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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Fiebich BL, Batista CRA, Saliba SW, Yousif NM, de Oliveira ACP. Role of Microglia TLRs in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:329. [PMID: 30333729 PMCID: PMC6176466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors widely distributed in the organism. In the central nervous system, they are expressed in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Although their involvement in immunity is notorious, different articles have demonstrated their roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration. There is increasing evidence of an involvement of TLRs, especially TLR2, 4 and 9 in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this sense, their expression in microglia might modulate the activity of these cells, which in turn, lead to protective or deleterious effects over neurons and other cells. Therefore, TLRs might mediate the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. However, further studies have to be performed to elucidate the role of the other TLRs in these diseases and to further prove and confirm the pathophysiological role of all TLRs in neurodegeneration. In this article, we revise and summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of TLRs in neurodegeneration with the focus on the possible functions of these receptors in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd L Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Soraya Wilke Saliba
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nizar M Yousif
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Muralidharan S, Lim A, Catalano D, Mandrekar P. Human Binge Alcohol Intake Inhibits TLR4-MyD88 and TLR4-TRIF Responses but Not the TLR3-TRIF Pathway: HspA1A and PP1 Play Selective Regulatory Roles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2291-2303. [PMID: 29445009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Binge/moderate alcohol suppresses TLR4-MyD88 proinflammatory cytokines; however, alcohol's effects on TLR-TRIF signaling, especially after in vivo exposure in humans, are unclear. We performed a comparative analysis of the TLR4-MyD88, TLR4-TRIF, and TLR3-TRIF pathways in human monocytes following binge alcohol exposure. Mechanistic regulation of TLR-TRIF signaling by binge alcohol was evaluated by analyzing IRF3 and TBK1, upstream regulator protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and immunoregulatory stress proteins HspA1A and XBP-1 in alcohol-treated human and mouse monocytes/macrophages. Two approaches for alcohol exposure were used: in vivo exposure of primary monocytes in binge alcohol-consuming human volunteers or in vitro exposure of human monocytes/murine macrophages to physiological alcohol concentrations (25-50 mM ethanol), followed by LPS (TLR4) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3) stimulation ex vivo. In vivo and in vitro binge alcohol exposure significantly inhibited the TLR4-MyD88 cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the TLR4-TRIF cytokines/chemokines IFN-β, IP-10, and RANTES, in human monocytes, but not TLR3-TRIF-induced cytokines/chemokines, as detected by quantitative PCR and ELISA. Mechanistic analyses revealed TBK-1-independent inhibition of the TLR4-TRIF effector IRF3 in alcohol-treated macrophages. Although stress protein XBP-1, which is known to regulate IRF3-mediated IFN-β induction, was not affected by alcohol, HspA1A was induced by in vivo alcohol in human monocytes. Alcohol-induced HspA1A was required for inhibition of TLR4-MyD88 signaling but not TLR4-TRIF cytokines in macrophages. In contrast, inhibition of PP1 prevented alcohol-mediated TLR4-TRIF tolerance in macrophages. Collectively, our results demonstrate that in vivo and in vitro binge alcohol exposure in humans suppresses TLR4-MyD88 and TLR4-TRIF, but not TLR3-TRIF, responses. Whereas alcohol-mediated effects on the PP1-IRF3 axis inhibit the TLR4-TRIF pathway, HspA1A selectively suppresses the TLR4-MyD88 pathway in monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Muralidharan
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Arlene Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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4
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Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Shu B, Mao P, Bai B, Hu Q, Luo M, Ma X, Cui Z, Wang H. Tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine RANTES expression via activation of IRF-3 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:209. [PMID: 27576490 PMCID: PMC5004318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (CNS) and causes encephalitides in humans. Although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in TBEV-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. Methods BALB/c mice were intracerebrally injected with TBEV, followed by evaluation of chemokine and cytokine profiles using protein array analysis. The virus-infected mice were treated with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES or anti-RANTES mAb to determine the role of RANTES in affecting TBEV-induced neurological disease. The underlying signaling mechanisms were delineated using RANTES promoter luciferase reporter assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in human brain-derived cell culture models. Results In a mouse model, pathological features including marked inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in brain sections, which correlated with a robust up-regulation of RANTES within the brain but not in peripheral tissues and sera. Antagonizing RANTES within CNS extended the survival of mice and reduced accumulation of infiltrating cells in the brain after TBEV infection. Through in vitro studies, we show that virus infection up-regulated RANTES production at both mRNA and protein levels in human brain-derived cell lines and primary progenitor-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, IRF-3 pathway appeared to be essential for TBEV-induced RANTES production. Site mutation of an IRF-3-binding motif abrogated the RANTES promoter activity in virus-infected brain cells. Moreover, IRF-3 was activated upon TBEV infection as evidenced by phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3, while blockade of IRF-3 activation drastically reduced virus-induced RANTES expression. Conclusions Our findings together provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RANTES production induced by TBEV, highlighting its potential importance in the process of neuroinflammatory responses to TBEV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Ghose J, Bhattacharyya NP. Transcriptional regulation of microRNA-100, -146a, and -150 genes by p53 and NFκB p65/RelA in mouse striatal STHdh(Q7)/ Hdh(Q7) cells and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. RNA Biol 2016; 12:457-77. [PMID: 25757558 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1014288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) genes generally share many features common to those of protein coding genes. Various transcription factors (TFs) and co-regulators are also known to regulate miRNA genes. Here we identify novel p53 and NFκB p65/RelA responsive miRNAs and demonstrate that these 2 TFs bind to the regulatory sequences of miR-100, -146a and -150 in both mouse striatal and human cervical carcinoma cells and regulate their expression. p53 represses the miRNAs while NFκB p65/RelA induces them. Further, we provide evidence that exogenous p53 inhibits NFκB p65/RelA activity by reducing its nuclear content and competing with it for CBP binding. This suggests for the existence of a functional cross-talk between the 2 TFs in regulating miRNA expression. Moreover, promoter occupancy assay reveals that exogenous p53 excludes NFκB p65/RelA from its binding site in the upstream sequence of miR-100 gene thereby causing its repression. Thus, our work identifies novel p53 and NFκB p65/RelA responsive miRNAs in human and mouse and uncovers possible mechanisms of co-regulation of miR-100. It is to be mentioned here that cross-talks between p53 and NFκB p65/RelA have been observed to define the outcome of several biological processes and that the pro-apoptotic effect of p53 and the pro-survival functions of NFκB can be largely mediated via the biological roles of the miRNAs these TFs regulate. Our observation with cell lines thus provides an important platform upon which further work is to be done to establish the biological significance of such co-regulation of miRNAs by p53 and NFκB p65/RelA.
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Key Words
- ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Co-IP, Co-immunoprecipitation
- NFκB p65/RelA
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- RLU, Relative light unit
- RNA POL II, RNA Polymerase II
- RNA POL III, RNA Polymerase III
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- TF, Transcriptional factor
- TFBS
- Transcription factor binding site
- WB, Western blot
- miR-100
- miR-146a
- miR-150
- miRNA gene regulation
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- microRNA
- p53
- p53, tumor protein 53
- p65, RELA, RELA
- transcription factor
- v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Ghose
- a Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics ; Bidhannagar, Kolkata , India
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6
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Muyangwa M, Martynova EV, Khaiboullina SF, Morzunov SP, Rizvanov AA. Hantaviral Proteins: Structure, Functions, and Role in Hantavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1326. [PMID: 26640463 PMCID: PMC4661284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are the members of the family Bunyaviridae that are naturally maintained in the populations of small mammals, mostly rodents. Most of these viruses can easily infect humans through contact with aerosols or dust generated by contaminated animal waste products. Depending on the particular Hantavirus involved, human infection could result in either hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or in Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. In the past few years, clinical cases of the Hantavirus caused diseases have been on the rise. Understanding structure of the Hantavirus genome and the functions of the key viral proteins are critical for the therapeutic agents’ research. This paper gives a brief overview of the current knowledge on the structure and properties of the Hantavirus nucleoprotein and the glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musalwa Muyangwa
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia ; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, Reno NV, USA
| | - Sergey P Morzunov
- Department of Pathology and Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno NV, USA
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
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Herpesvirus entry mediator on radiation-resistant cell lineages promotes ocular herpes simplex virus 1 pathogenesis in an entry-independent manner. mBio 2015; 6:e01532-15. [PMID: 26489863 PMCID: PMC4620471 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01532-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to a potentially blinding immunoinflammatory syndrome, herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a widely expressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member with diverse roles in immune signaling, facilitates viral entry through interactions with viral glycoprotein D (gD) and is important for HSV-1 pathogenesis. We subjected mice to corneal infection with an HSV-1 mutant in which HVEM-mediated entry was specifically abolished and found that the HVEM-entry mutant produced clinical disease comparable to that produced by the control virus. HVEM-mediated induction of corneal cytokines, which correlated with an HVEM-dependent increase in levels of corneal immune cell infiltrates, was also gD independent. Given the complexity of HVEM immune signaling, we used hematopoietic chimeric mice to determine which HVEM-expressing cells mediate HSV-1 pathogenesis in the eye. Regardless of whether the donor was a wild-type (WT) or HVEM knockout (KO) strain, HVEM KO recipients were protected from ocular HSV-1, suggesting that HVEM on radiation-resistant cell types, likely resident cells of the cornea, confers wild-type-like susceptibility to disease. Together, these data indicate that HVEM contributes to ocular pathogenesis independently of entry and point to an immunomodulatory role for this protein specifically on radiation-resistant cells. Immune privilege is maintained in the eye in order to protect specialized ocular tissues, such as the translucent cornea, from vision-reducing damage. Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can disrupt this immune privilege, provoking a host response that ultimately brings about the majority of the damage seen with the immunoinflammatory syndrome herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Our previous work has shown that HVEM, a host TNF receptor superfamily member that also serves as a viral entry receptor, is a critical component contributing to ocular HSV-1 pathogenesis, although its precise role in this process remains unclear. We hypothesized that HVEM promotes an inflammatory microenvironment in the eye through immunomodulatory actions, enhancing disease after ocular inoculation of HSV-1. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for orchestrating this aberrant immune response shed light on the initiation and maintenance of HSK, one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the developed world.
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8
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Physical exercise reduces the expression of RANTES and its CCR5 receptor in the adipose tissue of obese humans. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:627150. [PMID: 24895488 PMCID: PMC4016945 DOI: 10.1155/2014/627150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES and its CCR5 receptor trigger inflammation and its progression to insulin resistance in obese. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the effect of physical exercise on the expression of RANTES and CCR5 in obese humans. Fifty-seven adult nondiabetic subjects (17 lean and 40 obese) were enrolled in a 3-month supervised physical exercise. RANTES and CCR5 expressions were measured in PBMCs and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after exercise. Circulating plasma levels of RANTES were also investigated. There was a significant increase in RANTES and CCR5 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean. In PBMCs, however, while the levels of RANTES mRNA and protein were comparable between both groups, CCR5 mRNA was downregulated in obese subjects (P < 0.05). Physical exercise significantly reduced the expression of both RANTES and CCR5 (P < 0.05) in the adipose tissue of obese individuals with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and P-JNK. Circulating RANTES correlated negatively with anti-inflammatory IL-1ra (P = 0.001) and positively with proinflammatory IP-10 and TBARS levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, physical exercise may provide an effective approach for combating the deleterious effects associated with obesity through RANTES signaling in the adipose tissue.
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9
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Adada MM, Orr-Gandy KA, Snider AJ, Canals D, Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Clarke CJ. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates tumor necrosis factor-mediated RANTES induction through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase but independently of nuclear factor κB activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27667-27679. [PMID: 23935096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) produces the pro-survival sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate and has been implicated in inflammation, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Recent studies identified TRAF2 as a sphingosine 1-phosphate target, implicating SK1 in activation of the NF-κB pathway, but the functional consequences of this connection on gene expression are unknown. Here, we find that loss of SK1 potentiates induction of the chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; also known as CCL5) in HeLa cells stimulated with TNF-α despite RANTES induction being highly dependent on the NF-κB pathway. Additionally, we find that SK1 is not required for TNF-induced IKK phosphorylation, IκB degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits, and transcriptional NF-κB activity. In contrast, loss of SK1 prevented TNF-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and inhibition of p38 MAPK, like SK1 knockdown, also potentiates RANTES induction. Finally, in addition to RANTES, loss of SK1 also potentiated the induction of multiple chemokines and cytokines in the TNF response. Taken together, these data identify a potential and novel anti-inflammatory function of SK1 in which chemokine levels are suppressed through SK1-mediated activation of p38 MAPK. Furthermore, in this system, activation of NF-κB is dissociated from SK1, suggesting that the interaction between these pathways may be more complex than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M Adada
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - K Alexa Orr-Gandy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209
| | - Ashley J Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768
| | - Daniel Canals
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768.
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10
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Learning from the messengers: innate sensing of viruses and cytokine regulation of immunity - clues for treatments and vaccines. Viruses 2013; 5:470-527. [PMID: 23435233 PMCID: PMC3640511 DOI: 10.3390/v5020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are a major global public health concern, and only via substantial knowledge of virus pathogenesis and antiviral immune responses can we develop and improve medical treatments, and preventive and therapeutic vaccines. Innate immunity and the shaping of efficient early immune responses are essential for control of viral infections. In order to trigger an efficient antiviral defense, the host senses the invading microbe via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), recognizing distinct conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The innate sensing of the invading virus results in intracellular signal transduction and subsequent production of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, including IFNs and chemokines, are vital molecules of antiviral defense regulating cell activation, differentiation of cells, and, not least, exerting direct antiviral effects. Cytokines shape and modulate the immune response and IFNs are principle antiviral mediators initiating antiviral response through induction of antiviral proteins. In the present review, I describe and discuss the current knowledge on early virus–host interactions, focusing on early recognition of virus infection and the resulting expression of type I and type III IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and intracellular antiviral mediators. In addition, the review elucidates how targeted stimulation of innate sensors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular RNA and DNA sensors, may be used therapeutically. Moreover, I present and discuss data showing how current antimicrobial therapies, including antibiotics and antiviral medication, may interfere with, or improve, immune response.
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11
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CD200R1 supports HSV-1 viral replication and licenses pro-inflammatory signaling functions of TLR2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47740. [PMID: 23082204 PMCID: PMC3474780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD200R1:CD200 axis is traditionally considered to limit tissue inflammation by down-regulating pro-inflammatory signaling in myeloid cells bearing the receptor. We generated CD200R1−/− mice and employed them to explore both the role of CD200R1 in regulating macrophage signaling via TLR2 as well as the host response to an in vivo, TLR2-dependent model, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. CD200R1−/− peritoneal macrophages demonstrated a 70–75% decrease in the generation of IL-6 and CCL5 (Rantes) in response to the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and to HSV-1. CD200R1−/− macrophages could neither up-regulate the expression of TLR2, nor assemble a functional inflammasome in response to HSV-1. CD200R1−/− mice were protected from HSV-1 infection and exhibited dysfunctional TLR2 signaling. Finally, both CD200R1−/− mice and CD200R1−/− fibroblasts and macrophages showed a markedly reduced ability to support HSV-1 replication. In summary, our data demonstrate an unanticipated and novel requirement for CD200R1 in “licensing” pro-inflammatory functions of TLR2 and in limiting viral replication that are supported by ex vivo and in vivo evidence.
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12
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Søby S, Laursen RR, Østergaard L, Melchjorsen J. HSV-1-induced chemokine expression via IFI16-dependent and IFI16-independent pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophages. HERPESVIRIDAE 2012; 3:6. [PMID: 23062757 PMCID: PMC3523049 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Innate recognition is essential in the antiviral response against infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Chemokines are important for control of HSV via recruitment of natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells. We previously found that early HSV-1-mediated chemokine responses are not dependent on TLR2 and TLR9 in human macrophages. Here, we investigated the role of the recently identified innate IFN-inducible DNA receptor IFI16 during HSV-1 infection in human macrophages. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified from buffy coats and monocytes were differentiated to macrophages. Macrophages infected with HSV-1 were analyzed using siRNA-mediated knock-down of IFI16 by real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Results We determined that both CXCL10 and CCL3 are induced independent of HSV-1 replication. IFI16 mediates CCL3 mRNA accumulation during early HSV-1 infection. In contrast, CXCL10 was induced independently of IFI16. Conclusions Our data provide the first evidence of HSV-1-induced innate immune responses via IFI16 in human primary macrophages. In addition, the data suggest that at least one additional unidentified receptor or innate sensing mechanism is involved in recognizing HSV-1 prior to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Søby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Rune R Laursen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Jesper Melchjorsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark
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13
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Meyer T, Oberg HH, Peters C, Martens I, Adam-Klages S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. poly(I:C) costimulation induces a stronger antiviral chemokine and granzyme B release in human CD4 T cells than CD28 costimulation. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:765-74. [PMID: 22750548 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0811407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
dsRNA is frequently associated with viral replication. Here, we compared the costimulatory effect of the synthetic analog of dsRNA, poly(I:C), and the agonistic anti-CD28 mAb on anti-CD3 mAb-activated, freshly isolated human CD4 T cells. We tested the hyphothesis that poly(I:C) and anti-CD28 mAb costimulation differ in their effect on the CD4 T cell immune response. Our study shows that costimulation of CD4 T cells by poly(I:C) enhanced CD3-induced production of IP-10, MIP1-α/β, RANTES, and granzyme B involved in antiviral activity more than anti-CD28 mAb. poly(I:C) stimulation, on its own, activated the transcription of IRF7 in human CD4 T cells. Combined CD3 and poly(I:C) stimulation significantly enhanced the transcription of IRF7 and additionally, NF-κBp65 phosphorylation, which might be involved in the induction of antiviral chemokines and the enhanced cytotoxic activity of poly(I:C)-treated CD4 T cells. In comparison with poly(I:C), anti-CD28 mAb as a costimulus induced a stronger proinflammatory response, as indicated by enhanced TNF-α secretion. poly(I:C) had a costimulatory effect on Akt phosphorylation, whereas anti-CD28 mAb only slightly enhanced Akt phosphorylation. In contrast to poly(I:C), anti-CD28 mAb was essential for proliferation of anti-CD3-stimulated CD4 T cells; however, poly(I:C) further increased the anti-CD28/anti-CD3-mediated proliferation. These results indicate that poly(I:C)- and anti-CD28 mAb-induced signaling differ in their costimulatory effect on the CD3-driven, antiviral chemokine release and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in freshly isolated human CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Meyer
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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14
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Paludan SR, Bowie AG, Horan KA, Fitzgerald KA. Recognition of herpesviruses by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:143-54. [PMID: 21267015 DOI: 10.1038/nri2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in innate immunity over the past decade have revealed distinct classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect pathogens at the cell surface and in intracellular compartments. This has shed light on how herpesviruses, which are large disease-causing DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus, are initially recognized during cellular infection. Surprisingly, this involves multiple PRRs both on the cell surface and within endosomes and the cytosol. In this article we describe recent advances in our understanding of innate detection of herpesviruses, how this innate detection translates into anti-herpesvirus host defence, and how the viruses seek to evade this innate detection to establish persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren R Paludan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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15
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Wang D, Fang L, Bi J, Chen Q, Cao L, Luo R, Chen H, Xiao S. Foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase inhibits dsRNA-induced RANTES transcription in PK-15 cells. Virus Genes 2011; 42:388-93. [PMID: 21399922 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cells expressed and secreted) plays an essential role in inflammation and immune response. Infection with wild-type foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in PK-15 cells strongly inhibits the expression of RANTES compared to infection with a genetically engineered mutant lacking the leader protein (L(pro)) coding region. This suggests that L(pro) is involved in RANTES regulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that transfection of PK-15 cells with a plasmid expressing the L(pro) of FMDV, in the absence of other FMDV proteins, inhibited dsRNA-induced RANTES transcription and promoter activity. Promoter mutagenesis experiments revealed that the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) was important for the ability of L(pro) to inhibit dsRNA-induced RANTES promoter activity. Furthermore, over-expression of L(pro) also inhibited IRF-3/7-mediated RANTES activation. Screening L(pro) mutants indicated that catalytic activity and a SAP (for SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS) domain of L(pro) were required to suppress dsRNA-induced RANTES transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kumar D, Hosse J, von Toerne C, Noessner E, Nelson PJ. JNK MAPK Pathway Regulates Constitutive Transcription of CCL5 by Human NK Cells through SP1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1011-20. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Thapa M, Carr DJJ. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Critical to Host Resistance following Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 1:33-41. [PMID: 19043604 DOI: 10.2174/1874226200801010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2 is a highly successful human pathogen with a remarkable ability to elude immune detection or counter the innate and adaptive immune response through the production of viral-encoded proteins. In response to infection, resident cells secrete soluble factors including chemokines that mobilize and guide leukocytes including T and NK cells, neutrophils, and monocytes to sites of infection. While there is built-in redundancy within the system, chemokines signal through specific membrane-bound receptors that act as antennae detailing a chemical pathway that will provide a means to locate and eliminate the viral insult. Within the central nervous system (CNS), the temporal and spatial expression of chemokines relative to leukocyte mobilization in response to HSV-2 infection has not been elucidated. This paper will review some of the chemokine/chemokine receptor candidates that appear critical to the host in viral resistance and clearance from the CNS and peripheral tissue using murine models of genital HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma-73104, USA
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18
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Dai X, Sayama K, Tohyama M, Shirakata Y, Yang L, Hirakawa S, Tokumaru S, Hashimoto K. The NF- B, p38 MAPK and STAT1 pathways differentially regulate the dsRNA-mediated innate immune responses of epidermal keratinocytes. Int Immunol 2008; 20:901-9. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Cai S, Brandt CR. Induction of interleukin-6 in human retinal epithelial cells by an attenuated Herpes simplex virus vector requires viral replication and NFkappaB activation. Exp Eye Res 2007; 86:178-88. [PMID: 18061164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery has potential for treating ocular disease and a number of delivery systems have been tested in animal models. However, several viral vectors have been shown to trigger undesirable transient inflammatory responses in the eye. Previously, it was shown that an attenuated Herpes simplex virus vector (hrR3) transduced numerous cell types in the anterior and posterior segments of monkey eyes, but this was accompanied by inflammation. In the retina, retinal pigment epithelial cells were the predominant cell type transduced by hrR3. IL-6 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine and may play a role in the response to the hrR3 vector. Infection of human ARPE-19 cells with hrR3 resulted in increased IL-6 expression and secretion 3-4h post-infection. In the presence of acyclovir (70 microM) or in cells infected with UV-inactivated hrR3, IL-6 was not up-regulated indicating viral replication was required. Expression of the HSV-1 alpha and beta genes may be necessary but was not sufficient for NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 up-regulation. The translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus also occurred between 3 and 4h post-infection, coincident with increased IL-6 expression. Inhibition of NF-kappaB translocation by an Adenovirus vector expressing a dominant negative IkappaB (AdIkappaBam) inhibited IL-6 up-regulation, indicating that NF-kappaB plays a role in increasing IL-6 expression in APRE-19 cells. The hrR3 virus lacks viral ribonucleotide reductase (RR) activity, thus RR is not required for NF-kappaB activation or IL-6 up-regulation in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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20
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Jones JO, Arvin AM. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway by varicella-zoster virus in vitro and in human epidermal cells in vivo. J Virol 2007; 80:5113-24. [PMID: 16698992 PMCID: PMC1472140 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01956-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes varicella and herpes zoster. Using human cellular DNA microarrays, we found that many nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-responsive genes were down-regulated in VZV-infected fibroblasts, suggesting that VZV infection inhibited the NF-kappaB pathway. The activation of this pathway causes a cellular antiviral response, including the production of alpha/beta interferon, cytokines, and other proteins that restrict viral infection. In these experiments, we demonstrated that VZV interferes with NF-kappaB activation in cultured fibroblasts and in differentiated epidermal cells in skin xenografts of SCIDhu mice infected in vivo. VZV infection of fibroblasts caused a transient nuclear translocation of p50 and p65, the canonical NF-kappaB family members. In a process that was dependent upon the presence of infectious VZV, these proteins rapidly became sequestered in the cytoplasm of VZV-infected cells. Exclusion of NF-kappaB proteins from nuclei was associated with the continued presence of IkappaBalpha, which binds p50 and p65 and prevents their nuclear accumulation. IkappaBalpha levels did not diminish even though the protein became phosphorylated and ubiquitinated, as determined based on detection of the characteristic high-molecular-weight form of the protein, and the 26S proteasome remained functional in VZV-infected cells. VZV infection also inhibited the characteristic degradation of IkappaBalpha that is induced by exposure of fibroblasts to tumor necrosis factor alpha. As expected, herpes simplex virus 1 caused the persistent nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins, which has been shown to facilitate its replication, whereas VZV infection progressed without persistent NF-kappaB nuclear localization. We suggest that VZV has evolved a mechanism to limit host cell antiviral defenses by sequestering NF-kappaB proteins in the cytoplasm, a strategy that appears to be unique among the herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy O Jones
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Rm. G312, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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21
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Carr DJJ, Tomanek L. Herpes simplex virus and the chemokines that mediate the inflammation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 303:47-65. [PMID: 16570856 PMCID: PMC4076168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33397-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are highly pervasive pathogens in the human host with a seroconversion rate upwards of 60% worldwide. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is associated with the disease herpetic stromal keratitis, the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in the industrialized world. Individuals suffering from genital herpes associated with HSV type 2 (HSV-2) are found to be two- to threefold more susceptible in acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The morbidity associated with these infections is principally due to the inflammatory response, the development of lesions, and scarring. Chemokines have become an important aspect in understanding the host immune response to microbial pathogens due in part to the timing of expression. In this paper, we will explore the current understanding of chemokine production as it relates to the orchestration of the immune response to HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma, DMEI 415, Health Sciences Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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22
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Hargett D, Rice S, Bachenheimer SL. Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. J Virol 2006; 80:10565-78. [PMID: 16928747 PMCID: PMC1641752 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01119-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to activate NF-kappaB has been well documented. Beginning at 3 to 5 h postinfection, HSV-1 induces a robust and persistent nuclear translocation of an NF-kappaB-dependent (p50/p65 heterodimer) DNA binding activity, as measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Activation requires virus binding and entry, as well as de novo infected-cell protein synthesis, and is accompanied by loss of both IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta. In this study, we identified loss of IkappaBalpha as a marker of NF-kappaB activation, and infection with mutants with individual immediate-early (IE) regulatory proteins deleted indicated that ICP27 was necessary for IkappaBalpha loss. Analysis of both N-terminal and C-terminal mutants of ICP27 identified the region from amino acids 21 to 63 as being necessary for IkappaBalpha loss. Additional experiments with mutant viruses with combinations of IE genes deleted revealed that the ICP27-dependent mechanism of NF-kappaB activation may be augmented by functional ICP4. We also analyzed two additional markers for NF-kappaB activation, phosphorylation of the p65 subunit on Ser276 and Ser536. Phosphorylation of both serines was induced upon HSV infection and required functional ICP4 and ICP27. Pharmacological inhibitor studies revealed that both IkappaBalpha and Ser276 phosphorylation were dependent on Jun N-terminal protein kinase activity, while Ser536 phosphorylation was not affected during inhibitor treatment. These results demonstrate that there are several layers of regulation of NF-kappaB activation during HSV infection, highlighting the important role that NF-kappaB may play in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Hargett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 837 MEJB, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
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23
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Brukman A, Enquist LW. Pseudorabies virus EP0 protein counteracts an interferon-induced antiviral state in a species-specific manner. J Virol 2006; 80:10871-3. [PMID: 16928746 PMCID: PMC1641768 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01308-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus related to herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus, infects a broad host range of mammals. A striking characteristic of PRV infection is the different symptoms and outcomes of infection in natural and nonnatural hosts. Adult pigs, the natural hosts of PRV, survive infection with only mild respiratory symptoms, while nonnatural hosts, including rodents and cattle, invariably die after exhibiting neurological symptoms. Here, we show that the PRV EP0 protein is necessary to overcome an interferon-mediated antiviral response in primary cells from the natural host of PRV but is not necessary in nonnatural-host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Brukman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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24
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Takahashi N, Yamada T, Narita N, Fujieda S. Double-stranded RNA induces production of RANTES and IL-8 by human nasal fibroblasts. Clin Immunol 2005; 118:51-8. [PMID: 16253565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the viral RNA mimic, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), are recognized by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) that mediates the innate immune response to viral infections. In this study, we investigated the effects of poly(I:C) on the production of chemokines (IL-8, RANTES, and eotaxin), Type I IFNs (IFNalpha and IFNbeta), Th1-cytokines (IL-12 and IFNgamma), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) by human nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts. Human nasal fibroblasts were treated with poly(I:C), and levels of cytokines and chemokines were measured by ELISA. Incubation with poly(I:C) significantly enhanced the secretion of RANTES and IL-8. However, eotaxin, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFNalpha, IFNgamma, and IL-12 were not secreted from nasal fibroblasts stimulated with poly(I:C). The JNK inhibitor SP600125 and the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 significantly blocked the poly(I:C)-induced release of RANTES and IL-8, whereas the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 suppressed poly(I:C)-induced secretion of IL-8, but not RANTES. Nasal fibroblasts play an important role in initiating antiviral responses and inflammation of the nasal cavity by producing chemokines leading to enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Takahashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Mastuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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25
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Nakamichi K, Saiki M, Sawada M, Takayama-Ito M, Yamamuro Y, Morimoto K, Kurane I. Rabies virus-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB signaling pathways regulates expression of CXC and CC chemokine ligands in microglia. J Virol 2005; 79:11801-12. [PMID: 16140757 PMCID: PMC1212600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.18.11801-11812.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues, act as sources of chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the growth characteristics of rabies virus (RV) in microglia and the activation of cellular signaling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon RV infection. In RV-inoculated microglia, the synthesis of the viral genome and the production of virus progenies were significantly impaired, while the expression of viral proteins was observed. Transcriptional analyses of the expression profiles of chemokine genes revealed that RV infection, but not exposure to inactivated virions, strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. RV infection triggered the activation of signaling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). RV-induced expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was achieved by the activation of p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. In contrast, the activation of ERK1/2 was found to down-regulate CCL5 expression in RV-infected microglia, despite the fact that it was involved in partial induction of CXCL10 expression. Furthermore, NF-kappaB signaling upon RV infection was augmented via a p38-mediated mechanism. Taken together, these results indicate that the strong induction of CXCL10 and CCL5 expression in microglia is precisely regulated by the activation of multiple signaling pathways through the recognition of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamichi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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26
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Biswas PS, Banerjee K, Kim B, Kinchington PR, Rouse BT. Role of inflammatory cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase 2 in the ocular immunopathologic disease herpetic stromal keratitis. J Virol 2005; 79:10589-600. [PMID: 16051851 PMCID: PMC1182687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10589-10600.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) results in a blinding immunoinflammatory stromal keratitis (SK) lesion. Early preclinical events include polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and neovascularization in the corneal stroma. We demonstrate here that HSV infection of the cornea results in the upregulation of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme. Early after infection, COX-2 was produced from uninfected stromal fibroblasts as an indirect effect of virus infection. Subsequently, COX-2 may also be produced from other inflammatory cells that infiltrate the cornea. The induction of COX-2 is a critical event, since inhibition of COX-2 with a selective inhibitor was shown to reduce corneal angiogenesis and SK severity. The administration of a COX-2 inhibitor resulted in compromised PMN infiltration into the cornea, as well as diminished corneal vascular endothelial growth factor levels, likely accounting for the reduced angiogenic response. COX-2 stimulation by HSV infection represents a critical early event accessible for therapy and the control of SK severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha S Biswas
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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27
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Malmgaard L, Melchjorsen J, Bowie AG, Mogensen SC, Paludan SR. Viral activation of macrophages through TLR-dependent and -independent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6890-8. [PMID: 15557184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of cytokine production is important for activation of an efficient host defense response. Macrophages constitute an important source of cytokines. In this study we have investigated the virus-cell interactions triggering induction of cytokine expression in macrophages during viral infections. We found that viral entry and viral gene products produced inside the cell are responsible for activation of induction pathways leading to IFN-alphabeta expression, indicating that virus-cell interactions on the cell surface are not enough. Moreover, by the use of cell lines expressing dominant negative versions of TLR-associated adaptor proteins we demonstrate that Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta is dispensable for all virus-induced cytokine expression examined. However, a cell line expressing dominant negative MyD88 revealed the existence of distinct induction pathways because virus-induced expression of RANTES and TNF-alpha was totally blocked in this cell line whereas IFN-alphabeta expression was much less affected in the absence of signaling via MyD88. In support of this, we also found that inhibitory CpG motifs, which block TLR9 signaling inhibited early HSV-2-induced TNF-alpha and RANTES expression dramatically whereas IFN-alphabeta induction was only slightly affected. This suggests that virus activates macrophages through distinct pathways, of which some are dependent on TLRs signaling through MyD88, whereas others seem to be independent of TLR signaling. Finally we demonstrate that IFN-alphabeta induction in HSV-2-infected macrophages requires a functional dsRNA-activated protein kinase molecule because cells expressing a dsRNA-dependent protein kinase version unable to bind dsRNA do not express IFN-alphabeta on infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Genes, Immediate-Early/radiation effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/radiation effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/radiation effects
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/radiation effects
- Interferon-beta/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/radiation effects
- Kinetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/radiation effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/radiation effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/radiation effects
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/radiation effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- eIF-2 Kinase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Malmgaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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Chen CJ, Chen JH, Chen SY, Liao SL, Raung SL. Upregulation of RANTES gene expression in neuroglia by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:12107-19. [PMID: 15507597 PMCID: PMC525064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12107-12119.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes cerebral inflammation and stimulates inflammatory cytokine expression. Glial cells orchestrate immunocyte recruitment to focal sites of viral infection within the central nervous system (CNS) and synchronize immune cell functions through a regulated network of cytokines and chemokines. Since immune cell infiltration is prominent, we investigated the production of a responding chemoattractant, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), in response to JEV infection of glial cells. Infection with JEV was found to elicit the production of RANTES from primary neurons/glia, mixed glia, microglia, and astrocytes but not from neuron cultures. The production of RANTES did not seem to be directly responsible for JEV-induced neuronal death but instead contributed to the recruitment of immune cells. RANTES expression required viral replication and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as transcription factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6). The induction of RANTES expression by JEV infection in glial cells needed the coordinate activation of NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6. Using enzymatic inhibitors, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the ERK signaling pathway and RANTES expression. However, JEV replication was not dependent on the activation of ERK, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL-6. Altogether, these results demonstrated that infection of glial cells by JEV provided the early ERK-, NF-kappaB-, and NF-IL-6-mediated signals that directly activated RANTES expression, which might be involved in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160 Sec. 3 Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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29
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Mogensen TH, Melchjorsen J, Malmgaard L, Casola A, Paludan SR. Suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression by herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 2004; 78:5883-90. [PMID: 15140986 PMCID: PMC415838 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5883-5890.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral immune evasion strategies are important for establishment and maintenance of infections. Many viruses are in possession of mechanisms to counteract the antiviral response raised by the infected host. Here we show that a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant lacking functional viral protein 16 (VP16)-a tegument protein promoting viral gene expression-induced significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than wild-type HSV-1. This was observed in several cell lines and primary murine macrophages, as well as in peritoneal cells harvested from mice infected in vivo. The enhanced ability to stimulate cytokine expression in the absence of VP16 was not mediated directly by VP16 but was dependent on the viral immediate-early genes for infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) and ICP27, which are expressed in a VP16-dependent manner during primary HSV infection. The virus appeared to target cellular factors other than interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR), since the virus mutants remained stronger inducers of cytokines in cells stably expressing a dominant-negative mutant form of PKR. Finally, mRNA stability assay revealed a significantly longer half-life for interleukin-6 mRNA after infection with the VP16 mutant than after infection with the wild-type virus. Thus, HSV is able to suppress expression of proinflammatory cytokines by decreasing the stability of mRNAs, thereby potentially impeding the antiviral host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Galdiero S, Vitiello M, D'Isanto M, Di Niola E, Peluso L, Raieta K, Pedone C, Galdiero M, Benedetti E. Induction of signaling pathways by herpes simplex virus type 1 through glycoprotein H peptides. Biopolymers 2004; 76:494-502. [PMID: 15499563 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to extracellular stimuli, such as viruses, by recruiting signal transduction pathways, many of which are mediated through activation of distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and activation of transductional regulation factors. The best characterized of this pathway are the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), and the p38 MAPK cascade. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes at least 11 envelope glycoproteins, which alone or in concert play different roles in viral adsorption, entry, cell-to-cell spread, and immune evasion. Of these proteins, three are designated glycoprotein B (gB), glycoprotein D (gD), and the gH/gL heterodimer, are clearly involved in attachment and entry, and therefore possible candidates in inducing early cellular activation.Nevertheless, the precise role of each glycoprotein and the cellular factor involved remain elusive. The signal transduction pathways involved, and the outcome of cellular activation on viral entry or postentry events, are still to be elucidated. To better understand the role of signal transduction pathways and phosphorylation events in HSV-1 entry, synthetic peptides modeled on HSV-1 gH were synthesized and tested for MEK1-MEK2/MAPK cascade activation. Our results show a major involvement of the JNK pathway in the intracellular signal transmission after stimulation with gH HSV-1 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica and CIRPEB, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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31
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Khaiboullina SF, Rizvanov AA, Deyde VM, St Jeor SC. Andes virus stimulates interferon-inducible MxA protein expression in endothelial cells. J Med Virol 2004; 75:267-75. [PMID: 15602733 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MxA is a cellular protein activated in cells treated with type I interferons. MxA protein is a member of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases. A unique property of Mx1 GTPases is their antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA viruses. Replication of several hantavirus strains is inhibited in cells constitutively expressing MxA protein. We have found that Andes virus (ANDV) infection up regulates transcription of MxA RNA and expression of MxA protein in human endothelial cells in vitro. Activation of MxA gene expression requires virus replication. Up-regulation of MxA gene expression in hantavirus infected cells varies depending on the cell type. The degree of activation of MxA gene expression is inversely correlated with the efficiency of hantavirus replication. Additionally, MxA protein is co-localized with hantavirus nucleocapsid protein in infected cell. Our data suggest that MxA by interacting with the virus nucleocapsid protein inhibits production of new infectious virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89577, USA
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