1
|
Ganesan A, Arunagiri T, Mani S, Kumaran VR, Sk G, Elumalai S, Kannaiah KP, Chanduluru HK. Mpox treatment evolution: past milestones, present advances, and future directions. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03385-0. [PMID: 39225831 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
An underestimated worldwide health concern, Monkeypox (Mpox) is becoming a bigger menace to the world's population. After smallpox was eradicated in 1970, Mpox was found in a rural region of Africa and quickly spread to other African countries. The etiological agent of the Mpox infection, the Mpox virus, is constantly evolving, and its capability for cross-species transmission led to a global outbreak in 2022 which led to several deaths throughout the world. This review aims to showcase the progressive treatment methods and emerging innovations in the diagnostic and prevention strategies for controlling Mpox. The clinical trial data for antiviral drugs were systematically collected and analyzed using statistical tests to determine the most effective antiviral treatment. Emerging viral protein inhibitors that are under investigation for Mpox treatment were also scrutinized in this review. Additionally, modern diagnostic methods, such as the Streamlined CRISPR On Pod Evaluation platform (SCOPE) and graphene quantum rods were reviewed, and the efficacy of mRNA vaccines with traditional smallpox vaccines used for Mpox were compared. The statistical analysis revealed that tecovirimat (TCV) is the most effective antiviral drug among the other evaluated drugs, showing superior efficacy in clinical trials. Similarly, mRNA vaccines offer greater effectiveness compared to conventional smallpox vaccines. Furthermore, emerging nanomedicine and herbal drug candidates were highlighted as potential future treatments for Mpox. The findings underscore the effectiveness of TCV in treating Mpox and highlight significant advancements in preventive treatments. The review also points to innovative approaches in vaccine technology and potential future therapies, including nanomedicine and herbal remedies, which may enhance Mpox management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alagammai Ganesan
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Thirumalai Arunagiri
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Suganandhini Mani
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Vamsi Ravi Kumaran
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Gayathrii Sk
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sandhiya Elumalai
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Kanaka Parvathi Kannaiah
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Hemanth Kumar Chanduluru
- SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basanova EI, Kulikova EA, Bormotov NI, Serova OA, Shishkina LN, Ovchinnikova AS, Odnoshevskiy DA, Pyankov OV, Agafonov AP, Yarovaya OI, Borisevich SS, Ilyina MG, Kolybalov DS, Arkhipov SG, Bogdanov NE, Pavlova MA, Salakhutdinov NF, Perevalov VP, Nikitina PA. 2-Aryl-1-hydroxyimidazoles possessing antiviral activity against a wide range of orthopoxviruses, including the variola virus. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00181h. [PMID: 39165907 PMCID: PMC11331333 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00181h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientific interest in orthopoxvirus infections and search for new highly effective compounds possessing antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses have significantly increased as a result of worldwide mpox outbreak in 2022. The present work deals with the synthesis of new 2-arylimidazoles exhibiting in vitro activity not only against the vaccinia virus, cowpox virus and ectromelia (mousepox) virus but also against the variola virus. Among the imidazole derivatives under consideration (1-hydroxyimidazoles, 1-methoxyimidazoles, 1-benzyloxyimidazoles, and imidazole N-oxides), the most promising antiviral activity is demonstrated by 1-hydroxyimidazoles, which may exist as two prototropic tautomers. Both of these tautomers may be manifested in different crystal structures of these compounds, according to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, while predominantly one of them (N-hydroxy-tautomeric form) is present in DMSO-d 6 solutions and in the gaseous state, as shown by NMR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The leader compound 1-hydroxy-2-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazole 4a demonstrated the highest selectivity indices against the vaccinia virus (SI = 1072) and the variola virus (SI = 373).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta I Basanova
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq., 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kulikova
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq., 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolai I Bormotov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Olga A Serova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Larisa N Shishkina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Alyona S Ovchinnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Dmitry A Odnoshevskiy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Oleg V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Alexander P Agafonov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor 630559 Koltsovo Russia
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS Lavrentyev Ave., 9 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | | | | | - Dmitry S Kolybalov
- Scientific Educational Center "Institute of Chemical Technology", Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str., 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey G Arkhipov
- Scientific Educational Center "Institute of Chemical Technology", Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str., 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Nikita E Bogdanov
- Scientific Educational Center "Institute of Chemical Technology", Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str., 1 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Koptyuga Ave., 3 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Marina A Pavlova
- Laboratory of Photoactive Supramolecular Systems, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS Vavilova str., 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS Lavrentyev Ave., 9 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Valery P Perevalov
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq., 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Polina A Nikitina
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq., 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pourkarim F, Entezari‐Maleki T. Clinical considerations on monkeypox antiviral medications: An overview. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e01164. [PMID: 38149674 PMCID: PMC10751857 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox), a virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus family, can cause a zoonotic infectious disease with morbidity and cosmetic complications. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs with appropriate safety profiles are important for the treatment of patients with mpox. To date, there is no FDA-approved drug for the treatment of mpox. However, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are the candidate therapies for the management of mpox. Given the safety concerns following the use of these medications, we aimed to review evidence on the clinical considerations of mpox antiviral medications that will be useful to guide clinicians in the treatment approach. Based on the current evidence, tecovirimat has favorable clinical efficacy, safety, and side effect profile and it can be considered as first-line treatment for mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Pourkarim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Taher Entezari‐Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Cardiovascular Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saalbach KP. Treatment and Vaccination for Smallpox and Monkeypox. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:301-316. [PMID: 38801586 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The smallpox infection with the variola virus was one of the most fatal disorders until a global eradication was initiated in the twentieth century. The last cases were reported in Somalia 1977 and as a laboratory infection in the UK 1978; in 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox for extinct. The smallpox virus with its very high transmissibility and mortality is still a major biothreat, because the vaccination against smallpox was stopped globally in the 1980s. For this reason, new antivirals (cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat) and new vaccines (ACAM2000, LC16m8 and Modified Vaccine Ankara MVA) were developed. For passive immunization, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) is available. Due to the relationships between orthopox viruses such as vaccinia, variola, mpox (monkeypox), cowpox, and horsepox, the vaccines (LC16m8 and MVA) and antivirals (brincidofovir and tecovirimat) could also be used in the mpox outbreak with positive preliminary data. As mutations can result in drug resistance against cidofovir or tecovirimat, there is need for further research. Further antivirals (NIOCH-14 and ST-357) and vaccines (VACΔ6 and TNX-801) are being developed in Russia and the USA. In conclusion, further research for treatment and prevention of orthopox infections is needed and is already in progress. After a brief introduction, this chapter presents the smallpox and mpox disease and thereafter full overviews on antiviral treatment and vaccination including the passive immunization with vaccinia immunoglobulins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus P Saalbach
- Biosecurity Research at Section Political Science of the Department of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W, Shen L. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:458. [PMID: 38148355 PMCID: PMC10751291 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Mengjun Tang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koirala S, Samanta S, Mahapatra S, Ursal KD, Poddar S, Kar P. Molecular level investigation for identifying potential inhibitors against thymidylate kinase of monkeypox through in silico approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37909473 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2274982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The need for more advanced and effective monkeypox (Mpox) treatments has become evident with numerous Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreaks. Over the years, interest has increased in developing targeted medicines that are efficient, safe, and precise while avoiding adverse effects. Here, we screened 32409 compounds against thymidylate kinase (TMPK), an emerging target for Mpox treatment. We studied their pharmacological characteristics and analyzed those through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations followed by molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) based free energy calculations. According to our findings, the leads CID40777874 and CID28960001 had the highest binding affinities towards TMPK with ΔGbind of -8.04 and -5.58 kcal/mol, respectively, which outperformed our control drug cidofovir (ΔGbind = -2.92 kcal/mol) in terms of binding favourability. Additionally, we observed crucial TMPK dynamics brought on by ligand-binding and identified key residues such as Phe68 and Tyr101 as the critical points of the protein-ligand interaction. The DCCM analysis revealed the role of ligand binding in stabilizing TMPK's binding region, as indicated by residual correlation motions. Moreover, the PSN analysis revealed that the interaction with ligand induces changes in residual network properties, enhancing the stability of complexes. We successfully identified novel compounds that may serve as potential building blocks for constructing contemporary antivirals against MPXV and highlighted the molecular mechanisms underlying their binding with TMPK. Overall, our findings will play a significant role in advancing the development of new therapies against Mpox and facilitating a comprehensive understanding of their interaction patterns.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Koirala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Sunanda Samanta
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Subhasmita Mahapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Kapil Dattatray Ursal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, MP, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-Fernández DE, Fernández-Quezada D, Casillas-Muñoz FAG, Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies. Pathogens 2023; 12:947. [PMID: 37513794 PMCID: PMC10384102 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and presents clinical symptoms similar to those of smallpox, such as fever and vesicular-pustular skin lesions. However, the differential diagnosis between smallpox and monkeypox is that smallpox does not cause lymphadenopathy but monkeypox generates swelling in the lymph nodes. Since the eradication of smallpox, MPXV has been identified as the most common Orthopoxvirus to cause human disease. Despite MPXV being endemic to certain regions of Africa, the current MPXV outbreak, which began in early 2022, has spread to numerous countries worldwide, raising global concern. As of the end of May 2023, over 87,545 cases and 141 deaths have been reported, with most cases identified in non-endemic countries, primarily due to human-to-human transmission. To better understand this emerging threat, this review presents an overview of key aspects of MPXV infection, including its animal reservoirs, modes of transmission, animal models, epidemiology, clinical and immunological features, diagnosis, treatments, vaccines, and prevention strategies. The material presented here provides a comprehensive understanding of MPXV as a disease, while emphasizing the significance and unique characteristics of the 2022 outbreak. This offers valuable information that can inform future research and aid in the development of effective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Fernández-Quezada
- Department of Neurosciences, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Microbiology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shamim MA, Satapathy P, Padhi BK, Veeramachaneni SD, Akhtar N, Pradhan A, Agrawal A, Dwivedi P, Mohanty A, Pradhan KB, Kabir R, Rabaan AA, Alotaibi J, Al Ismail ZA, Alsoliabi ZA, Al Fraij A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Pharmacological treatment and vaccines in monkeypox virus: a narrative review and bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149909. [PMID: 37214444 PMCID: PMC10196034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (earlier known as monkeypox) virus infection is a recognized public health emergency. There has been little research on the treatment options. This article reviews the specific drugs used to treat mpox virus infection and the vaccines used here. Instead of focusing on the mechanistic basis, this review narrates the practical, real-life experiences of individual patients of mpox virus disease being administered these medicines. We conducted a bibliometric analysis on the treatment of the mpox virus using data from several databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. The research on this topic has grown tremendously recently but it is highly concentrated in a few countries. Cidofovir is the most studied drug. This is because it is indicated and also used off-label for several conditions. The drugs used for mpox virus infection include tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir, vaccinia immune globulin, and trifluridine. Tecovirimat is used most frequently. It is a promising option in progressive mpox disease in terms of both efficacy and safety. Brincidofovir has been associated with treatment discontinuation due to elevated hepatic enzymes. Cidofovir is also not the preferred drug, often used because of the unavailability of tecovirimat. Trifluridine is used topically as an add-on agent along with tecovirimat for ocular manifestations of mpox virus disease. No study reports individual patient data for vaccinia immune globulin. Though no vaccine is currently approved for mpox virus infection, ACAM 2000 and JYNNEOS are the vaccines being mainly considered. ACAM 2000 is capable of replicating and may cause severe adverse reactions. It is used when JYNNEOS is contraindicated. Several drugs and vaccines are under development and have been discussed alongside pragmatic aspects of mpox virus treatment and prevention. Further studies can provide more insight into the safety and efficacy of Tecovirimat in actively progressing mpox virus disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakisini Satapathy
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Naushaba Akhtar
- Indian Council of Medical Research—Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anindita Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhimanyu Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Centre of Excellence for Tribal Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | | | - Russell Kabir
- School of Allied Health, Anglia Ruskin University, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alotaibi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab A. Al Ismail
- Long Term Care Department, Dhahran Long Term Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Al Fraij
- Medical Laboratories and Blood Bank Department, Jubail Health Network, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gurnani B, Kaur K, Chaudhary S, Balakrishnan H. Ophthalmic manifestations of monkeypox infection. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:1687-1697. [PMID: 37203020 PMCID: PMC10391517 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2032_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
After the global COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an alarming concern with the monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, which has affected more than 110 countries worldwide. Monkeypox virus is a doublestranded DNA virus of the genus Orthopox of the Poxviridae family, which causes this zoonotic disease. Recently, the mpox outbreak was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Monkeypox patients can present with ophthalmic manifestation and ophthalmologists have a role to play in managing this rare entity. Apart from causing systemic involvement such as skin lesions, respiratory infection and involvement of body fluids, Monkeypox related ophthalmic disease (MPXROD) causes varied ocular manifestations such as lid and adnexal involvement, periorbital and lid lesion, periorbital rash, conjunctivitis, blepharocounctivitis and keratitis. A detailed literature review shows few reports on MPXROD infections with limited overview on management strategies. The current review article is aimed to provide the ophthalmologist with an overview of the disease with a spotlight on ophthalmic features. We briefly discuss the morphology of the MPX, various modes of transmission, an infectious pathway of the virus, and the host immune response. A brief overview of the systemic manifestations and complications has also been elucidated. We especially highlight the detailed ophthalmic manifestations of mpox, their management, and prevention of vision threatening sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gurnani
- Cornea and Refractive Services, Dr. Om Parkash Eye Institute, Mall Road, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Dr. Om Parkash Eye Institute, Mall Road, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sameer Chaudhary
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hudu SA, Alshrari AS, Al Qtaitat A, Imran M. VP37 Protein Inhibitors for Mpox Treatment: Highlights on Recent Advances, Patent Literature, and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041106. [PMID: 37189724 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox disease (Mpox) has threatened humankind worldwide since mid-2022. The Mpox virus (MpoxV) is an example of Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), which share similar genomic structures. A few treatments and vaccines are available for Mpox. OPV-specific VP37 protein (VP37P) is a target for developing drugs against Mpox and other OPV-induced infections such as smallpox. This review spotlights the existing and prospective VP37P inhibitors (VP37PIs) for Mpox. The non-patent literature was collected from PubMed, and the patent literature was gathered from free patent databases. Very little work has been carried out on developing VP37PIs. One VP37PI (tecovirimat) has already been approved in Europe to treat Mpox, while another drug, NIOCH-14, is under clinical trial. Developing tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based combination therapies with clinically used drugs demonstrating activity against Mpox or other OPV infections (mitoxantrone, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, novobiocin, cidofovir, brincidofovir, idoxuridine, trifluridine, vidarabine, fialuridine, adefovir, imatinib, and rifampicin), immunity boosters (vitamin C, zinc, thymoquinone, quercetin, ginseng, etc.), and vaccines may appear a promising strategy to fight against Mpox and other OPV infections. Drug repurposing is also a good approach for identifying clinically useful VP37PIs. The dearth in the discovery process of VP37PIs makes it an interesting area for further research. The development of the tecovirimat/NIOCH-14-based hybrid molecules with certain chemotherapeutic agents looks fruitful and can be explored to obtain new VP37PI. It would be interesting and challenging to develop an ideal VP37PI concerning its specificity, safety, and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibu A Hudu
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Alshrari
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Al Qtaitat
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang J, Shahed-Ai-Mahmud M, Chen A, Li K, Tan H, Joyce R. An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4468-4490. [PMID: 36961984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The current monkeypox outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited interest in orthopoxvirus antivirals. Monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which also includes the variola virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. Two orally bioavailable drugs, tecovirimat and brincidofovir, have been approved for treating smallpox infections. Given their human safety profiles and in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models, both drugs have also been recommended to treat monkeypox infection. To facilitate the development of additional orthopoxvirus antivirals, we summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and mechanism of resistance of orthopoxvirus antivirals. This perspective covers both direct-acting and host-targeting antivirals with an emphasis on drug candidates showing in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models. We hope to speed the orthopoxvirus antiviral drug discovery by providing medicinal chemists with insights into prioritizing proper drug targets and hits for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Md Shahed-Ai-Mahmud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Angelo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpox was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 23 July 2022, following the identification of thousands of cases in several non-endemic countries in previous months. There are currently no licenced therapeutics for treating mpox; however, some medications may be authorized for use in an outbreak. The efficacy and safety of possible therapeutic options has not been studied in humans with mpox. There is a need to investigate the evidence on safety and effectiveness of treatments for mpox in humans; should any therapeutic option be efficacious and safe, it may be approved for use around the world. OBJECTIVES There are two parts to this Cochrane Review: a review of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and a narrative review of safety data from non-randomized studies. Randomized controlled trials review To systematically review the existing evidence on the effectiveness of therapeutics for mpox infection in humans compared to: a) another different therapeutic for mpox, or b) placebo, or c) supportive care, defined as the treatment of physical and psychological symptoms arising from the disease. Non-randomized studies review To assess the safety of therapeutics for mpox infection from non-randomized studies (NRS). SEARCH METHODS Randomized controlled trials review We searched the following databases up to 25 January 2023: MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), Biosis previews (Web of Science), CAB Abstracts (Web of science), and Cochrane CENTRAL (Issue 1 2023). We conducted a search of trial registries (Clinicaltrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)) on 25 January 2023. There were no date or language limits placed on the search. We undertook a call to experts in the field for relevant studies or ongoing trials to be considered for inclusion in the review. Non-randomized studies review We searched the following databases on 22 September 2022: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; Issue 9 of 12, 2022), published in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (Ovid); Embase (Ovid); and Scopus (Elsevier). We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov for trials in progress. SELECTION CRITERIA For the RCT review and the narrative review, any therapeutic for the treatment of mpox in humans was eligible for inclusion, including tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, NIOCH-14, immunomodulators, and vaccine immune globulin. Randomized controlled trials review Studies were eligible for the main review if they were of randomized controlled design and investigated the effectiveness or safety of therapeutics in human mpox infection. Non-randomized studies review Studies were eligible for inclusion in the review of non-randomized studies if they were of non-randomized design and contained data concerning the safety of any therapeutic in human mpox infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Randomized controlled trials review Two review authors independently applied study inclusion criteria to identify eligible studies. If we had identified any eligible studies, we planned to assess the risk of bias, and report results with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The critical outcomes were serious adverse events, development of disease-related complications, admission to hospital for non-hospitalized participants, pain as judged by any visual or numerical pain scale, level of virus detected in clinical samples, time to healing of all skin lesions, and mortality. We planned to perform subgroup analysis to explore whether the effect of the therapeutic on the planned outcomes was modified by disease severity and days from symptom onset to therapeutic administration. We also intended to explore the following subgroups of absolute effects: immunosuppression, age, and pre-existing skin disease. Non-randomized studies review One review author applied study inclusion criteria to identify eligible studies and extracted data. Studies of a non-randomized design containing data on the safety of therapeutics could not be meta-analyzed due to the absence of a comparator; we summarized these data narratively in an appendix. MAIN RESULTS Randomized controlled trials review We did not identify any completed RCTs investigating the effectiveness of therapeutics for treating mpox for the main review. We identified five ongoing trials that plan to assess the effectiveness of one therapeutic option, tecovirimat, for treating mpox in adults and children. One of these ongoing trials intends to include populations with, or at greater risk of, severe disease, which will allow an assessment of safety in more vulnerable populations. Non-randomized studies review Three non-randomized studies met the inclusion criteria for the narrative review, concerning data on the safety of therapeutics in mpox. Very low-certainty evidence from non-randomized studies of small numbers of people indicates no serious safety signals emerging for the use of tecovirimat in people with mpox infection, but a possible safety signal for brincidofovir. All three participants who received brincidofovir had raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT), but not bilirubin, suggesting mild liver injury. No study reported severe drug-induced liver injury with brincidofovir. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Randomized controlled trials review This review found no evidence from randomized controlled trials concerning the efficacy and safety of therapeutics in humans with mpox. Non-randomized studies review Very low-certainty evidence from non-randomized studies indicates no serious safety signals emerging for the use of tecovirimat in people with mpox infection. In contrast, very low-certainty evidence raises a safety signal that brincidofovir may cause liver injury. This is also suggested by indirect evidence from brincidofovir use in smallpox. This warrants further investigation and monitoring. This Cochrane Review will be updated as new evidence becomes available to assist policymakers, health professionals, and consumers in making appropriate decisions for the treatment of mpox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilly Fox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Gould
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Naveena Princy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
| | - Tim Rowland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vittoria Lutje
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Kuehn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang H, Zhang A. Human mpox: Biology, epidemiology, therapeutic options, and development of small molecule inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36891882 DOI: 10.1002/med.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Although monkeypox (mpox) has been endemic in Western and Central Africa for 50 years, it has not received sufficient prophylactic and therapeutical attention to avoid evolving into an epidemic. From January 2022 to January 2023, more than 84,000 of mpox cases were reported from 110 countries worldwide. Case numbers appear to be rising every day, making mpox an increasing global public health threat for the foreseeable future. In this perspective, we review the known biology and epidemiology of mpox virus, together with the latest therapeutic options available for mpox treatment. Further, small molecule inhibitors against mpox virus and the future directions in this field are discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anand A, Das AK, Bhardwaj S, Singh SK. A brief review of the monkeypox virus and emerging concerns for neuroinvasiveness. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:78. [PMID: 37025545 PMCID: PMC10070311 DOI: 10.25259/sni_1176_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease has been recognized as another disease of pandemic nature by the World Health Organization. Nearly four decades after the eradication of smallpox, as half of the world population is naïve to ortho-pox viruses (supposedly due to lack of immunity by vaccination), MPXV remains the most pathogenic species of the family of poxviruses.
Methods:
The articles on MPXV were searched on PubMed/Medline and data were retrieved and analyzed.
Results:
Although reported as a disease of milder exanthem and lower mortality as compared to smallpox, the MPXV disease tends to be neuroinvasive. This article highlights the neurological signs and symptoms of MPXV disease and discusses, in brief, the management strategies.
Conclusion:
Neuroinvasive properties of the virus as demonstrated in in vitro studies, and further verified by neurological illnesses in patients, present a special threat to mankind. Clinicians must be prepared to recognize and treat these neurological complications and start treatment to limit long-lasting brain injury as seen in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Anand
- Department of General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anand Kumar Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sona Bhardwaj
- Department of Microbiology, ESIC Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Saraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang RM, Zheng YJ, Zhou L, Feng LZ, Ma L, Xu BP, Xu HM, Liu W, Xie ZD, Deng JK, Xiong LJ, Luo WJ, Liu ZS, Shu SN, Wang JS, Jiang Y, Shang YX, Liu M, Gao LW, Wei Z, Liu GH, Gang Liu, Xiang W, Cui YX, Lu G, Lu M, Lu XX, Jin RM, Bai Y, Ye LP, Zhao DC, Shen AD, Ma X, Lu QH, Xue FX, Shao JB, Wang TY, Zhao ZY, Li XW, Yang YH, Shen KL. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of monkeypox in children: an experts' consensus statement. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:231-242. [PMID: 36409451 PMCID: PMC9685019 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease. Since the first human monkeypox case was detected in 1970, it has been prevalent in some countries in central and western Africa. Since May 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported in more than 96 non-endemic countries and regions worldwide. As of September 14, 2022, there have been more than 58,200 human monkeypox cases, and there is community transmission. The cessation of smallpox vaccination in 1980, which had some cross-protection with monkeypox, resulted in a general lack of immunity to monkeypox, which caused global concern and vigilance. As of September 14, 2022, there are four monkeypox cases in China, including three in Taiwan province and one in Hong Kong city. Previous foreign studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications. In order to improve pediatricians' understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment, and early disposal, we have organized national authoritative experts in pediatric infection, respiratory, dermatology, critical care medicine, infectious diseases, and public health and others to formulate this expert consensus, on the basis of the latest "Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox" released by The World Health Organization, the "guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (version 2022)" issued by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and other relevant documents. During the development of this consensus, multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, prevention, disposal process, and key points of prevention and control of suspected and confirmed cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Meng Jiang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yue-Jie Zheng
- Department of Respiratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Branch for Emerging Infectious Disease, Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lu-Zhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine & Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Science/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Bao-Ping Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Tianjin Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Zheng-De Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ji-Kui Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Li-Juan Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wan-Jun Luo
- Office of Infection Management, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Sai-Nan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health(Shanghai), Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Shang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li-Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhuang Wei
- Children's Health Care Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Guang-Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, 570312, China
| | - Yu-Xia Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Gen Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Run-Ming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Le-Ping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Dong-Chi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - A-Dong Shen
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Respiratory, Jinan Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- Department of Respiratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Feng-Xia Xue
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jian-Bo Shao
- Radiology Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430016, China
| | - Tian-You Wang
- Hematology and Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhao
- Department of Developmental Behavior, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xing-Wang Li
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yang
- Department of Respiratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Kun-Ling Shen
- Department of Respiratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China.
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health(Beijing), Beijing, 100045, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Begum JPS, Ngangom L, Semwal P, Painuli S, Sharma R, Gupta A. Emergence of monkeypox: a worldwide public health crisis. Hum Cell 2023; 36:877-893. [PMID: 36749539 PMCID: PMC9903284 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (MPV), a zoonotic illness that was hitherto solely prevalent in Central and West Africa, has lately been discovered to infect people all over the world and has become a major threat to global health. Humans unintentionally contract this zoonotic orthopoxvirus, which resembles smallpox, when they come into contact with infected animals. Studies show that the illness can also be transferred through frequent proximity, respiratory droplets, and household linens such as towels and bedding. However, MPV infection does not presently have a specified therapy. Smallpox vaccinations provide cross-protection against MPV because of antigenic similarities. Despite scant knowledge of the genesis, epidemiology, and ecology of the illness, the incidence and geographic distribution of monkeypox outbreaks have grown recently. Polymerase chain reaction technique on lesion specimens can be used to detect MPV. Vaccines like ACAM2000, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIG-IV), and JYNNEOS (brand name: Imvamune or Imvanex) as well as FDA-approved antiviral medications such as brincidofovir (brand name: Tembexa), tecovirimat (brand name: TPOXX or ST-246), and cidofovir (brand name: Vistide) are used as therapeutic medications against MPV. In this overview, we provide an outline of the MPV's morphology, evolution, mechanism, transmission, diagnosis, preventative measures, and therapeutic approaches. This study offers the fundamental information required to prevent and manage any further spread of this emerging virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Shabaaz Begum
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Leirika Ngangom
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- grid.448909.80000 0004 1771 8078Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002 India
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- grid.411507.60000 0001 2287 8816Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute (STORI Inc.), Laredo, TX 78045 USA ,BioIntegrate, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 USA ,Regenerative Orthopaedics, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201301 India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shishkina LN, Mazurkov OY, Bormotov NI, Skarnovich MO, Serova OA, Mazurkova NA, Skarnovich MA, Chernonosov AA, Selivanov BA, Tikhonov AY, Gamaley SG, Shimina GG, Sysoyeva GM, Taranov OS, Danilenko ED, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Substance of the Anti-Smallpox Drug NIOCH-14 after Oral Administration to Laboratory Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:205. [PMID: 36680245 PMCID: PMC9863109 DOI: 10.3390/v15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since most of the modern human population has no anti-smallpox immunity, it is extremely important to develop and implement effective drugs for the treatment of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections. The objective of this study is to determine the main characteristics of the chemical substance NIOCH-14 and its safety and bioavailability in the body of laboratory animals. METHODS The safety of NIOCH-14 upon single- or multiple-dose intragastric administration was assessed according to its effect on the main hematological and pathomorphological parameters of laboratory mice and rats. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of NIOCH-14 administered orally, a concentration of ST-246, the active metabolite of NIOCH-14, in mouse blood and organs was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. RESULTS The intragastric administration of NIOCH-14 at a dose of 5 g/kg body weight caused neither death nor signs of intoxication in mice. The intragastric administration of NIOCH-14 to mice and rats at doses of 50 and 150 µg/g body weight either as a single dose or once daily during 30 days did not cause animal death or critical changes in hematological parameters and the microstructure of internal organs. The tissue availability of NIOCH-14 administered orally to the mice at a dose of 50 µg/g body weight, which was calculated according to concentrations of its active metabolite ST-246 for the lungs, liver, kidney, brain, and spleen, was 100, 69.6, 63.3, 26.8 and 20.3%, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of the NIOCH-14 administered orally to mice at a dose of 50 µg/g body weight was 22.8%. CONCLUSION Along with the previously determined efficacy against orthopoxviruses, including the smallpox virus, the substance NIOCH-14 was shown to be safe and bioavailable in laboratory animal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa N. Shishkina
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg Yu. Mazurkov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Nikolai I. Bormotov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Maksim O. Skarnovich
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Olga A. Serova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Mazurkova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Maria A. Skarnovich
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Chernonosov
- The Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Boris A. Selivanov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Ya. Tikhonov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana G. Gamaley
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Galina G. Shimina
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Galina M. Sysoyeva
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Taranov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena D. Danilenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Agafonov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Maksyutov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mishra S, Rout M, Panda S, Singh SK, Sinha R, Dehury B, Pati S. An immunoinformatic approach towards development of a potent and effective multi-epitope vaccine against monkeypox virus (MPXV). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11714-11727. [PMID: 36591724 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2163426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease, often transmitted to humans from animals. While the whole world is haggling with the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) arose as a new challenge to mankind. Till date, numerous cases related to the MPXV have been reported in several countries across the globe, but, its momentary distribution in the current time has left everyone in fright with increasing mortality and limited clinically approved treatments. Therefore, it is of immense importance to develop a potent and highly effective vaccine capable of inducing desired immunogenic responses against the highly contagious MPXV. Herein, using various immunoinformatic and computational biology tools, we made an attempt to develop a multi-epitope vaccine construct against the MPXV which is antigenic, non-allergen and non-toxic in nature and capable of exhibiting immunogenic behavior. The sequence of vaccine construct was designed using the proposed 4 MHC-I, 3 MHC-II and 4 B-cell epitopes linked with suitable adjuvant and linkers. The modeled structure of the vaccine construct was used to assess its interaction with the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) using ClusPro and HADDOCK. All-atoms molecular dynamics simulation of the MPXV vaccine construct-TLR4 complex followed by a high level of gene expression of the construct within the bacterial system affirmed its stability along with induction of immunogenic response within the host cell. Altogether, our immunoinformatic approach aid in the development of a stable chimeric vaccine construct against MPXV and needs further experimental validation for its immunological relevance and usefulness as a vaccine candidate.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Panda
- Mycology Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Singh
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rohan Sinha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nikitina PA, Basanova EI, Nikolaenkova EB, Os'kina IA, Serova OA, Bormotov NI, Shishkina LN, Perevalov VP, Tikhonov AY. Synthesis of esters and amides of 2-aryl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acids and study of their antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 79:129080. [PMID: 36414175 PMCID: PMC9674569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated >40 years ago but it is not a reason to forget forever about orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans. Though in 1980 the decision of WHO to cease vaccination against smallpox had seemed logical, it led to the decrease of cross immunity against other infections caused by orthopoxviruses. As a result, in 2022 the multi-country monkeypox outbreak becomes a topic of great concern. In spite of existing FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of such diseases, the search for new small-molecule orthopoxvirus inhibitors continues. In the course of this search a series of novel 2-aryl-1-hydroxyimidazole derivatives containing ester or carboxamide moieties in position 5 of heterocycle has been synthesized and tested for activity against Vaccinia virus in Vero cell culture. Some of the compounds under consideration revealed a selectivity index higher than that of the reference drug Cidofovir. The highest selectivity index SI = 919 was exhibited by ethyl 1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate 1f. The most active compound also demonstrated inhibitory activity against the cowpox virus (SI = 20) and the ectromelia virus (SI = 46).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Nikitina
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia.
| | - E I Basanova
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - E B Nikolaenkova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I A Os'kina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O A Serova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - N I Bormotov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - L N Shishkina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - V P Perevalov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - A Ya Tikhonov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue, 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Khani E, Afsharirad B, Entezari-Maleki T. Monkeypox treatment: Current evidence and future perspectives. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28229. [PMID: 36253931 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of September 11, 2022, 57 669 reports of monkeypox infection raised global concern. Previous vaccinia virus vaccination can protect from monkeypox. However, after smallpox eradication, immunization against that was stopped. Indeed, therapeutic options following the disease onset are of great value. This study aimed to review the available evidence on virology and treatment approaches for monkeypox and provide guidance for patient care and future studies. Since no randomized clinical trials were ever performed, we reviewed monkeypox animal model studies and clinical trials on the safety and pharmacokinetics of available medications. Brincidofovir and tecovirimat were the most studied medications that got approval for smallpox treatment according to the Animal Rule. Due to the conserved virology among Orthopoxviruses, available medications might also be effective against monkeypox. However, tecovirimat has the strongest evidence to be effective and safe for monkeypox treatment, and if there is a choice between the two drugs, tecovirimat has shown more promise so far. The risk of resistance should be considered in patients who failed to respond to tecovirimat. Hence, the target-based design of novel antivirals will enhance the availability and spectrum of effective anti-Orthopoxvirus agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Khani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bentelhoda Afsharirad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gujjar P, Chaudhay R, Verma I, Bansal N, Gupta S, Bansal S. Recent Advances in the Prevention and Management of Monkeypox Viral Infection in Humans. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1032-1045. [PMID: 37842888 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501258154231008194028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been several neglected infectious pathogens that have reemerged in the last few decades, including the monkeypox virus, a virus from the orthopoxviral genus that causes monkeypox and is transmitted between animals and humans. The human monkeypox outbreak has spread to several different countries. Because of the outbreak's unusually high case count and lack of connections to endemic nations, there are concerns that the monkeypox transmission pattern may have changed. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to provide recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans. METHODOLOGY We have highlighted recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans in this work. RESULTS For the treatment and prevention of monkeypox, new medications and vaccinations are being used, and more study is needed to understand the epidemiology, biology, and ecology of the virus in endemic regions and stop future global outbreaks. Vaccines available in the market for the treatment of viruses are JYNEOS and ACAM2000. Some of the antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, trifluridine, and vaccinia immune globulin, are used for the treatment of the monkeypox virus. Some of the vaccines, such as NIOCH-14, Cidofovir, CMX-001, and ST-246, are currently in clinical trials. CONCLUSION We have, herein, covered features of monkeypox viral biology that are important for risk assessment and getting ready for an outbreak of the monkeypox virus, with a focus on recent advances in knowledge of the virus's host range, evolutionary potential, and potential targets for neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gujjar
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Rishabh Chaudhay
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Bansilal University, Bhiwani, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shchelkunova GA, Shchelkunov SN. Smallpox, Monkeypox and Other Human Orthopoxvirus Infections. Viruses 2022; 15:103. [PMID: 36680142 PMCID: PMC9865299 DOI: 10.3390/v15010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that vaccination against smallpox with live vaccinia virus led to serious adverse effects in some cases, the WHO, after declaration of the global eradication of smallpox in 1980, strongly recommended to discontinue the vaccination in all countries. This led to the loss of immunity against not only smallpox but also other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections in humans over the past years. An increasing number of human infections with zoonotic orthopoxviruses and, first of all, monkeypox, force us to reconsider a possible re-emergence of smallpox or a similar disease as a result of natural evolution of these viruses. The review contains a brief analysis of the results of studies on genomic organization and evolution of human pathogenic orthopoxviruses, development of modern methods for diagnosis, vaccination, and chemotherapy of smallpox, monkeypox, and other zoonotic human orthopoxvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mozhaitsev ES, Suslov EV, Rastrepaeva DA, Yarovaya OI, Borisevich SS, Khamitov EM, Kolybalov DS, Arkhipov SG, Bormotov NI, Shishkina LN, Serova OA, Brunilin RV, Vernigora AA, Nawrozkij MB, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF. Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the Cage-Amide Derived Orthopox Virus Replication Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 15:29. [PMID: 36680072 PMCID: PMC9865139 DOI: 10.3390/v15010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the variola virus is considered eradicated, the search for new small molecules with activity against orthopoxviruses remains an important task, especially in the context of recent outbreaks of monkeypox. As a result of this work, a number of amides of benzoic acids containing an adamantane fragment were obtained. Most of the compounds demonstrated activity against vaccinia virus, with a selectivity index SI = 18,214 for the leader compound 18a. The obtained derivatives also demonstrated activity against murine pox (250 ≤ SI ≤ 6071) and cowpox (125 ≤ SI ≤ 3036). A correlation was obtained between the IC50 meanings and the binding energy to the assumed biological target, the p37 viral protein with R2 = 0.60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii S. Mozhaitsev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V. Suslov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daria A. Rastrepaeva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga I. Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sophia S. Borisevich
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry Ufa Federal Research Center, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450078 Ufa, Russia
| | - Edward M. Khamitov
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis, Ufa Institute of Chemistry Ufa Federal Research Center, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450078 Ufa, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Kolybalov
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility SKIF, G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
- Scientific Educational Center “Institute of Chemical Technology”, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey G. Arkhipov
- Synchrotron Radiation Facility SKIF, G.K. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
- Scientific Educational Center “Institute of Chemical Technology”, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai I. Bormotov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Larisa N. Shishkina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Olga A. Serova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Roman V. Brunilin
- Department of Analytical, Physical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Department of Organic Chemistry, Volgograd State Technical University Lenina, Avenue 28, 400005 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Vernigora
- Department of Analytical, Physical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Department of Organic Chemistry, Volgograd State Technical University Lenina, Avenue 28, 400005 Volgograd, Russia
| | - Maxim B. Nawrozkij
- Center of Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue 1, Krasnodar Krai, 354340 Sirius, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Agafonov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Konstantin P. Volcho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miah MM, Tabassum N, Afroj Zinnia M, Islam ABMMK. Drug and Anti-Viral Peptide Design to Inhibit the Monkeypox Virus by Restricting A36R Protein. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322221141164. [PMID: 36570327 PMCID: PMC9772960 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221141164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most recently, monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emanated as a global public health threat. Unavailability of effective medicament against MPXV escalates demand for new therapeutic agent. In this study, in silico strategies were conducted to identify novel drug against the A36R protein of MPXV. The A36R protein of MPXV is responsible for the viral migration, adhesion, and vesicle trafficking to the host cell. To block the A36R protein, 4893 potential antiviral peptides (AVPs) were retrieved from DRAMP and SATPdb databases. Finally, 57 sequences were screened based on peptide filtering criteria, which were then modeled. Likewise, 31 monkeypox virus A36R protein sequences were collected from NCBI protein database to find consensus sequence and to predict 3D protein model. The refined and validated models of the A36R protein and AVP peptides were used to predict receptor-ligand interactions using DINC 2 server. Three peptides that showed best interactions were SATPdb10193, SATPdb21850, and SATPdb26811 with binding energies -6.10, -6.10, and -6.30 kcal/mol, respectively. Small molecules from drug databases were also used to perform virtual screening against the A36R protein. Among databases, Enamine-HTSC showed strong affinity with docking scores ranging from -8.8 to 9.8 kcal/mol. Interaction of target protein A36R with the top 3 peptides and the most probable drug (Z55287118) examined by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Trajectory analyses (RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and Rg) confirmed the stable nature of protein-ligand and protein-peptide complexes. This work suggests that identified top AVPs and small molecules might interfere with the function of the A36R protein of MPXV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuzhat Tabassum
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abul Bashar Mir Md. Khademul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Abul Bashar Mir Md. Khademul Islam, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Nilkhet Rd, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lansiaux E, Jain N, Laivacuma S, Reinis A. The virology of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV): A brief overview. Virus Res 2022; 322:198932. [PMID: 36165924 PMCID: PMC9534104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
First described in 1958, the human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) is a neglected zoonotic pathogen closely associated with the smallpox virus. The virus usually spreads via close contact with the infected animal or human and has been endemic mostly in parts of the African continent. However, with the recent increase in trade, tourism, and travel, the virus has caused outbreaks in countries outside Africa. The recent outbreak in 2022 has been puzzling given the lack of epidemiological connection and the possible sexual transmission of the virus. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the structural and pathogenetic mechanisms that are employed by the virus to invade the host cells. Henceforth, it is critical to understand the working apparatus governing the viral-immune interactions to develop effective therapeutical and prophylactic modalities. Hence, in the present short communication, we summarize the previously reported research findings regarding the virology of the human monkeypox virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Lansiaux
- Lille University School of Medicine, 2 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, Lille, France,Corresponding author
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia,Corresponding author
| | - Sniedze Laivacuma
- Department of Infectiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evaluation of Rapid Dot-Immunoassay for Detection Orthopoxviruses Using Laboratory-Grown Viruses and Animal's Clinical Specimens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112580. [PMID: 36423189 PMCID: PMC9697496 DOI: 10.3390/v14112580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was an experimental evaluation of the characteristics of the kit for the rapid immunochemical detection of orthopoxviruses (OPV). The kit is based on the method of one-stage dot-immunoassay on flat protein arrays using gold conjugates and a silver developer. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the vaccinia virus were used as capture and detection reagents. The sensitivity of detection of OPV and the specificity of the analysis were assessed using culture crude preparations (monkeypox virus, vaccinia virus, rabbitpox virus, cowpox virus, and ectromelia virus), a suspension from a crust from a human vaccination site as well as blood and tissue suspensions of infected rabbits. It has been shown that the assay using the kit makes it possible to detect OPV within 36 min at a temperature of 18-40 °C in unpurified culture samples of the virus and clinical samples in the range of 103-104 PFU/mL. Tests of the kit did not reveal cross-reactivity with uninfected cell cultures and viral pathogens of exanthematous infections (measles, rubella and chicken pox). The kit can be used to detect or exclude the presence of a virus threat in samples and can be useful in various aspects of biosecurity. The simplicity of analysis, the possibility of visual accounting the and interpretation of the results make it possible to use the test in laboratories with a high level of biological protection and in out-of-laboratory conditions.
Collapse
|
28
|
Singh S, Kumar R, Singh SK. All That We Need to Know About the Current and Past Outbreaks of Monkeypox: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e31109. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
29
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reemergence of monkeypox virus in the twenty-first century, calls for an urgency in its control and preventive measures. There is a long-standing concern that the reemergence of monkeypox across countries could lead to another epidemic like the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the disease ecology, preventing its transmission could help curbing its spread. The established treatment protocols along with development of new antiviral agents and vaccines could play a pivotal role in controlling its transmission. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the different modes of transmission of this disease, the associated symptoms, the standard protocol of treatment, the available vaccines and use of alternative treatments. We have collated recent research on novel entities that could potentially treat monkeypox infection. EXPERT OPINION The One Health approach fostered by the World Health Organization (WHO) for emergent and reemerging zoonotic diseases has to be implemented with a view to curb their transmission. The growing global population and increased inter-country travel has led to rapid spread of transmissible pathogens. Stigmatization, associated with lack of knowledge can be prevented by enhancing awareness campaigns. Vaccines need to be administered to high-risk individuals, and drug discovery efforts need to be intensified to combat such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Nadar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury ON P3E 2C6, Northern Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Novel multi epitope-based vaccine against monkeypox virus: vaccinomic approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15983. [PMID: 36156077 PMCID: PMC9510130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While mankind is still dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, a case of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has been reported to the WHO on May 7, 2022. Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease that has been a public health threat, particularly in Africa. However, it has recently expanded to other parts of the world, so it may soon become a global issue. Thus, the current work was planned and then designed a multi-epitope vaccine against MPXV utilizing the cell surface-binding protein as a target in order to develop a novel and safe vaccine that can evoke the desirable immunological response. The proposed MHC-I, MHC-II, and B-cell epitopes were selected to design multi-epitope vaccine constructs linked with suitable linkers in combination with different adjuvants to enhance the immune responses for the vaccine constructs. The proposed vaccine was composed of 275 amino acids and was shown to be antigenic in Vaxijen server (0.5311) and non-allergenic in AllerTop server. The 3D structure of the designed vaccine was predicted, refined and validated by various in silico tools to assess the stability of the vaccine. Moreover, the solubility of the vaccine construct was found greater than the average solubility provided by protein-Sol server which indicating the solubility of the vaccine construct. Additionally, the most promising epitopes bound to MHC I and MHC II alleles were found having good binding affinities with low energies ranging between − 7.0 and − 8.6 kcal/mol. According to the immunological simulation research, the vaccine was found to elicit a particular immune reaction against the monkeypox virus. Finally, the molecular dynamic study shows that the designed vaccine is stable with minimum RMSF against MHC I allele. We conclude from our research that the cell surface-binding protein is one of the primary proteins involved in MPXV pathogenesis. As a result, our study will aid in the development of appropriate therapeutics and prompt the development of future vaccines against MPXV.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chernonosov AA, Oleinik GA, Koval VV. Application of Parallel Reaction Monitoring to the Development and Validation of a Quantitative Assay for ST-246 in Human Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148021. [PMID: 35887368 PMCID: PMC9318837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we developed and validated a robust and sensitive method of liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode for ST-246 (tecovirimat) quantification in human blood plasma. The method was compared with the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technique and showed better selectivity and similar sensitivity in a wider concentration range (10–5000 ng/mL). Within this range, intra- and interday variability of precision and accuracy were within acceptable ranges in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guidelines, and recovery was 87.9–100.6%. Samples were stable at 4 °C within 48 h and at −20 °C up to 3 months. The recovery and matrix effects in the proposed HRMS method were about 5% higher than those reported for the MRM method, but the PRM method showed better accuracy with comparable precision. It was found that the ST-246 concentration shown by the PRM method is approximately 24% higher than the output of the MRM one. Nonetheless, the high selectivity with similar sensitivity, as compared with traditional MRM methods, makes the proposed approach attractive for research and clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Chernonosov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.A.O.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-5178
| | - Galina A. Oleinik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.A.O.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Vladimir V. Koval
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.A.O.); (V.V.K.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Development and Validation of a Method of Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of ST-246 (Tecovirimat) in Human Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113577. [PMID: 35684513 PMCID: PMC9182130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop and validate a sensitive and robust method of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate ST-246 (tecovirimat) in plasma using an internal standard (2-hydroxy-N-{3,5-dioxo-4-azatetracyclo [5.3.2.02.6.08.10]dodec-11-en-4-yl}-5-methylbenzamide). The method was validated in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode following recommendations of the European Medicines Agency for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The calibration curve for the analyte was linear in the 10−2500 ng/mL range with determination coefficient R2 > 0.99. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision for three concentrations of quality control were <15%. Testing of long-term stability of ST-246 (tecovirimat) in plasma showed no degradation at −20 °C for at least 3 months. The method was applied to a clinical assay of a new antipoxvirus compound, NIOCH-14. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of ST-246 (tecovirimat) itself and of NIOCH-14 as its metabolic precursor.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shiryaev VA, Skomorohov MY, Leonova MV, Bormotov NI, Serova OA, Shishkina LN, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA, Klimochkin YN. Adamantane derivatives as potential inhibitors of p37 major envelope protein and poxvirus reproduction. Design, synthesis and antiviral activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113485. [PMID: 33965861 PMCID: PMC9533879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Currently, smallpox, caused by the variola virus belonging to the poxvirus family, has been completely eradicated according to the WHO. However, other representatives of poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, ectromelia virus, monkeypox virus, mousepox virus and others, remain in the natural environment and can infect both animals and humans. The pathogens of animal diseases, belonging to the category with a high epidemic risk, have already caused several outbreaks among humans, and can, in an unfavorable combination of circumstances, cause not only an epidemic, but also a pandemic. Despite the fact that there are protocols for the treatment of poxvirus infections, the targeted design of new drugs will increase their availability and expand the arsenal of antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. One of the potential targets of poxviruses is the p37 protein, which is a tecovirimat target. This protein is relatively small, has no homologs among proteins of humans and other mammals and is necessary for the replication of viral particles, which makes it attractive target for virtual screening. Using the I-TASSER modelling and molecular dynamics refinement the p37 orthopox virus protein model was obtained and its was confirmed by ramachandran plot analysis and superimposition of the model with the template protein with similar function. A virtual library of adamantane containing compounds was generated and a number of potential inhibitors were chosen from virtual library using molecular docking. Several compounds bearing adamantane moiety were synthesized and their biological activity was tested in vitro on vaccinia, cowpox and mousepox viruses. The new compounds inhibiting vaccinia virus replication with IC50 concentrations between 0.133 and 0.515 μM were found as a result of the research. The applied approach can be useful in the search of new inhibitors of orthopox reproduction. The proposed approach may be suitable for the design of new poxvirus inhibitors containing cage structural moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Shiryaev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara, Samara Region, 443100, Russia.
| | - Michael Yu Skomorohov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara, Samara Region, 443100, Russia
| | - Marina V Leonova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara, Samara Region, 443100, Russia
| | - Nikolai I Bormotov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Olga A Serova
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Larisa N Shishkina
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander P Agafonov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - Yuri N Klimochkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Samara State Technical University, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya St., Samara, Samara Region, 443100, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shchelkunov SN, Shchelkunova GA. [We should be prepared to smallpox re-emergence.]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 64:206-214. [PMID: 32167685 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-206-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The review contains a brief analysis of the results of investigations conducted during 40 years after smallpox eradication and directed to study genomic organization and evolution of variola virus (VARV) and development of modern diagnostics, vaccines and chemotherapies of smallpox and other zoonotic orthopoxviral infections of humans. Taking into account that smallpox vaccination in several cases had adverse side effects, WHO recommended ceasing this vaccination after 1980 in all countries of the world. The result of this decision is that the mankind lost the collective immunity not only to smallpox, but also to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. The ever more frequently recorded human cases of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections force to renew consideration of the problem of possible smallpox reemergence resulting from natural evolution of these viruses. Analysis of the available archive data on smallpox epidemics, the history of ancient civilizations, and the newest data on the evolutionary relationship of orthopoxviruses has allowed us to hypothesize that VARV could have repeatedly reemerged via evolutionary changes in a zoonotic ancestor virus and then disappeared because of insufficient population size of isolated ancient civilizations. Only the historically last smallpox pandemic continued for a long time and was contained and stopped in the 20th century thanks to the joint efforts of medics and scientists from many countries under the aegis of WHO. Thus, there is no fundamental prohibition on potential reemergence of smallpox or a similar human disease in future in the course of natural evolution of the currently existing zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Correspondingly, it is of the utmost importance to develop and widely adopt state-of-the-art methods for efficient and rapid species-specific diagnosis of all orthopoxvirus species pathogenic for humans, VARV included. It is also most important to develop new safe methods for prevention and therapy of human orthopoxvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| | - G A Shchelkunova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Enhancing the Protective Immune Response to Administration of a LIVP-GFP Live Attenuated Vaccinia Virus to Mice. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030377. [PMID: 33801026 PMCID: PMC8004012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the WHO announcement of smallpox eradication, discontinuation of smallpox vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) was recommended. However, interest in VACV was soon renewed due to the opportunity of genetic engineering of the viral genome by directed insertion of foreign genes or introduction of mutations or deletions into selected viral genes. This genomic technology enabled production of stable attenuated VACV strains producing antigens of various infectious agents. Due to an increasing threat of human orthopoxvirus re-emergence, the development of safe highly immunogenic live orthopoxvirus vaccines using genetic engineering methods has been the challenge in recent years. In this study, we investigated an attenuated VACV LIVP-GFP (TK-) strain having an insertion of the green fluorescent protein gene into the viral thymidine kinase gene, which was generated on the basis of the LIVP (Lister-Institute for Viral Preparations) strain used in Russia as the first generation smallpox vaccine. We studied the effect of A34R gene modification and A35R gene deletion on the immunogenic and protective properties of the LIVP-GFP strain. The obtained data demonstrate that intradermal inoculation of the studied viruses induces higher production of VACV-specific antibodies compared to their levels after intranasal administration. Introduction of two point mutations into the A34R gene, which increase the yield of extracellular enveloped virions, and deletion of the A35R gene, the protein product of which inhibits presentation of antigens by MHC II, enhances protective potency of the created LIVP-TK--A34R*-dA35R virus against secondary lethal orthopoxvirus infection of BALB/c mice even at an intradermal dose as low as 103 plaque forming units (PFU)/mouse. This virus may be considered not only as a candidate attenuated live vaccine against smallpox and other human orthopoxvirus infections but also as a vector platform for development of safe multivalent live vaccines against other infectious diseases using genetic engineering methods.
Collapse
|
36
|
Sokolova AS, Kovaleva KS, Yarovaya OI, Bormotov NI, Shishkina LN, Serova OA, Sergeev AA, Agafonov AP, Maksuytov RA, Salakhutdinov NF. (+)-Camphor and (-)-borneol derivatives as potential anti-orthopoxvirus agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100038. [PMID: 33605479 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organisation had announced that smallpox was eradicated over 40 years ago, the disease and other related pathogenic poxviruses such as monkeypox remain potential bioterrorist weapons and could also re-emerge as natural infections. We have previously reported (+)-camphor and (-)-borneol derivatives with an antiviral activity against the vaccinia virus. This virus is similar to the variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, but can be studied at BSL-2 facilities. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the most potent compounds against VARV, cowpox virus, and ectromelia virus (ECTV). Among the compounds tested, 4-bromo-N'-((1R,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylidene)benzohydrazide 18 is the most effective compound against various orthopoxviruses, including VARV, with an EC50 value of 13.9 μM and a selectivity index of 206. Also, (+)-camphor thiosemicarbazone 9 was found to be active against VARV and ECTV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S Sokolova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya S Kovaleva
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay I Bormotov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa N Shishkina
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Serova
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Sergeev
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P Agafonov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rinat A Maksuytov
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mazurkov OY, Shishkina LN, Bormotov NI, Skarnovich MO, Serova OA, Mazurkova NA, Chernonosov AA, Tikhonov AY, Selivanov BA. Estimation of Absolute Bioavailability of the Chemical Substance of the Anti-Smallpox Preparation NIOCH-14 in Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 170:207-210. [PMID: 33263846 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-05034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared absolute bioavailability of the chemical substance of the anti-smallpox preparation NIOCH-14 and chemical compound ST-246 active against orthopoxviruses after oral administration to mice in doses of 10 and 50 μg/g and intravenous administration to mice in a dose of 2 μg/g body weight. The absolute bioavailability of NIOCH-14 is comparable with the absolute bioavailability of ST-246.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Mazurkov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia.
| | - L N Shishkina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - N I Bormotov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - M O Skarnovich
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - O A Serova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - N A Mazurkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - A A Chernonosov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Ya Tikhonov
- N. N. Vo-rozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - B A Selivanov
- N. N. Vo-rozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Suslov EV, Mozhaytsev ES, Korchagina DV, Bormotov NI, Yarovaya OI, Volcho KP, Serova OA, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA, Shishkina LN, Salakhutdinov NF. New chemical agents based on adamantane-monoterpene conjugates against orthopoxvirus infections. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1185-1195. [PMID: 33479623 PMCID: PMC7651861 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the spectrum of agents against orthopoxviruses, in particular smallpox, is very narrow. Despite the fact that smallpox is well controlled, there is, for many reasons, a real threat of epidemics associated with this or a similar virus. In order to search for new low molecular weight orthopoxvirus inhibitors, a series of amides combining adamantane and monoterpene moieties were synthesized using 1- and 2-adamantanecarboxylic acids as well as myrtenic, citronellic and camphorsulfonic acids as acid components. The produced compounds exhibited high activity against the vaccinia virus (an enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family), which was combined with low cytotoxicity. Some compounds had a selectivity index higher than that of the reference drug cidofovir; the highest SI = 1123 was exhibited by 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid amide containing the (-)-10-amino-2-pinene moiety. The produced compounds demonstrated inhibitory activity against other orthopoxviruses: cowpox virus (SI = 30-406) and ectromelia virus (mousepox virus, SI = 39-707).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii V Suslov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
| | - Evgenii S Mozhaytsev
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
| | - Dina V Korchagina
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
| | - Nikolay I Bormotov
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Especially Dangerous Infections , State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR , Koltsovo , Novosibirsk Region , 630559 , Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Yarovaya
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Konstantin P Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Olga A Serova
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Especially Dangerous Infections , State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR , Koltsovo , Novosibirsk Region , 630559 , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P Agafonov
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Especially Dangerous Infections , State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR , Koltsovo , Novosibirsk Region , 630559 , Russian Federation
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Especially Dangerous Infections , State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR , Koltsovo , Novosibirsk Region , 630559 , Russian Federation
| | - Larisa N Shishkina
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of Especially Dangerous Infections , State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR , Koltsovo , Novosibirsk Region , 630559 , Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Lavrentjev Avenue 9 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia .
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova St. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shchelkunov SN, Yakubitskiy SN, Sergeev AA, Kabanov AS, Bauer TV, Bulychev LE, Pyankov SA. Effect of the Route of Administration of the Vaccinia Virus Strain LIVP to Mice on Its Virulence and Immunogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:E795. [PMID: 32722032 PMCID: PMC7472337 DOI: 10.3390/v12080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass smallpox vaccination campaign has played a crucial role in smallpox eradication. Various strains of the vaccinia virus (VACV) were used as a live smallpox vaccine in different countries, their origin being unknown in most cases. The VACV strains differ in terms of pathogenicity exhibited upon inoculation of laboratory animals and reactogenicity exhibited upon vaccination of humans. Therefore, each generated strain or clonal variant of VACV needs to be thoroughly studied in in vivo systems. The clonal variant 14 of LIVP strain (LIVP-14) was the study object in this work. A comparative analysis of the virulence and immunogenicity of LIVP-14 inoculated intranasally (i.n.), intradermally (i.d.), or subcutaneously (s.c.) to BALB/c mice at doses of 108, 107, and 106 pfu was carried out. Adult mice exhibited the highest sensitivity to the i.n. administered LIVP-14 strain, although the infection was not lethal. The i.n. inoculated LIVP-14 replicated efficiently in the lungs. Furthermore, this virus was accumulated in the brain at relatively high concentrations. Significantly lower levels of LIVP-14 were detected in the liver, kidneys, and spleen of experimental animals. No clinical manifestations of the disease were observed after i.d. or s.c. injection of LIVP-14 to mice. After s.c. inoculation, the virus was detected only at the injection site, while it could disseminate to the liver and lungs when delivered via i.d. administration. A comparative analysis of the production of virus-specific antibodies by ELISA and PRNT revealed that the highest level of antibodies was induced in i.n. inoculated mice; a lower level of antibodies was observed after i.d. administration of the virus and the lowest level after s.c. injection. Even at the lowest studied dose (106 pfu), i.n. or i.d. administered LIVP-14 completely protected mice against infection with the cowpox virus at the lethal dose. Our findings imply that, according to the ratio between such characteristics as pathogenicity/immunogenicity/protectivity, i.d. injection is the optimal method of inoculation with the VACV LIVP-14 strain to ensure the safe formation of immune defense after vaccination against orthopoxviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (S.N.Y.); (A.A.S.); (A.S.K.); (T.V.B.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.P.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Forty years after the last endemic smallpox case, variola virus (VARV) is still considered a major threat to humans due to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent. For many years, the risk of disease reemergence was thought to solely be through deliberate misuse of VARV strains kept in clandestine laboratories. However, recent experiments using synthetic biology have proven the feasibility of recreating a poxvirus de novo, implying that VARV could, in theory, be resurrected. Because of this new perspective, the WHO Advisory Committee on VARV Research released new recommendations concerning research on poxviruses that strongly encourages pursuing the development of new antiviral drugs against orthopoxviruses. In 2018, the U.S. FDA advised in favor of two molecules for smallpox treatment, tecovirimat and brincidofovir. This review highlights the difficulties to develop new drugs targeting an eradicated disease, especially as it requires working under the FDA "animal efficacy rule" with the few, and imperfect, animal models available.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nikitina PA, Bormotov NI, Shishkina LN, Tikhonov AY, Perevalov VP. Synthesis and antiviral activity of 1-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imidazoles against vaccinia virus. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
42
|
Kabuga AI, El Zowalaty ME. A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. J Med Virol 2019; 91:533-540. [PMID: 30357851 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the eradication of smallpox approximately 39 years ago, monkeypox virus remains the most pathogenic poxvirus, being mainly restricted to Central and West Africa. Before 1970, there were no reports of human monkeypox in Nigeria, while between 1971 and 1978 there were three cases, with none having been reported thereafter. However, in September 2017, a case of contagious skin rash disease, typical of monkeypox, was observed in an 11-year-old boy from the southern part of the country and confirmed to be associated with the monkeypox virus. This large outbreak consisted of 262 suspected, 115 confirmed cases, and 7 mortalities across 26 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an updated, comprehensive, and timely review of monkeypox, an important emerging infection in Nigeria. Monkeypox is now a major threat to global health security, requiring an urgent multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, physicians, virologists, and public health experts to fast-track the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, antivirals, and other control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auwal I Kabuga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Virology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Olson VA, Shchelkunov SN. Are We Prepared in Case of a Possible Smallpox-Like Disease Emergence? Viruses 2017; 9:E242. [PMID: 32962316 PMCID: PMC5618008 DOI: 10.3390/v9090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was the first human disease to be eradicated, through a concerted vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization. Since its eradication, routine vaccination against smallpox has ceased, leaving the world population susceptible to disease caused by orthopoxviruses. In recent decades, reports of human disease from zoonotic orthopoxviruses have increased. Furthermore, multiple reports of newly identified poxviruses capable of causing human disease have occurred. These facts raise concerns regarding both the opportunity for these zoonotic orthopoxviruses to evolve and become a more severe public health issue, as well as the risk of Variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) to be utilized as a bioterrorist weapon. The eradication of smallpox occurred prior to the development of the majority of modern virological and molecular biological techniques. Therefore, there is a considerable amount that is not understood regarding how this solely human pathogen interacts with its host. This paper briefly recounts the history and current status of diagnostic tools, vaccines, and anti-viral therapeutics for treatment of smallpox disease. The authors discuss the importance of further research to prepare the global community should a smallpox-like virus emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sergei N. Shchelkunov
- Department of Genomic Research and Development of DNA Diagnostics of Poxviruses, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk Region, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|