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Frost JR, Seo GE, Dust K, Bullard J, Daley P, LeBlanc JJ, Hiebert J, McLachlan E, Severini A. Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada. Viruses 2024; 16:1280. [PMID: 39205254 PMCID: PMC11359846 DOI: 10.3390/v16081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, a trend that has been seen in other countries with high mumps vaccination rates. To characterize mumps outbreaks in Canada, genomes from samples from Manitoba (n = 209), Newfoundland (n = 25), and Nova Scotia (n = 48) were sequenced and analysed by Bayesian inference. Whole genome sequencing was shown to be highly discriminatory for outbreak investigations compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. The results showed that mumps virus genotype G most likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US. Overall, this Canadian outbreak data from different provinces and ancestral strains demonstrates the benefits of molecular genomic data to better characterize mumps outbreaks, but also suggests genomics could further our understanding of the reasons for potential immune escape of mumps genotype G and evolution in highly vaccinated populations. With a possible endemic circulation of mumps genotype G and the remaining risk of new imported cases, increased surveillance and alternative vaccination strategies may be required for Canada to reach the current target for mumps or a future elimination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Rae Frost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.R.F.); (G.E.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Grace Eunchong Seo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.R.F.); (G.E.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Kerry Dust
- Cadham Provincial Lab, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada;
| | - Jared Bullard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.R.F.); (G.E.S.); (J.B.)
- Cadham Provincial Lab, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada;
| | - Peter Daley
- Discipline of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - Jason J. LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth McLachlan
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Alberto Severini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.R.F.); (G.E.S.); (J.B.)
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (J.H.); (E.M.)
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van Boven M, Backer JA, Veldhuijzen I, Gomme J, van Binnendijk R, Kaaijk P. Estimation of the infection attack rate of mumps in an outbreak among college students using paired serology. Epidemics 2024; 46:100751. [PMID: 38442537 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus is a highly transmissible pathogen that is effectively controlled in countries with high vaccination coverage. Nevertheless, outbreaks have occurred worldwide over the past decades in vaccinated populations. Here we analyse an outbreak of mumps virus genotype G among college students in the Netherlands over the period 2009-2012 using paired serological data. To identify infections in the presence of preexisting antibodies we compared mumps specific serum IgG concentrations in two consecutive samples (n=746), whereby the first sample was taken when students started their study prior to the outbreaks, and the second sample was taken 2-5 years later. We fit a binary mixture model to the data. The two mixing distributions represent uninfected and infected classes. Throughout we assume that the infection probability increases with the ratio of antibody concentrations of the second to first sample. The estimated infection attack rate in this study is higher than reported earlier (0.095 versus 0.042). The analyses yield probabilistic classifications of participants, which are mostly quite precise owing to the high intraclass correlation of samples in uninfected participants (0.85, 95%CrI: 0.82-0.87). The estimated probability of infection increases with decreasing antibody concentration in the pre-outbreak sample, such that the probability of infection is 0.12 (95%CrI: 0.10-0.13) for the lowest quartile of the pre-outbreak samples and 0.056 (95%CrI: 0.044-0.068) for the highest quartile. We discuss the implications of these insights for the design of booster vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jantien A Backer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Gomme
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Ruan J, Dong W, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Niu B, Chen Q, Fu Z, Zhu F, An Q, Tian D. Establishment of a model to assess mumps virus neurovirulence in neonatal Wistar rats. Vaccine 2022; 40:6397-6403. [PMID: 36184403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is highly neurotropic and neurovirulent, hence, the neurovirulence of virus seeds used in the production of mumps vaccines must be tested. The previous neurovirulence evaluation method involves measuring the area of the cavity in the Lewis neonatal rat brain caused by MuV through paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. However, the processes of paraffin sectioning and HE staining are time consuming and complicated. To solve this problem, in this study, a vibratome sectioning system was first deployed to evaluate MuV neurovirulence in the rat brain instead of paraffin sectioning and HE staining. The results showed that the vibratome sectioning method could assess the neurovirulence potential of MuV more objectively and efficiently. In addition, the effects of different MuV doses and the ages of the rats in days on this evaluation method were explored. The results indicate that MuV at no less than 10 50 % cell culture infective dose (CCID50) could cause obvious cavity formation in 1-day-old rat brains. The neonatal rat model developed in this study could evaluate the neurovirulence of different MuV strains with high sensitivity and good repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Ruan
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China
| | - Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Yuanbao Liu
- Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China
| | - Biao Niu
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Qi An
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China.
| | - Dayong Tian
- R&D Department, Shanghai King-cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201506, China.
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Lanfermeijer J, Nühn MM, Emmelot ME, Poelen MCM, van Els CACM, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D, Kaaijk P, de Wit J. Longitudinal Characterization of the Mumps-Specific HLA-A2 Restricted T-Cell Response after Mumps Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1431. [PMID: 34960178 PMCID: PMC8707000 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waning of the mumps virus (MuV)-specific humoral response after vaccination has been suggested as a cause for recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated young adults, although it cannot explain all cases. Moreover, CD8+ T cells may play an important role in the response against MuV; however, little is known about the characteristics and dynamics of the MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell response after MuV infection. Here, we had the opportunity to follow the CD8+ T-cell response to three recently identified HLA-A2*02:01-restricted MuV-specific epitopes from 1.5 to 36 months post-MuV infection in five previously vaccinated and three unvaccinated individuals. The infection-induced CD8+ T-cell response was dominated by T cells specific for the ALDQTDIRV and LLDSSTTRV epitopes, while the response to the GLMEGQIVSV epitope was subdominant. MuV-specific CD8+ T-cell frequencies in the blood declined between 1.5 and 9 months after infection. This decline was not explained by changes in the expression of inhibitory receptors or homing markers. Despite the ongoing changes in the frequencies and phenotype of MuV-specific CD8+ T cells, TCRβ analyses revealed a stable MuV-specific T-cell repertoire over time. These insights in the maintenance of the cellular response against mumps may provide hallmarks for optimizing vaccination strategies towards a long-term cellular memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marieke M. Nühn
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Maarten E. Emmelot
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Martien C. M. Poelen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.L.); (M.M.N.); (M.E.E.); (M.C.M.P.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.); (D.v.B.); (P.K.)
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Kauffmann F, Heffernan C, Meurice F, Ota MOC, Vetter V, Casabona G. Measles, mumps, rubella prevention: how can we do better? Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:811-826. [PMID: 34096442 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1927722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measles, mumps, and rubella incidence decreased drastically following vaccination programs' implementation. However, measles and mumps' resurgence was recently reported, outbreaks still occur, and challenges remain to control these diseases. AREAS COVERED This qualitative narrative review provides an objective appraisal of the literature regarding current challenges in controlling measles, mumps, rubella infections, and interventions to address them. EXPERT OPINION While vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella (including trivalent vaccines) are widely used and effective, challenges to control these diseases are mainly related to insufficient immunization coverage and changing vaccination needs owing to new global environment (e.g. traveling, migration, population density). By understanding disease transmission peculiarities by setting, initiatives are needed to optimize vaccination policies and increase vaccination coverage, which was further negatively impacted by COVID-19 pandemic. Also, awareness of the potential severity of infections and the role of vaccines should increase. Reminder systems, vaccination of disadvantaged, high-risk and difficult-to-reach populations, accessibility of vaccination, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccination services management should improve. Outbreak preparedness should be strengthened, including implementation of high-quality surveillance systems to monitor epidemiology. While the main focus should be on these public health initiatives to increase vaccination coverage, slightly more benefits could come from evolution of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Heffernan
- NHS England (London Region), 1st Floor, Wellington House, 133-155 Waterloo Road, London, SE16UG, UK
| | - François Meurice
- GSK, Avenue Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.,Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Connell AR, Connell J, Leahy TR, Hassan J. Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations-Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2089. [PMID: 33072071 PMCID: PMC7531022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Connell
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeff Connell
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Ronan Leahy
- Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jaythoon Hassan
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Soetens L, Backer JA, Hahné S, van Binnendijk R, Gouma S, Wallinga J. Visual tools to assess the plausibility of algorithm-identified infectious disease clusters: an application to mumps data from the Netherlands dating from January 2009 to June 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30914076 PMCID: PMC6440581 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.12.1800331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction With growing amounts of data available, identification of clusters of persons linked to each other by transmission of an infectious disease increasingly relies on automated algorithms. We propose cluster finding to be a two-step process: first, possible transmission clusters are identified using a cluster algorithm, second, the plausibility that the identified clusters represent genuine transmission clusters is evaluated. Aim To introduce visual tools to assess automatically identified clusters. Methods We developed tools to visualise: (i) clusters found in dimensions of time, geographical location and genetic data; (ii) nested sub-clusters within identified clusters; (iii) intra-cluster pairwise dissimilarities per dimension; (iv) intra-cluster correlation between dimensions. We applied our tools to notified mumps cases in the Netherlands with available disease onset date (January 2009 – June 2016), geographical information (location of residence), and pathogen sequence data (n = 112). We compared identified clusters to clusters reported by the Netherlands Early Warning Committee (NEWC). Results We identified five mumps clusters. Three clusters were considered plausible. One was questionable because, in phylogenetic analysis, genetic sequences related to it segregated in two groups. One was implausible with no smaller nested clusters, high intra-cluster dissimilarities on all dimensions, and low intra-cluster correlation between dimensions. The NEWC reports concurred with our findings: the plausible/questionable clusters corresponded to reported outbreaks; the implausible cluster did not. Conclusion Our tools for assessing automatically identified clusters allow outbreak investigators to rapidly spot plausible transmission clusters for mumps and other human-to-human transmissible diseases. This fast information processing potentially reduces workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes Soetens
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jantien A Backer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco Wallinga
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Sun X, Tang F, Hu Y, Deng X, Wang Z, Zhou M, Liu Y. High risk of mumps infection in children who received one dose of mumps-containing vaccine: waning immunity to mumps in children aged 2-5 years from kindergartens in Jiangsu Province, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1738-1742. [PMID: 31977281 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1708162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the period of immunization with a single-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which has been available since 2008in China, the incidence of mumps in children aged 2-5 years has been high. The aim of this study was to determine the immunity profile of mumps in children aged 2-5 years as part of the assessment of the MMR vaccination strategy. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of IgG antibodies against mumps virus in children aged 2-5 years was performed. Analysis by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay(ELISA)was performed to measure IgG antibodies against mumps virus in the sera of 2-to5-year-old children who had been vaccinated with at least one dose of MMR vaccine. RESULTS Mumps outbreaks mainly occurred in kindergarten and primary schools and primarily involved children in kindergarten from 2015-2016 in Jiangsu Province. In total, 4,033 children were surveyed. The overall seroprevalence of mumps antibodies was 79.0% (95% CI:78.4-79.6), and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) was 323.6 mIU/ml (309.0-338.8). Both univariate and multivariate survival analysis of seroprevalence showed that several factors contributed to having significant seroprevalence among the 2-to-5-year-old group (P < .05). The seroprevalence of children with a single-dose MMR vaccine regimen (78.4%, 95% CI: 77.8-80.4) was significantly lower than that of children with a two-dose MMR vaccine regimen (96.5%, 95% CI: 88.6%-96.1%). The seroprevalence rate was negatively correlated with time since inoculation (P < .01). CONCLUSION Children who received a single dose of MMR vaccine in kindergarten, particularly the 2-year-old group in the northern region of Jiangsu Province, China, are at high risk of mumps infection. Our study demonstrates thata single-dose MMR vaccine regimen has a limited effect on controlling mumps, which highlights the benefit of introducing a two-dose MMR vaccine schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fenyang Tang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuying Deng
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanbao Liu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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McNall RJ, Wharton AK, Anderson R, Clemmons N, Lopareva EN, Gonzalez C, Espinosa A, Probert WS, Hacker JK, Liu G, Garfin J, Strain AK, Boxrud D, Bryant PW, George KS, Davis T, Griesser RH, Shult P, Bankamp B, Hickman CJ, Wroblewski K, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of mumps viruses associated with the resurgence of mumps in the United States: 2015-2017. Virus Res 2020; 281:197935. [PMID: 32194138 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite high coverage with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in the United States, outbreaks of mumps occur in close contact settings such as schools, colleges, and camps. Starting in late 2015, outbreaks were reported from several universities, and by the end of 2017, greater than 13,800 cases had been reported nation-wide. In 2013, the CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories contracted four Vaccine Preventable Diseases Reference Centers (VPD-RCs) to perform real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect mumps RNA in clinical samples and to determine the genotype. Twelve genotypes of mumps virus are currently recognized by the World Health Organization, and the standard protocol for genotyping requires sequencing the entire gene coding for the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the 1862 mumps samples genotyped from 2015 through 2017 showed that the overall diversity of genotypes detected was low. Only 0.8 % of the sequences were identified as genotypes C, H, J, or K, and 0.5 % were identified as vaccine strains in genotypes A or N, while most sequences (98.7 %) were genotype G. The majority of the genotype G sequences could be included into one of two large groups with identical SH sequences. Within genotype G, a small number of phylogenetically significant outlier sequences were associated with epidemiologically distinct chains of transmission. These results demonstrate that molecular and epidemiologic data can be used to track transmission pathways of mumps virus; however, the limited diversity of the SH sequences may be insufficient for resolving transmission in all outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J McNall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam K Wharton
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raydel Anderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nakia Clemmons
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elena N Lopareva
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alex Espinosa
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Jill K Hacker
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Gongping Liu
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jacob Garfin
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - David Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Patrick W Bryant
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten St George
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Davis
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Richard H Griesser
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Peter Shult
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carole J Hickman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Wroblewski
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Veneti L, Borgen K, Borge KS, Danis K, Greve-Isdahl M, Konsmo K, Njølstad G, Nordbø SA, Øystese KS, Rykkvin R, Sagvik E, Riise ØR. Large outbreak of mumps virus genotype G among vaccinated students in Norway, 2015 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30255834 PMCID: PMC6157090 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.38.1700642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
From 6 September 2015–May 2016, a large mumps outbreak occurred among vaccinated students in Norway. A case was defined as a person presenting with a clinical mumps infection, notified between 1 September 2015 and 30 June 2016. Confirmed cases had positive laboratory confirmation and probable cases had an epidemiological link; PCR-positive specimens were genotyped. A total of 232 cases were notified (230 confirmed) with median age of 23 years (range 4–81) and 61% were male. Of 68 (30%) confirmed cases that were genotyped, 66 were genotype G and associated with the outbreak. Cases that had received two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine had reduced risk of hospitalisation (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 0.14; 95%CI: 0.03–0.57), mumps-related orchitis (aRR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.08–0.55) and severe outcome (aRR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10–0.62) compared with those unvaccinated. A third dose of the vaccine was offered to approximately 1,300 fully vaccinated close contacts and subsequently reported cases decreased. This large outbreak, occurring among predominately vaccinated students, suggests the current genotype A vaccine offers suboptimal protection against mumps genotype G. We recommend maintaining high vaccination coverage and offering the vaccine to all unvaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Veneti
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgen
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaja Sverdrup Borge
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kostas Danis
- Santé publique France, the French national public health agency (SpFrance), Saint-Maurice, France.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margrethe Greve-Isdahl
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Konsmo
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Njølstad
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Stidal Øystese
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipality of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rikard Rykkvin
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.,Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eli Sagvik
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipality of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Rolandsen Riise
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Vermeire T, Barbezange C, Francart A, Hamouda A, Litzroth A, Hutse V, Martens L, Vandermarliere E, Van Gucht S. Sera from different age cohorts in Belgium show limited cross-neutralization between the mumps vaccine and outbreak strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:907.e1-907.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Bodewes R, van Rooijen K, Cremer J, Veldhuijzen IK, van Binnendijk R. Optimizing molecular surveillance of mumps genotype G viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:230-234. [PMID: 30738791 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mumps viruses continue to cause sporadic cases and outbreaks in countries with a high vaccination coverage for mumps. Molecular surveillance of mumps viruses can be supportive to elucidate the origin and transmission routes of mumps virus in case of an outbreak. Currently, molecular surveillance is worldwide primarily focused on sequencing of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene. However, few studies have already shown that additional genes or regions contribute to the resolution of the sequence data in such a way that mumps cases that seem to be linked to the same source on basis of the SH sequence, appear to be linked to another source or chain of transmission. Notably, this sequence information was recently extracted from the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) genes (total 3364 nucleotides), or from the sum of the three non-coding regions (NCRs; total 1954 nt) between the nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein and F protein, but also from the complete genome. Here, sequence data from NCRs were compared with that of the HN and F gene, using mumps genotype G viruses detected in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2018. Results of this study indicate that NCRs sequence data provided similar or slightly better sequence resolution compared to the HN and F genes for most viruses. For molecular surveillance of currently circulating mumps genotype G viruses is sequencing of SH in combination with NCRs currently a useful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Kristel van Rooijen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Differences in antigenic sites and other functional regions between genotype A and G mumps virus surface proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13337. [PMID: 30190529 PMCID: PMC6127219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface proteins of the mumps virus, the fusion protein (F) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), are key factors in mumps pathogenesis and are important targets for the immune response during mumps virus infection. We compared the predicted amino acid sequences of the F and HN genes from Dutch mumps virus samples from the pre-vaccine era (1957-1982) with mumps virus genotype G strains (from 2004 onwards). Genotype G is the most frequently detected mumps genotype in recent outbreaks in vaccinated communities, especially in Western Europe, the USA and Japan. Amino acid differences between the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strains (genotype A) and genotype G strains were predominantly located in known B-cell epitopes and in N-linked glycosylation sites on the HN protein. There were eight variable amino acid positions specific to genotype A or genotype G sequences in five known B-cell epitopes of the HN protein. These differences may account for the reported antigenic differences between Jeryl Lynn and genotype G strains. We also found amino acid differences in and near sites on the HN protein that have been reported to play a role in mumps virus pathogenesis. These differences may contribute to the occurrence of genotype G outbreaks in vaccinated communities.
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14
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L’Huillier AG, Eshaghi A, Racey CS, Ogbulafor K, Lombos E, Higgins RR, Alexander DC, Kristjanson E, Maregmen J, Gubbay JB, Mazzulli T. Laboratory testing and phylogenetic analysis during a mumps outbreak in Ontario, Canada. Virol J 2018; 15:98. [PMID: 29866178 PMCID: PMC5987625 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2009, a mumps outbreak originated in New York and spread to Northeastern USA and Canada. This study compares the performance of different diagnostic testing methods used in Ontario and describes molecular characteristics of the outbreak strain. METHODS Between September 2009 and February 2010, specimens from suspect cases were submitted to Public Health Ontario Laboratory for mumps serology, culture and/or real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) testing. rRT-PCR-positive specimens underwent genotyping at Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory. Whole genome sequencing was performed on four outbreak and three sporadic viral culture isolates. RESULTS Six hundred ninety-eight patients had IgM serology testing, of which 255 (37%) had culture and rRT-PCR. Among those, 35/698 (5%) were IgM positive, 39/255 (15%) culture positive and 47/255 (18%) rRT-PCR-positive. Buccal swabs had the highest rRT-PCR positivity (21%). The outbreak isolates were identical to that in the New York outbreak occurring at the same time. Nucleotide and amino acid identity with the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain ranged from 85.0-94.5% and 82.4-99.4%, depending on the gene and coding sequences. Homology of the HN protein, the main immunogenic mumps virus protein, was found to be 94.5 and 95.3%, when compared to Jeryl Lynn vaccine major and minor components, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher sensitivity than serology, rRT-PCR testing is underutilized. Further work is needed to better understand the suboptimal match of the HN gene between the outbreak strain and the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud G. L’Huillier
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Alireza Eshaghi
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - C. Sarai Racey
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- Present address: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Katherene Ogbulafor
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Ernesto Lombos
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Rachel R. Higgins
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - David C. Alexander
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- Present address: Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3Y1 Canada
| | - Erik Kristjanson
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Jocelyn Maregmen
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Jonathan B. Gubbay
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada
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15
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Mumps outbreaks: A problem in need of solutions. J Infect 2018; 76:503-506. [PMID: 29678496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss what is presently known about recent mumps outbreaks and what solutions can be suggested to ensure more complete protection against mumps. METHODS PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published over the last 15 years using the key words "mumps" or "mumps virus" or "mumps vaccine". More than 1500 articles were found, but only those published in English or providing evidence-based data were included in the evaluation. RESULTS Prevention of mumps remains an unsolved problem. Available vaccines are effective but the protection they evoke declines over time. The use of booster doses can control outbreaks but it is not precisely defined whether they can prevent them. The rapid decline of antibody levels could limit the impact of the introduction of a third dose in the recommended immunization schedule. Furthermore, in most of the areas, mumps viral strains that are genetically different from those included in the vaccines are emerging and this might favour vaccine escape. However, also for this problem, its real relevance in favouring outbreak development is not precisely defined. CONCLUSIONS The true reasons for the development of mumps outbreaks in people with very high vaccination coverage are not clearly understood. The use of a booster dose or the preparation of vaccines containing the emerging serotypes are possible solutions, but both have some limitations. Further studies mainly devoted to improve our knowledge of the immune response to mumps vaccines are needed before long-term effective mumps vaccines can be prepared and outbreaks can be avoided.
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16
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Deng X, Hu Y, Wang Z, Lu P, Guo H, Sun X, Xu Y, Tang F, Zhu FC. Waning immunity of one-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to mumps in children from kindergarten to early school age: a prospective study. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:445-452. [PMID: 29478347 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1445529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, one dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) was administered to children aged 18-24 months. The mumps incidence was still high. Data on the waning immunity to mumps after MMR vaccination are limited. This study aimed to describe the waning immunity to mumps in kindergarten and primary school children to provide a scientific basis for confirming an optimal age for a second dose. METHODS An observational, prospective study on one-dose MMR in children in kindergarten and primary school was conducted from 2015 to 2016. Waning immunity to mumps in terms of seropositivity and geometric antibody concentration (GMC) with time was analyzed. RESULTS In total, 7436 eligible subjects in kindergarten (3435) and primary school (4001) were included in 2015. The overall GMC (201.7 U/ml) and seropositivity (75.4%) to mumps antibodies in 2016 were significantly lower compared to those in 2015 (218.7 U/ml, 78.4%). Asymptomatic infection occurred within one year in 8.8% of children who received one-dose MMR. CONCLUSIONS Children who received one-dose MMR in kindergarten and primary school were at high risk of mumps infection, and waning immunity occurred with time. Determining the optimal age for the second dose of MMR in children should be prioritized to prevent mumps epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbao Liu
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- b Department of Health education , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiuying Deng
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Ying Hu
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Peishan Lu
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiang Sun
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Xu
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Fenyang Tang
- a Department of Expanded Programme on Immunization , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- c Department of Vaccine Clinical Evaluation , Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
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17
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Complete Genome Sequences of Mumps and Measles Virus Isolates from Three States in the United States. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/33/e00748-17. [PMID: 28818890 PMCID: PMC5604763 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00748-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the full coding sequence of nine paramyxovirus genomes, including two full-length mumps virus genomes (genotypes G and H) and seven measles virus genomes (genotypes B3 and D4, D8, and D9), from respiratory samples of patients from California, Virginia, and Alabama obtained between 2010 and 2014.
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18
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Zengel J, Phan SI, Pickar A, Xu P, He B. Immunogenicity of mumps virus vaccine candidates matching circulating genotypes in the United States and China. Vaccine 2017; 35:3988-3994. [PMID: 28623030 PMCID: PMC5785236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) causes acute infection in humans with characteristic swelling of the parotid gland. While vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of MuV infection, there have been multiple large outbreaks of mumps virus (MuV) in highly vaccinated populations. The most common vaccine strain, Jeryl Lynn, belongs to genotype A, which is no longer a circulating genotype. We have developed two vaccine candidates that match the circulating genotypes in the United States (genotype G) and China (genotype F). We found that there was a significant decrease in the ability of the Jeryl Lynn vaccine to produce neutralizing antibody responses to non-matched viruses, when compared to either of our vaccine candidates. Our data suggests that an updated vaccine may allow for better immunity against the circulating MuV genotypes G and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Zengel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shannon I Phan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Adrian Pickar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States; Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Labs, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States.
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19
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Vygen S, Fischer A, Meurice L, Mounchetrou Njoya I, Gregoris M, Ndiaye B, Ghenassia A, Poujol I, Stahl JP, Antona D, Le Strat Y, Levy-Bruhl D, Rolland P. Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30156. [PMID: 26987576 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.10.30156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, 15 clusters of mumps were notified in France; 72% (82/114) of the cases had been vaccinated twice with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. To determine whether the risk of mumps increased with time since the last vaccination, we conducted a case-control study among clusters in universities and military barracks. A confirmed case had an inflammation of a salivary gland plus laboratory confirmation in 2013. A probable case presented with inflammation of a salivary gland in 2013 either lasting for > 2 days or with epidemiological link to a confirmed case. Controls had no mumps symptoms and attended the same university course, student party or military barracks. We collected clinical and vaccination data via web questionnaire and medical records. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using logistic regression. 59% (50/85) of cases and 62% (199/321) of controls had been vaccinated twice. The odds of mumps increased for twice-vaccinated individuals by 10% for every year that had passed since the second dose (aOR 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.19; p = 0.02). Mumps immunity waned with increasing time since vaccination. Our findings contributed to the French High Council of Public Health's decision to recommend a third MMR dose during outbreaks for individuals whose second dose dates > 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vygen
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Department of Coordination of Alerts and Regions (DCAR), Regional office in Aquitaine
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20
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Differences among mumps virus surface proteins between genotype G and other genotypes and their potential effect on mumps virus immunity and pathogenesis. J Clin Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Gouma S, Cremer J, Parkkali S, Veldhuijzen I, van Binnendijk RS, Koopmans MPG. Mumps virus F gene and HN gene sequencing as a molecular tool to study mumps virus transmission. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:145-150. [PMID: 27590714 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various mumps outbreaks have occurred in the Netherlands since 2004, particularly among persons who had received 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Genomic typing of pathogens can be used to track outbreaks, but the established genotyping of mumps virus based on the small hydrophobic (SH) gene sequences did not provide sufficient resolution. Therefore, we expanded the sequencing to include fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene sequences in addition to the SH gene sequences from 109 mumps virus genotype G strains obtained between 2004 and mid 2015 in the Netherlands. When the molecular information from these 3 genes was combined, we were able to identify separate mumps virus clusters and track mumps virus transmission. The analyses suggested that multiple mumps virus introductions occurred in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2015 resulting in several mumps outbreaks throughout this period, whereas during some local outbreaks the molecular data pointed towards endemic circulation. Combined analysis of epidemiological data and sequence data collected in 2015 showed good support for the phylogenetic clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Saara Parkkali
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Irene Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Gouma S, Ten Hulscher HI, Schurink-van 't Klooster TM, de Melker HE, Boland GJ, Kaaijk P, van Els CACM, Koopmans MPG, van Binnendijk RS. Mumps-specific cross-neutralization by MMR vaccine-induced antibodies predicts protection against mumps virus infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:4166-4171. [PMID: 27372154 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to other recent mumps genotype G outbreaks worldwide, most mumps patients during the recent mumps genotype G outbreaks in the Netherlands had received 2 doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine during childhood. Here, we investigate the capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies to neutralize wild type mumps virus strains, including mumps virus genotype G. METHODS In this study, we tested 105 pre-outbreak serum samples from students who had received 2 MMR vaccine doses and who had no mumps virus infection (n=76), symptomatic mumps virus infection (n=10) or asymptomatic mumps virus infection (n=19) during the mumps outbreaks. In all samples, mumps-specific IgG concentrations were measured by multiplex immunoassay and neutralization titers were measured against the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain and against wild type genotype G and genotype D mumps virus strains. RESULTS The correlation between mumps-specific IgG concentrations and neutralization titers against Jeryl Lynn was poor, which suggests that IgG concentrations do not adequately represent immunological protection against mumps virus infection by antibody neutralization. Pre-outbreak neutralization titers in infected persons were significantly lower against genotype G than against the vaccine strain. Furthermore, antibody neutralization of wild type mumps virus genotype G and genotype D was significantly reduced in pre-outbreak samples from infected persons as compared with non-infected persons. No statistically significant difference was found for the vaccine strain. The sensitivity/specificity ratio was largest for neutralization of the genotype G strain as compared with the genotype D strain and the vaccine strain. CONCLUSIONS The reduced neutralization of wild type mumps virus strains in MMR vaccinated persons prior to infection indicates that pre-outbreak mumps virus neutralization is partly strain-specific and that neutralization differs between infected and non-infected persons. Therefore, we recommend the use of wild type mumps virus neutralization assays as preferred tool for surveillance of protection against mumps virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hinke I Ten Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessa M Schurink-van 't Klooster
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Greet J Boland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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23
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Aoki Y, Matoba Y, Tanaka S, Yahagi K, Itagaki T, Katsushima F, Katsushima Y, Takeda M, Mizuta K. Chronological changes of mumps virus genotypes in Japan between 1999-2013. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:524-9. [PMID: 27206988 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1163730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular epidemiology of mumps virus (MuV) has been carried out worldwide based on genotyping proposed by the World Health Organisation. However, longitudinal molecular epidemiological studies of MuV are still limited. METHODS This study carried out genotyping of MuVs isolated in Yamagata prefecture, which is located in northern Japan, between 1999-2013, using standard nomenclature based on the sequence analysis of the entire 316 nucleotides of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene. RESULTS During this 15-year period, 249 MuVs were isolated, with the majority of them belonging to genotype G. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype G strains were divided into two distinct clusters 1 and 2, consisting of 178 and 47 strains, respectively. The cluster 1 strains were isolated every year since 2001, except for 2012. The cluster 2 strains first appeared in 2011 and were dominant in 2011 and 2012. The epidemic pattern of genotype G strains observed in Yamagata was similar to those in Kanagawa and Hyogo prefectures located in eastern and western Japan, respectively. Only one L, three H and one F genotype strains were isolated in 2001, 2004 and 2010, respectively. Almost every year several genotype B strains related to Japanese vaccine strains were isolated. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that the genotype G strains have been endemically perpetuating as the major type over a wide area of Japan since 2001, although the genotype G strains that emerged after 2011 differed from the earlier strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aoki
- a Department of Microbiology , Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Yamagata , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Yohei Matoba
- a Department of Microbiology , Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Yamagata , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Shizuka Tanaka
- a Department of Microbiology , Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Yamagata , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Kazue Yahagi
- a Department of Microbiology , Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Yamagata , Yamagata , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Takeda
- d Department of Virology 3 , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- a Department of Microbiology , Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Yamagata , Yamagata , Japan
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24
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Gouma S, Hahné SJ, Gijselaar DB, Koopmans MP, van Binnendijk RS. Severity of mumps disease is related to MMR vaccination status and viral shedding. Vaccine 2016; 34:1868-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Mankertz A, Beutel U, Schmidt FJ, Borgmann S, Wenzel JJ, Ziegler P, Weißbrich B, Santibanez S. Laboratory-based investigation of suspected mumps cases submitted to the German National Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, 2008 to 2013. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:619-26. [PMID: 26358914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2008 to 2013, sample sets from 534 patients displaying clinical symptoms of mumps were submitted to the German Reference Centre for Measles, Mumps and Rubella. Mumps virus infection was confirmed in 216 cases (40%) by PCR and/or serology. Confirmed cases were more frequently seen in male than in female patients (128 vs. 81); the age group predominantly affected was 15 to 29 years old (65%, median age: 26.4 years). The majority of the confirmed cases had a remote history of vaccination with one or two doses of a mumps-containing vaccine (69%). Our results indicate that mumps virus caused two outbreaks in Bavaria in 2008 and 2010/2011 and a third one in Lower Saxony in 2011. Mumps virus genotype G was preponderantly detected from 2008 to 2013. For 107 of the 216 patients with a confirmed mumps infection, we correlated the results from PCR and serology. PCR detected cases during the first week after onset of symptoms (74% positive results). PCR worked best with throat swabs and oral fluids (61% and 60% positive results, respectively). IgM was more reliable with a longer time after onset of symptoms (67%), but indirect IgM serology was of insufficient sensitivity for vaccinated mumps cases (30%); the IgM μ-capture assay detected more cases in this group. Mumps virus is able to initiate an infection in vaccinated patients (secondary vaccine failure, SVF) although it is unclear to what extent. Since SVF does occur in highly vaccinated populations and IgM will not increase to detectable levels in all SVF patients, we strongly recommend using PCR plus serology tests to avoid false-negative diagnoses in vaccinated individuals with clinical signs of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mankertz
- Robert Koch-Institute, National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Seestr. 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | - Stefan Borgmann
- Klinikum Ingolstadt, Department of Clinical Infectiology and Infection Control, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ziegler
- Public Health Department Landshut, Landshut, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weißbrich
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- Robert Koch-Institute, National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Seestr. 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Kaaijk P, Gouma S, Hulscher HI, Han WG, Kleijne DE, van Binnendijk RS, van Els CA. Dynamics of the serologic response in vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases during an epidemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1754-61. [PMID: 26047038 PMCID: PMC4514281 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several mumps outbreaks were reported in various countries despite high vaccination coverage. In most cases, young adults were affected who have acquired immunity against mumps solely by vaccination and not by previous wild-type mumps virus infection. To investigate mumps-specific antibody levels, functionality and dynamics during a mumps epidemic, blood samples were obtained longitudinally from 23 clinical mumps cases, with or without a prior history of vaccination, and from 20 healthy persons with no serological evidence of recent mumps virus infection. Blood samples from mumps cases were taken 1-2 months and 7-10 months after onset of disease. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly higher geomean concentrations of mumps-specific IgG (resp. 13,617 RU/ml (95% CI of 9,574-19,367 RU/ml) vs. 1,552 (445-5412) RU/ml at 1-2 months; and 6,514 (5,247-8,088) RU/ml vs. 1,143 (480-2,725) RU/ml at 7-10 months) than healthy controls (169 (135-210) RU/ml) (p = 0.001). Patterns in virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody responses against the mumps vaccine virus were similar, vaccinated and unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly higher ND50 values at both time points of sampling (resp 4,695 (3,779-5,832) RU/ml vs. 1,533 (832-2,825) RU/ml at 1-2 months; 2,478 (1,968-3,122) RU/ml vs. 1,221 (1,029-1,449) RU/ml at 7-10 months) compared with (previously vaccinated) healthy controls (122 (196-76)) RU/ml) (p = 0.001) The unvaccinated mumps cases had significantly lower mumps-specific IgG and VN antibody concentrations at both sampling points compared with previously vaccinated cases, but their antibody concentrations did not differ significantly at the 2 time points. In contrast, the mumps-specific IgG and VN antibody concentrations of the previously vaccinated mumps cases were significantly higher within the first 2 months after onset of mumps and declined thereafter, characteristic for a secondary response. A moderate correlation was found between the level of mumps-specific IgG serum antibodies and VN antibodies for the mumps cases (r = 0.64; p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hinke I Hulscher
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wanda G Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah E Kleijne
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile A van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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