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Ko JCK, Choi YWY, Poon ESK, Wyre N, Go JLL, Poon LLM, Sin SYW. Prevalence and genotypes of Chlamydia psittaci in pet birds of Hong Kong. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306528. [PMID: 39241026 PMCID: PMC11379223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Psittacosis, or parrot fever, is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia species associated with birds. One of the causative agents of the disease is Chlamydia psittaci, which is commonly carried by psittacine and other bird species, can be highly pathogenic and virulent to humans. In Hong Kong, a city with high population density, psittacosis is a notifiable disease with over 60% of cases in the last decade resulting in hospitalization. However, the sources of transmission of C. psittaci and its prevalence in pet birds in Hong Kong are currently unknown. To evaluate the risks of psittacosis transmission through pet birds, we tested the presence of C. psittaci and determined its genotypes in samples obtained from 516 captive birds from households, pet shops, and a veterinary hospital in Hong Kong. Results revealed that five samples (0.97%), collected from budgerigars and cockatiels, were C. psittaci-positive, while four (80%) of them were obtained from pet shops. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that all identified strains belonged to Genotype A and showed high similarity to other sequences of this genotype obtained from various geographical locations and host species, including mammals. Our findings provide evidence for the presence of Chlamydia psittaci and shed light on its sources in captive birds in Hong Kong. They highlight the potential zoonotic risks associated with this pathogen, which can affect both humans and wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Cheuk Kei Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yannes Wai Yan Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Shui Kei Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicole Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, Shop 101A to 103A, 1/F, Victoria Centre, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer Le Lin Go
- Centre for Comparative Medicine Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo Lit Man Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Wang J, Jia P, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Sui X, Jin Z, Song W. Diagnosis of a Familial Psittacosis Outbreak with Clinical Analysis and Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Under COVID-19: A Case Series. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1099-1105. [PMID: 38590553 PMCID: PMC10999973 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s440400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of family outbreak of psittacosis and to improve the success rate of treatment. Patients and Methods The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of family outbreak of psittacosis, which consists three patients, diagnosed by clinical analysis and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results We report on three instances of clustered atypical pneumonia, which were caused by Chlamydia psittaci during the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients exhibited symptoms of fever and cough, while one patient also experienced gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Laboratory tests indicated no significant increase in leukocytes and neutrophils, but a mild increase in C-reactive protein was observed in all three patients. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a consolidation shadow in a unilateral lung lobe in all three patients. Both patients were treated with empirical moxifloxacin, yielding unsatisfactory outcomes. mNGS was conducted on sputum samples from one adult patient, revealing the presence of Chlamydia psittaci. Additional doxycycline was prescribed immediately, and then the patients' temperatures were stabilized, and the lesion in chest CT was absorbed. The pediatric patient exhibited less severe symptoms compared to the adult patients and exhibited a favorable response to azithromycin administration. Conclusion This study reports a cluster of a family outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by C. psittaci in China. The occurrence of a family outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic may be attributed to familial aggregation resulting from the epidemic. The three cases reported in this study did not experience severe complications, which can be attributed to the prompt medical intervention and swift diagnosis. This finding implies the need to enhance patients' awareness and vigilance towards their health. Additionally, mNGS emerges as a valuable technique for accurately identifying pathogens causing pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyao Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Sui
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Xie Z, Yang C, Li L, Liu Y. Clinical Characteristics of Six Patients with Chlamydia psittaci Infection Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing: A Case Series. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:869-878. [PMID: 36820082 PMCID: PMC9938668 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s393195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of psittacosis infection has gradually increased in recent years. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can be used to comprehensively identify the total DNA and RNA content of the microbiome, as well as identify both known and unexpected pathogens within 24 hours. We diagnosed and treated six patients with psittacosis infection using mNGS, two of whom developed severe disease and most of whom presented with pulmonary symptoms. One of the young female patients also presented with irregular vaginal bleeding and myocarditis. Patients with underlying gastric disorders first showed gastrointestinal symptoms, which is a rare manifestation in patients with psittacosis. Older patients with underlying disease usually showed more severe symptoms. However, rare complications can also occur in immunocompetent young people and develop into severe disease. All patients showed significant congestion at bronchial lumen lesions, which may be associated with a severe inflammatory response to mucosal Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) infection. Overall, mNGS is a rapid and effective tool for the clinical diagnosis of psittacosis caused by C. psittaci, and early diagnosis and treatment can prevent psittacosis from developing into a serious illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuozhou Xie
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Li
- Department of Medical, Hangzhou Matridx Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lingyi Li, Department of Medical, Hangzhou Matridx Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 2073 Jinchang Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311100, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613888173009, Email
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Yi Liu, Department of Respiration, the Second People’s Hospital of Kunming, No. 871 Longquan Road, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, 650051, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613648898773, Email
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Yin Q, Li Y, Pan H, Hui T, Yu Z, Wu H, Zhang D, Zheng W, Wang S, Zhou Z, Xu C, Wu W, Tong Y, Wang H, Pan H. Atypical pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:622-627. [PMID: 35842216 PMCID: PMC9276535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we retrospectively described the diagnosis and treatment of 32 cases diagnosed with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Clinical information was collected from all the patients. Reverse transcription-PCR and ELISAs were conducted for the detection of COVID-19 using nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was performed for the identification of causative pathogens using BALF, peripheral blood and sputum samples. End-point PCR was performed to confirm the mNGS results. RESULTS All 32 patients showed atypical pneumonia and had infection-like symptoms that were similar to COVID-19. Results of reverse transcription-PCR and ELISAs ruled out COVID-19 infection. mNGS identified C. psittaci as the suspected pathogen in these patients within 48 hours, which was validated by PCR, except for three blood samples. The sequence reads that covered fragments of C. psittaci genome were detected more often in BALF than in sputum or blood samples. All patients received doxycycline-based treatment regimens and showed favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION This retrospective study, with the highest number of C. psittaci pneumonia enrolled cases in China so far, suggests that human psittacosis may be underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed clinically, especially in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Yin
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuecui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Yongkang, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongyi Pan
- Medical Department, Pujiang People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tianchen Hui
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhaonan Yu
- Hangzhou D.A. Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dehe Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shouhao Wang
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhewen Zhou
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chengan Xu
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongxi Tong
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Hangzhou D.A. Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Yang M, Yang DH, Yang H, Ding SZ, Liu CH, Yin HM, Liu D, Chen P, Luo H. Clinical Characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci Pneumonia Infection in Central South China. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:1631-1647. [PMID: 35723864 PMCID: PMC9207437 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia has been a global public health hotspot in recent years. Although some scattered cases of C. psittaci pneumonia have been reported, there is a lack of large case studies worldwide. Methods In this multicenter, observational study, we recruited all consecutive patients with confirmed C. psittaci pneumonia from October 4, 2018, to October 23, 2020, in nine tertiary general hospitals in Central-South China. Epidemiologic and clinical data from patients’ electronic medical records were collected and analyzed. Results One hundred and sixteen patients with C. psittaci pneumonia were included in the study. The mean age was 59.7 years. Fever (96.6%) and cough (65.5%) were the most common clinical symptoms. Most patients presented with an increase in the proportion of neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, LDH, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and a significant decrease in lymphocytes. The main CT lung findings were consolidation (81%) and pleural effusion (35.3%), and bilateral lung consolidation was mainly found in severe patients. Chlamydia psittaci DNA was detected in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) or blood samples by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in all patients. Use of quinolone was associated with shorter length of hospital stay and fever duration after antibiotic use. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that respiratory support was associated with both severe pneumonia and in-hospital death. Conclusions The clinical phenotype of C. psittaci pneumonia is complex and variable. mNGS is helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of C. psittaci pneumonia, and early treatment with quinolone may benefit patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-022-00662-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Hui Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Normal University), Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shui-Zi Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cai-Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Ming Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Medical College (Huaihua Third People's Hospital), Huaihua, 418001, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Sun L, Li P, Pang B, Wu P, Wang R. Gestational Psittacosis With Secondary Hemophagocytic Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:755669. [PMID: 34869453 PMCID: PMC8636855 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.755669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational psittacosis and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) are rare clinical diseases. In this article, a case of gestational psittacosis concomitant with secondary HPS was reported. An analysis was performed on the clinical characteristics, signs, laboratory findings, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of a patient with gestational psittacosis concomitant with secondary HPS. Besides, the literature with respect to this disease was reviewed. This patient was definitively diagnosed through metagenomic next-generation sequencing techniques, bone marrow puncture and smear examination, and the determination of sCD25 level and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Anti-infectives such as doxycycline and etoposide combined with hormone chemotherapy achieved significant improvement in cough and expectoration, a return to normal temperature, and a significant improvement in oxygenation index. In addition, chest computed tomography revealed obvious absorption of lung lesions and a return of NK cell activity and sCD25 levels to normal ranges. Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia requires a clear determination of etiology, while HPS requires bone marrow puncture and smear examination, together with the determination of sCD25 level and NK cell activity in the blood. The findings of this study suggest that metagenomic next-generation sequencing is an effective instrument in clearly identifying pathogens that cause lung infection. Clinicians should consider atypical pathogens of lung infection in patients with poor response to empirical anti-infectives, and strive to design an effective treatment strategy as per an accurate diagnosis based on the etiology. As for patients suffering from long-term high fever and poor temperature control after broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, non-infectious fever should be taken into account. A rapid and clear diagnosis would significantly improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pulin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Chaber AL, Jelocnik M, Woolford L. Undiagnosed Cases of Human Pneumonia Following Exposure to Chlamydia psittaci from an Infected Rosella Parrot. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080968. [PMID: 34451432 PMCID: PMC8399200 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes two cases of occupational exposure to Chlamydia psittaci following dissection of an infected Rosella (Platycercus elegans). The C. psittaci infections (with one of them resulting in diagnosed pneumonia and hospitalisation) were undiagnosed during routine medical investigations but later established due to epidemiological and clinical evidence, and molecular testing of the archived Rosella’ specimens. This case report stresses the importance of correct application and interpretation of diagnostic tests and the need to raise awareness about this zoonotic pathogen among medical practitioners and people exposed to potential animal carriers. Our findings suggest other infected individuals might be misdiagnosed and that C. psittaci (psittacosis) is likely to be underreported in Australia. This case highlights the need to operationalise the One Health concept. We call for improved communication between human and animal health service providers to allow accurate and rapid diagnosis of this zoonotic disease and raised awareness among medical practitioners. Further targeted surveys of wild birds (and other animals) should be conducted to improve assessment of risks to the general population and people working with or exposed to wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia;
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
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A Review of Chlamydial Infections in Wild Birds. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080948. [PMID: 34451412 PMCID: PMC8398480 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chlamydia are a globally distributed genus of bacteria that can infect and cause disease in a range of hosts. Birds are the primary host for multiple chlamydial species. The most well-known of these is Chlamydia psittaci, a zoonotic bacterium that has been identified in a range of wild and domesticated birds. Wild birds are often proposed as a reservoir of Chlamydia psittaci and potentially other chlamydial species. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge of chlamydial infections in wild avian populations. We focus on C. psittaci but also consider other Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria that have been identified in wild birds. We summarise the diversity, host range, and clinical signs of infection in wild birds and consider the potential implications of these infections for zoonotic transmission and avian conservation. Chlamydial bacteria have been found in more than 70 species of wild birds, with the greatest chlamydial diversity identified in Europe. The Corvidae and Accipitridae families are emerging as significant chlamydial hosts, in addition to established wild hosts such as the Columbidae. Clarifying the effects of these bacteria on avian host fitness and the zoonotic potential of emerging Chlamydiales will help us to understand the implications of these infections for avian and human health.
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Li N, Li S, Tan W, Wang H, Xu H, Wang D. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the family outbreak of psittacosis: the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China under COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1418-1428. [PMID: 34176434 PMCID: PMC8284143 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1948358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans, also known as psittacosis, is usually believed to be an uncommon disease which mainly presents as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is usually sporadic, but outbreaks of infection may occasionally occur. In outbreaks, diagnosis and investigations were usually hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify C. psittaci. In this study, we use metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of a family outbreak of psittacosis under COVID-19. Three members of an extended family of 6 persons developed psittacosis with pneumonia and hepatic involvement with common symptoms of fever and weakness. Two newly purchased pet parrots, which had died successively, were probably the primary source of infection. Imagings show lung consolidations and infiltrates, which are difficult to be differentiated from CAP caused by other common pathogens. mNGS rapidly identified the infecting agent as C. psittaci within 48 h. The results of this work suggest that there are not characteristic clinical manifestations and imagings of psittacosis pneumonia which can differentiate from CAP caused by other pathogens. The use of mNGS can improve accuracy and reduce the delay in the diagnosis of psittacosis especially during the outbreak, which can shorten the course of the disease control. Family outbreak under COVID-19 may be related to the familial aggregation due to the epidemic. To our knowledge, this is the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China, and the first reported psittacosis outbreak identified by the method of mNGS in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmei Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Vision Medicals Center for Infection Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Sukon P, Nam NH, Kittipreeya P, Sara-In A, Wawilai P, Inchuai R, Weerakhun S. Global prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105370. [PMID: 33984601 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chamydia species are bacterial pathogens that can infect a wide range of animal hosts including humans. In birds, Chlamydia psittaci is a leading cause of chlamydial infections (avian chlamydiosis) and is a zoonotic pathogen causing human psittacosis. The objectives of this study were to estimate the global prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds, to assess heterogeneity of the prevalence for some particular characteristics (continents, bird orders, specimen types, and diagnostic techniques), and to determine the trend of the prevalence over time. The relevant citations on the prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved citations were screened for possible eligibility. Then, full-texts of eligible articles were assessed for data extraction. A random effects model was used for estimating the global prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds and for all other meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess heterogeneity of the prevalence for the characteristics mentioned above. Meta-regression analysis and cumulative meta-analysis were used to determine the trend of the prevalence over time. The quality of each included study was also evaluated. Of 579 citations, 74 studies (a total of 39,225 bird samples from 26 countries, five continents) were included in meta-analysis. Almost all included studies reported birds with C. psittaci infections. The global prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds was 19.5 % (95 % CI, 16.3 %-23.1 %). No significant differences of the prevalence were observed among continents, the prevalence ranged from 16.5 % (95 % CI, 9.8 %-26.5 %) in South America to 21.7 % (95 % CI, 12.1 %-35.9 %) in North America. No significant differences of the prevalence were observed among bird orders, the prevalence ranged from 13.4 % (95 % CI, 7.0 %-23.9 %) in Passeriformes to 32.0 % (95 % CI, 20.6 %-46.1 %) in Galliformes. No significant differences of the prevalence were observed between specimen types; the prevalence was 18.4 % (95 % CI, 15.2 %-22.2 %) for live specimens and 26.3 % (95 % CI, 17.1 %-38.1 %) for carcass specimens. The prevalence was significantly higher in non-PCR techniques (29.5 %, [95 % CI, 22.4 %-37.8 %]) than in PCR techniques (15.3 %, [95 % CI, 12.1 %-19.1 %]). The cumulative evidence showed that the prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds has been relatively stable around 20 % since 2012. This study indicates that the global prevalence of chlamydial infections in birds is quite high and all bird orders are potential sources for human psittacosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peerapol Sukon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Research and Development on Toxic Substances, Microorganisms and Feed Additives in Livestock and Aquatic Animals for Food Safety, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Rawikan Inchuai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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Li MH, Yang BT, Yin ZW, Wang W, Zhao Q, Jiang J. A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia Infection in Chickens, Ducks, and Geese in Jilin Province, Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:825-830. [PMID: 32746740 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia are common protozoan pathogens, which can pose health risks to people around the world and cause considerable economic losses. Although information on the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia in chickens can be found in China, knowledge on the infection of these two diseases in rural chickens, ducks, and geese is limited. Therefore, blood samples from 377 chickens, 268 ducks, and 379 geese were taken from rural areas in seven cities in northeastern China, and their seropositivity was analyzed by the indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) test with a cutoff titer of 1:64. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia was 10.6% and 21.0%, respectively. Moreover, the free-range poultry (20.75% and 30.55%) have significantly higher seroprevalences than caged poultry (5.47% and 15.66%) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in older and younger poultry was found to be 5.48% and 12.89%, and those in Chlamydia were 23.53% and 15.16%, respectively. There were significant differences between different ages (p < 0.05). But regarding the prevalence of both, it is not clear in this way which one is the prevalence for younger and older for each specific pathogen. Logistic regression analysis suggested that geography were considered as a risk factor for T. gondii infection in this study. Our study is the first report on the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Chlamydia in poultry in rural areas of Jilin Province, China. These data reflect that T. gondii and Chlamydia are widespread in poultry in northeastern China, leading to a risk of infection in human health. Therefore, the prevention and control of Toxoplasma and Chlamydia infection in poultry, other animals, and humans should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Tong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China.,Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, P.R. China
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Chlamydia psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040722. [PMID: 32326284 PMCID: PMC7222846 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate, intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium and economically relevant pathogen in poultry and pet bird, could cause psittacosis/ornithosis, and is also a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia after zoonotic transmission. H9N2 influenza virus, a low pathogenic avian influenza viruses’ subtype, has become endemic in different types of domestic poultry in lots of countries, resulting in great economic loss due to reduced egg production or high mortality associated with coinfection with other pathogens. These two pathogens are easily mixed with other pathogens to aggravate the disease, and often cause mixed infection in clinics. Co-infection of C. psittaci with H9N2 commonly induces severe pneumonia and high mortality in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. According to previous studies, we postulated that C. psittaci infection may beneficial for the replication of H9N2 in HD11. Consequently, in this study, we clarify the pathogenic mechanism of coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11, which is the first study of the coinfection of C. psittaci and H9N2 in vitro. Abstract In a pilot study, simultaneous infection with Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) and H9N2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. However, the pathogenesis is still unclear. In the current study, we hypothesized that C. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates H9N2 infection. To explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of C. psittaci and H9N2 on the functions of HD11 cells in vitro by simultaneous infection of C. psittaci and H9N2. At the same time, we used infection with C. psittaci or H9N2 alone as the control groups. The results showed that coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could significantly aggravate the mortality of HD11 cells compared to C. psittaci or H9N2 infection alone. In addition, coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 did not induce high C. psittaci loads compared to C. psittaci infection alone at 12- and 24-hours post-inoculation (hpi), but coinfection with C. psittaci and H9N2 could increase the loads of H9N2 compared to H9N2 alone in HD11 cells at 12 hpi. More importantly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels, enzyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and phagocytosis were reduced significantly in the group with C. psittaci and H9N2 coinfection compared to those of H9N2 or C. psittaci alone at 24 hpi. Finally, C. psittaci infection induced robust expressions of type Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, while interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed a significant decrease compared to H9N2 infection alone at 24 hpi. All the above data indicate that C. psittaci infection can facilitate H9N2 invasion and to aggravate severe avian airsacculitis by impairing macrophage functions.
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Wang C, Li L, Xie Y, Tan Y, Wen Y, Chen Q, Yu J, Song Y, Wu Y. Isolation and Characterization of Avian Chlamydia psittaci from Symptomatic Pet Birds in Southern Hunan, China. Avian Dis 2020; 63:31-37. [PMID: 31251517 DOI: 10.1637/11932-071718-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic pathogen with multiple hosts, especially avian, and can be transmitted to humans, causing psittacosis or ornithosis. No effective vaccines have been developed. We therefore isolate and genotype avian C. psittaci strains and investigate the pathogenicity of isolates in the southern Hunan area of China. Among 200 suspicious avian specimens, eight were positive for the C. psittaci outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene (4%), and seven were successfully cultured in human epithelial type 2 and Vero cells (87.5%). Genotyping of the ompA gene of the eight PCR-positive samples revealed that all of the cultured strains, except for the E9 strain, belonged to genotype A. Pathologic changes in the mice infected with C. psittaci via intranasal inoculation showed severe pneumonia and intense infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung in a dose-dependent manner, and immunohistochemical staining displayed different levels of infiltration of C. psittaci inclusions in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and, especially, lung. Our findings demonstrate that genotype A dominates all C. psittaci genotypes in the southern Hunan area and that the C. psittaci avian isolates in this region possess dose-dependent pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yafeng Xie
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China.,Department of Experimental Zoology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China,
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Zhang H, Zhan D, Chen D, Huang W, Yu M, Li Q, Marcos PJ, Tattevin P, Wu D, Wang L. Next-generation sequencing diagnosis of severe pneumonia from fulminant psittacosis with multiple organ failure: a case report and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:401. [PMID: 32355845 PMCID: PMC7186658 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study includes a retrospective analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of a case of severe pneumonia from fulminant psittacosis with multiple organ failure. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the pathogen was conducted. The purpose of this study was to summarize the clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of the case and to improve understanding of the value of NGS in the diagnosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Fulminant psittacosis can be manifested as severe pneumonia with rapid progression, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. Imaging shows unilateral lung consolidation, which is difficult to differentiate from CAP caused by common pathogens. The NGS technology can early detect rare pathogens, thus reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics and shortening the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Danting Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Weibin Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Qiuwen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Pedro J Marcos
- Pneumology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruna (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China
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15
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Difficulties in Diagnosis of Psittacosis or Ornithosis: A Case Report. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.65779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Tolba HMN, Abou Elez RMM, Elsohaby I. Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infections in psittacine birds and bird handlers. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:402-410. [PMID: 30353983 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infections in psittacine birds and bird handlers in Egypt. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 190 swabs were collected from psittacine birds (n = 120) and bird handlers (n = 70) and were tested by polymerase chain reaction to detect the C. psittaci ompA gene. Chlamydia psittaci DNA was detected in 63 (52·5%) of 120 samples collected from psittacine birds. The occurrence of C. psittaci infections was high in Cockatiel birds (60%), followed by Fischer's lovebird (51%) and Rosy-faced lovebird (47·5%). Bird age, location (pet markets and households), housing (caged and aviary), and sampling season were considered significant risk factors for C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds. Of the 70 sputum swabs collected from bird handlers, only 4 (6%) were positive for C. psittaci. Positive cases were closely associated with older persons (≥30 years) who had respiratory signs and handled birds in pet markets. Further, wearing protective gloves and washing hands when handling psittacine birds decreased the frequency of C. psittaci infections in bird handlers. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds in Egypt is high, which has a potential threat to human health in this area. Thus, dissemination of effective prevention and control measures is essential to prevent the spread of C. psittaci among psittacine birds, as well as among humans in contact with birds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results from this study highlighted the risk factors associated with C. psittaci infections in psittacine birds and bird handlers in Egypt and will aid in developing prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of C. psittaci infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M N Tolba
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - R M M Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - I Elsohaby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt.,Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Wang X, Zhang NZ, Ma CF, Zhang XX, Zhao Q, Ni HB. Epidemiological Investigation and Genotype of Chlamydia Exposure in Pigeons in Three Provinces in Northern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:181-184. [PMID: 29350589 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is considered as one of the most widely prevalent zoonotic pathogens. It can spread from infected birds to human beings through direct or indirect contact with fecal shedding of Chlamydia. However, data concerning prevalence and genotypes of Chlamydia in pigeons are limited. In the present study, a total of 963 serum samples was collected from Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in China between August 2015 and December 2016 and the seroprevalence for Chlamydia was analyzed by indirect hemagglutination assay test. The seroprevalence of Chlamydia was 20.4% (215/963) in total, at the cutoff 1:16, with the titers of 1:16 in 109, 1:64 in 49, 1:256 in 38, and 1:1024 in 18. Samples from all six administrative cities were detected Chlamydia-seropositive, ranging from 19.0% to 25.0%. Adult pigeons (23.5%) have a significant higher seroprevalence than juveniles (15.2%). Four PCR-positive samples represented Chlamydia psittaci genotype B. This is the first report of Chlamydia infection in pigeons in Liaoning Province and IMAR. The occurrence of C. psittaci genotype B in the droppings of pigeons suggests potential environmental contamination with C. psittaci and may raise a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- 1 College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Ma
- 3 Changchun Key Laboratory of Transomics Biotechnologies , GenSci-Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- 4 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- 5 College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University , Shuangyang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- 4 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, China
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Balsamo G, Maxted AM, Midla JW, Murphy JM, Wohrle R, Edling TM, Fish PH, Flammer K, Hyde D, Kutty PK, Kobayashi M, Helm B, Oiulfstad B, Ritchie BW, Stobierski MG, Ehnert K, Tully TN. Compendium of Measures to ControlChlamydia psittaciInfection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017. J Avian Med Surg 2017; 31:262-282. [DOI: 10.1647/217-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Samanta I, Bandyopadhyay S. Infectious Diseases. PET BIRD DISEASES AND CARE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121861 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chapter describes bacerial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections commonly detected in pet birds. The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections.
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Feng Y, Feng YM, Zhang ZH, Wu SX, Zhong DB, Liu CJ. Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming, Yunnan, China. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016. [DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia psittaci infection in domestic geese Anser domestica, in Hainan province of China. Acta Trop 2015; 145:23-5. [PMID: 25700712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci, the agent of psittacosis in humans, infects a wide range of bird species. To assess the risk of psittacosis posed by domestic geese in China, the seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in domestic geese in Hainan province, tropical China was examined using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 25.6% (461/1800; 95% CI: 23.6-27.6). The C. psittaci seroprevalence ranged from 19% (95% CI: 14.6-23.4) to 34% (95% CI: 28.6-39.4) among different regions in Hainan province, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). The risk factors significantly associated with C. psittaci seroprevalence were the presence of hygiene conditions, age, gender, and environment of geese in the farms. The results of the present investigation indicated the high seroprevalence of C. psittaci infection in geese in Hainan province, tropical China. Close contact with these geese is associated with a risk of zoonotic transmission of C. psittaci. Public education should be implemented to reduce the risk of avian to human transmission of such a pathogenic agent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the occurrence of C. psittaci seroprevalence in geese in China.
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Chlamydia Infection in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:460473. [PMID: 25945336 PMCID: PMC4402174 DOI: 10.1155/2015/460473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria distributed all over the world, known to cause various forms of diseases in animals and humans. In the present study, a serological survey was conducted to detect the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with rabbit chlamydiosis in northeast China, including Liaoning province, Jilin province, Heilongjiang province, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Antibodies to Chlamydia were determined by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence was estimated at 17.88% in total of 800 blood samples. The Chlamydia seroprevalence varied in domestic rabbits from different factors, and genders of domestic rabbits were considered as major risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection. Our study revealed a widespread and high prevalence of Chlamydia infection in domestic rabbits in northeast China, with higher exposure risk in female domestic rabbits. These findings suggested the potential importance of domestic rabbits in the transmission of zoonotic Chlamydia infection, and thus Chlamydia should be taken into consideration in diagnosing rabbit diseases. To our knowledge, there is no report of Chlamydia infection in domestic rabbits in China and the results extend the host range for Chlamydia, which has important implications for public health and the local economy.
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Qin SY, Huang SY, Yin MY, Tan QD, Liu GX, Zhou DH, Zhu XQ, Zhou JZ, Qian AD. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia abortus infection in free-ranging white yaks in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25601354 PMCID: PMC4308933 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia is gram-negative obligate bacteria which causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. To date, there are a few reports about the seroprevalence of Chlamydia and the risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection in yaks in the world. In this study, 974 blood samples were collected from white yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu province, northwest China from June 2013 to April 2014. Results Antibodies against Chlamydia abortus were examined by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and 158 of 974 (16.22%) white yaks were seropositive for C. abortus antibodies at the cut-off of 1:16. The risk factors associated with seroprevalence were evaluated by a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Region, gender and age of white yak were left out of the final model, due to its insignificance in the logistic regression analysis (P > 0.05). However, season was considered as a major risk factor associated with C. abortus infection in white yaks. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first survey of C. abortus seroprevalence in white yaks in China, which extends the host range for C. abortus and has important implications for public health and the local Tibetan economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ming-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, PR China.
| | - Qi-Dong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230000, PR China.
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ji-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
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Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infection in three species of pet birds in northwest China. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:296285. [PMID: 25530995 PMCID: PMC4230193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/296285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, has been reported in a wide variety of animals, including birds, but little is known of HEV infection in pet birds in northwest China. The objective of the present investigation was to examine HEV seroprevalence in three species of pet birds, namely, Eurasian siskin, Oriental skylark, and black-tailed grosbeak from Gansu. Serum samples collected from 685 pet birds from August 2011 to September 2012 were examined independently for the presence of antibodies against HEV. A total of 59 (8.31%) pet birds were tested positive for HEV antibodies by the commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits. Of these, the seroprevalence was diverse in different species pet birds; the most frequent level was 10.83% (39/360) in Eurasian siskin, followed by 6.57% (19/289) in Oriental skylark, and 2.29% (1/36) in black-tailed grosbeak. Age and collecting region of pet birds were the main risk factors associated with HEV infection. The present study firstly revealed the seroprevalence of HEV infection in three species of pet birds in northwest China, which provided the baseline data for taking comprehensive countermeasures and measures for effectively preventing and controlling HEV infection in birds.
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