 1; virus protein 2 had neither activity. The results suggest that both activities reside on a single NDV glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained previously with another paramyxovirus, simian virus 5. These findings suggest that the association of hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with one glycoprotein is a general property of the paramyxovirus group.
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Abstract
This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
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