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Beeton ML, Zhang XS, Uldum SA, Bébéar C, Dumke R, Gullsby K, Ieven M, Loens K, Nir-Paz R, Pereyre S, Spiller OB, Chalker VJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 11 countries in Europe and Israel, 2011 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 31964459 PMCID: PMC6976882 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.2.1900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with large epidemics previously described to occur every 4 to 7 years.AimTo better understand the diagnostic methods used to detect M. pneumoniae; to better understand M. pneumoniae testing and surveillance in use; to identify epidemics; to determine detection number per age group, age demographics for positive detections, concurrence of epidemics and annual peaks across geographical areas; and to determine the effect of geographical location on the timing of epidemics.MethodsA questionnaire was sent in May 2016 to Mycoplasma experts with national or regional responsibility within the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections in 17 countries across Europe and Israel, retrospectively requesting details on M. pneumoniae-positive samples from January 2011 to April 2016. The Moving Epidemic Method was used to determine epidemic periods and effect of country latitude across the countries for the five periods under investigation.ResultsRepresentatives from 12 countries provided data on M. pneumoniae infections, accounting for 95,666 positive samples. Two laboratories initiated routine macrolide resistance testing since 2013. Between 2011 and 2016, three epidemics were identified: 2011/12, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The distribution of patient ages for M. pneumoniae-positive samples showed three patterns. During epidemic years, an association between country latitude and calendar week when epidemic periods began was noted.ConclusionsAn association between epidemics and latitude was observed. Differences were noted in the age distribution of positive cases and detection methods used and practice. A lack of macrolide resistance monitoring was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Beeton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Søren A Uldum
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- USC-EA 3671, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydia Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Karolina Gullsby
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- USC-EA 3671, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydia Infections in Humans, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - O Brad Spiller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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- ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections (ESGMAC) Mycoplasma pneumoniae subgroup members are listed at the end of the article
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Zhao F, Li J, Liu J, Guan X, Gong J, Liu L, He L, Meng F, Zhang J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates across different regions of China. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:143. [PMID: 31463046 PMCID: PMC6708159 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In China mainland, most Mycoplasma pneumoniae related studies are carried out in Beijing and Shanghai, while rare studies are performed in the other regions. In this study, we analyzed the molecular biology characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae from 5 regions between January 2017 and December 2018. Methods Genotyping was performed to 154 M. pneumoniae isolates from 5 cities using PCR and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) method. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed to all the isolates against 4 antibiotics. Sequencing was performed to the amplification products of the 23S rRNA drug resistant gene. Results Genotype I was detected in 118 M. pneumoniae isolates (76.6%), and genotype II was identified in 36 isolates (23.4%). The majority (92.2%) of the MLVA genotypes were 4-5-7-2 and 3-5-6-2, which represented the genotype I and II, respectively. The total macrolide (ML) resistance rate was 79.7%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the erythromycin was in a range of 128- > 256 μg/ml, while that for the azithromycin was 2-32 μg/ml. There were mutations in the 23S rRNA in each ML resistance isolate. Jilin city showed the highest prevalence of genotype I (100%) and ML resistance rate (100%), while Jinan showed the lowest prevalence of genotype I (45.5%) and ML resistance rate (54.5%). Conclusions A large variance was identified in the M. pneumoniae genotype and ML resistance among the 5 cities. The proportion of M. pneumoniae with a genotype II genotype (3-5-6-2) showed an increased trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jing Li
- Office of Laboratory Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Capital Medical University, Nanlishi Road 56, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Guan
- Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, 132011 China
| | - Jie Gong
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Liyong Liu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Lihua He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
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Zhang XS, Zhao H, Vynnycky E, Chalker V. Positively interacting strains that co-circulate within a network structured population induce cycling epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:541. [PMID: 30679460 PMCID: PMC6345813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is considered a common cause of pneumonia, causing about 15–20% of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and up to 40% of cases in children. It has often been observed that MP epidemics last approximately 1–2 years and occur every 3–7 years, with the dominant strains alternating between epidemics. However, the underlying mechanism by which these cycles and changes in the dominant strains occur remains unclear. The traditional models for the periodicity of MP epidemics neglected two phenomena: structured contact patterns among people and co-circulating strains of MP. We also believe that the two distinctive aspects of MP epidemics: prevalent serotype shifts among epidemics and incidence cycling of MP, are interconnected. We propose a network transmission model that assumes two strains of MP are transmitted within a network structured population and they can interact as secondary infections with primary infections. Our studies show that multiple strains that co-circulate within a network structured population and interact positively generate the observed patterns of recurrent epidemics of MP. Hence our study provides a possible mechanism for the cycling epidemics of MP, and could provide useful information for future vaccine design and vaccine evaluation/monitoring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Zhang
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK. .,Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, UK.
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Emilia Vynnycky
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK.,TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vicki Chalker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
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Xue G, Li M, Wang N, Zhao J, Wang B, Ren Z, Yan C, Wu C, Liu Y, Sun H, Xu M, Sun H. Comparison of the molecular characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from children across different regions of China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198557. [PMID: 30138360 PMCID: PMC6107135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous molecular characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in China focused only on one or two cities. In this study, we characterized 835 samples from patients suspected to be infected with M. pneumoniae; these samples were collected in 2016 from pediatric patients from different regions of China. Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), P1-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and sequencing of the domain V of 23S rRNA were performed to compare genotype distribution across different locations. Two-hundred-and-thirteen samples tested positive for M. pneumoniae by PCR. P1 types were identified in 154 samples: 78.6% were type I and 21.4% were type II. Type I was the most prevalent genotype in five locations, except Nanjing where type II was the most common type (p < 0.01). Five distinct MLVA types were identified in the 172 samples. Genotype M4-5-7-2 was predominant at all locations, except Nanjing where type 3-5-6-2 was the most common (p < 0.01). Macrolide resistance-associated mutations were identified in 186 (76.3%) samples. The resistance rate differed with the location. This study showed that genotypes and macrolide resistance rate differed across China. The most prevalent genotype in China remains M4-5-7-2/P1-1. The resistance rate decreased, along with changes to the M4-5-7-2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xue
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Xinjiang, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Chengqing Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kunming Children’s Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Sun
- Xinjiang Institute of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Qiu L, Wang L, Tan L, Li M, Wu C, Li L, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Sun Q, Zhang T. Molecular characterization of genomic DNA in mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from serious mycoplasma pneumonia cases in 2016, Yunnan, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:125-134. [PMID: 29275190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is particularly prevalent in low-immunity school-age children. Few data have been reported on MP prevalence in Yunnan, China. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and characterize genomic DNA of MP in a small outbreak in 2016, Southwest China. RepMP4 and RepMP2/3 genes of MP positive samples were amplified for molecular typing through sequence alignment and PCR-RFLP assay. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA5.0. The results showed that two distinct P1 types (type I and type II) were prevalent in this MP outbreak. Type I was the most prevalent type, and clustered in the same evolutionary branch of C26 (China, 2012). Only 1 MP isolate belonged to type II, and clustered in the branch of KCH405 (Japan, 2016). Fifty-nine nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of type I isolates (51 in RepMP4, 8 in RepMP2/3). Ninety-five nucleotide mutations were observed in P1 genes of the type II isolates (33 in RepMP4, 62 in RepMP2/3). It is noteworthy that 31 mutation sites were clustered in an 84-bp fragment in the RepMP4 gene of type II isolates. One new fragment that appeared in two of the type I strains was not found in NCBI. Nucleotide diversity analyze results showed that RepMP4 was more likely to be genetically diverse than RepMP2/3. Two-tailed Z-test result of RepMP4 suggested positive selection between 6 P1 type I isolates and M29 (China, 2005). According to secondary structure prediction, 36 new possible protein binding sites were found and another 9 sites were lost, 2 helices were missed and 1 new helix appeared in type I isolates. As for type II isolates, 16 protein binding regions were gained and 31 were lost. This study may help to understand the intrinsic geographical relatedness and contributes further to the research of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Qiu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Tan
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Chengqing Wu
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Li Li
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, PR China.
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650228, PR China; Institute of Pediatric Disease Research in Yunnan, Kunming 650228, PR China.
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Copete AR, Aguilar YA, Rueda ZV, Vélez LA. Genotyping and macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identified in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Medellín, Colombia. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 66:113-120. [PMID: 29155089 PMCID: PMC7129344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates obtained from the children with community-acquired pneumonia in this study were a variant of type 2. There was an absence of the mutations in the 23S rRNA gene related to macrolide resistance. Induced sputum sample has higher percentage of positive PCR to diagnose Mycoplasma pneumoniae compared to nasopharyngeal swab.
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the genotypes and the main characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized children in Medellín and neighboring municipalities during the period 2011–2012. Methods The M. pneumoniae genotype was determined by PCR and sequencing of the p1 and 23S rRNA genes from induced sputum samples and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS). Samples were obtained from children with CAP who were hospitalized in 13 healthcare centers. In addition, a spatio-temporal analysis was performed to identify the potential risk areas and clustering of the cases over time. Results A variant of type 2 was the dominant genotype in the induced sputum (96.1%) and NPS (89.3%) samples; the type 1 variant was identified in 3.9% and 10.7% of these samples, respectively. No strains with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene associated with macrolide resistance were found. The cases in Medellín were mainly concentrated in the northeastern areas and western districts. However, no temporal relationship was found among these cases. Conclusions A variant of type 2 of M. pneumoniae prevailed among children with CAP during the study period. No strains with mutations associated with macrolide resistance were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rocio Copete
- Research Group of Problems in Infectious Diseases (GRIPE), School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Yudy Alexandra Aguilar
- Research Group of Problems in Infectious Diseases (GRIPE), School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | - Lázaro Agustín Vélez
- Research Group of Problems in Infectious Diseases (GRIPE), School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia.
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Waites KB, Xiao L, Liu Y, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the Respiratory Tract and Beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:747-809. [PMID: 28539503 PMCID: PMC5475226 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00114-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults that can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Over the past several years there has been much new information published concerning infections caused by this organism. New molecular-based tests for M. pneumoniae detection are now commercially available in the United States, and advances in molecular typing systems have enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of infections. More strains have had their entire genome sequences published, providing additional insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Clinically significant acquired macrolide resistance has emerged worldwide and is now complicating treatment. In vitro susceptibility testing methods have been standardized, and several new drugs that may be effective against this organism are undergoing development. This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance our understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | | | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Yamazaki T, Kenri T. Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Japan and Therapeutic Strategies for Macrolide-Resistant M. pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:693. [PMID: 27242718 PMCID: PMC4876131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae pneumonia) is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide. The surveillance of M. pneumoniae pneumonia is important for etiological and epidemiological studies of acute respiratory infections. In Japan, nation-wide surveillance of M. pneumoniae pneumonia has been conducted as a part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) program. This surveillance started in 1981, and significant increases in the numbers of M. pneumoniae pneumonia patients were noted in 1984, 1988, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2015. The epidemics in 2011 and 2012 were particularly widespread and motivated researchers to conduct detailed epidemiological studies, including genotyping and drug resistance analyses of M. pneumoniae isolates. The genotyping studies based on the p1 gene sequence suggested that the p1 gene type 1 lineage has been dominant in Japan since 2003, including the epidemic period during 2011-2012. However, more detailed p1 typing analysis is required to determine whether the type 2 lineages become more relevant after the dominance of the type 1 lineage. There has been extensive research interest in implications of the p1 gene types on the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae infections. Serological characterizations of sera from patients have provided a glimpse into these associations, showing the presence of type specific antibody in the patient sera. Another important epidemiological issue of M. pneumoniae pneumonia is the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP). MRMPs were noted among clinical isolates in Japan after 2000. At present, the isolation rate of MRMPs from pediatric patients is estimated at 50-90% in Japan, depending on the specific location. In view of the situation, Japanese societies have issued guiding principles for treating M. pneumoniae pneumonia. In these guiding principles, macrolides are still recommended as the first-line drug, however, if the fever does not subside in 48-72 h from first-line drug administration, a change of antibiotics to second-line drugs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Laboratory of Mycoplasmas and Haemophilus, Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
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Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pellet on Cellular Infectivity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:751349. [PMID: 27433528 PMCID: PMC4897063 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Qinbai Qingfei concentrated pellet (QQCP) against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Methods. Rat airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells were used to examine the antimycoplasmal activity of QQCP via four drug-adding modes: pre- and postadding drugs, simultaneous-adding after drug and MP mixed, and simultaneous-adding drug and MP; taking roxithromycin dispersive tablets (RDT) as positive control, the cellular A570 values were determined by MTT method. Results. All of A570 values in QQCP group were significantly higher than those of the corresponding MP control group (P < 0.01) in four drug-adding modes; there was no significant difference in A570 values between the QQCP group and that of the positive control group (P > 0.05), confirming that QQCP could significantly inhibit the infectivity of MP to ASM cells. Conclusion. QQCP had significant activity in preventing and treating MP infection, killing MP, and antiabsorption.
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Luchsinger V, Ruiz M, Zunino E, Martínez MA, Machado C, Piedra PA, Fasce R, Ulloa MT, Fink MC, Lara P, Gebauer M, Chávez F, Avendaño LF. Community-acquired pneumonia in Chile: the clinical relevance in the detection of viruses and atypical bacteria. Thorax 2013; 68:1000-6. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Modulation of P1 and EGF expression by Baicalin. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:146-57. [PMID: 23344025 PMCID: PMC3565255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is increasingly recognized as a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections. Today, macrolides are used in the primary treatment of M. pneumoniae infection. However, with the increasing prevalence of strains resistant to macrolides, as well as reports of toxicity and adverse side effects, it is necessary to develop an alternative therapeutic agent. A compound recipe - Qinbaiqingfei pellets (Qinbai) - have already been approved in China as the first effective traditional Chinese medicine to be used against M. pneumoniae. Herein, we characterize the mechanism by which Qinbai interacts with M. pneumoniae and lung epithelial cells. The fact that Baicalin is the key component of Qingbai leads us to believe its study is important to elucidating the mechanism of the action of Qinbai. In this study, we describe the complex impact of Baicalin on the adhesin protein P1 of M. pneumoniae and on the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in BALB/c mice and A549 cells infected with M. pneumonia. We draw the conclusion that Baicalin not only cured M. pneumoniae infection by inhibiting P1 expression, but also enhanced the repair of lung epithelial cells by upregulating EGF. Finally, we demonstrate that Baicalin plays a role in Qinbai treatment.
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Okada T, Morozumi M, Tajima T, Hasegawa M, Sakata H, Ohnari S, Chiba N, Iwata S, Ubukata K. Rapid effectiveness of minocycline or doxycycline against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 2011 outbreak among Japanese children. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1642-9. [PMID: 22972867 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults. Outbreaks typically occur at intervals of several years. In 2011, a widespread outbreak was associated with macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) in Japanese children, often those of school age. METHODS Two hundred fifty-eight children were diagnosed with M. pneumoniae-associated pneumonia based on chest radiography, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and antibody titers between January and December 2011. Mycoplasma pneumoniae cultures obtained from nasopharyngeal samples using appropriate broth were subjected to real-time PCR, by which decreases in M. pneumoniae in patients treated with minocycline (MIN), doxycycline (DOX), or tosufloxacin (TFX) were calculated. Mutations of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene that confer high resistance to macrolides in M. pneumoniae were identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Among 202 M. pneumoniae isolates from M. pneumoniae-associated pneumonia patients, 176 (87.1%) were MRMP. Macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae infection was significantly related to school age (P < .01) and initial administration of macrolides (P < .01). Minocycline or DOX (n = 125) or TFX or levofloxacin (n = 15) was used for definitive treatment of MRMP patients. Minocycline or DOX was significantly more effective than TFX (P ≤ .05) in achieving defervescence within 24 hours and in decreasing numbers of M. pneumoniae DNA copies 3 days after initiation. CONCLUSIONS Macrolides are inappropriate as first-choice agents against MRMP in terms of shortening the clinical course and decreasing M. pneumoniae. Control and prevention of MRMP outbreaks in children require early decreases in M. pneumoniae as well as improvement of clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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