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Wrzesińska-Krupa B, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Small non-coding satellite RNAs - the 'game changers' at the virus-host plant interaction? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39054260 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are RNA molecules associated with many plant viruses and fully dependent on them for replication, encapsidation, and movement within the plant or transmission from plant to plant. Their classification is based on their length, functional protein-coding capacity, and RNA structure (whether linear or circular). They have been of interest for a long time as some of them, in particular systems, cause significant changes in the pathogenesis and epidemiology of plant viruses. The outcomes of how satRNAs affect pathogenesis depend on the components of the pathosystem: host plant species or variety, virus species or even strain, and the sequence of satRNA. These can be additionally affected by biotic and abiotic factors, for example, environmental conditions such as the presence of their vectors or ambient temperature. satRNAs may interfere with primary metabolism, signalling, plant defence [including post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)], as well as the efficiency of virus transmission from plant to plant. In recent years, due to wider access to high-throughput technologies and the extension of studies on satRNAs to include the involvement of external factors in plant-virus-satRNA systems, we are gaining a broader view of the consequences of the presence of these small molecules in viral infections. This review presents the state of the art of satRNA interactions with the helper virus and host plant as well as the influence of satRNAs on the insect vector's behaviour. Moreover, areas requiring further research are identified and knowledge gaps indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wrzesińska-Krupa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, Poznań, 60-318, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, Poznań, 60-318, Poland
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Bubici G, Carluccio AV, Stavolone L, Cillo F. Prosystemin overexpression induces transcriptional modifications of defense-related and receptor-like kinase genes and reduces the susceptibility to Cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite RNAs in transgenic tomato plants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171902. [PMID: 28182745 PMCID: PMC5300215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemin is a plant signal peptide hormone involved in the responses to wounding and insect damage in the Solanaceae family. It works in the same signaling pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) and enhances the expression of proteinase inhibitors. With the aim of studying a role for systemin in plant antiviral responses, a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) transgenic line overexpressing the prosystemin cDNA, i.e. the systemin precursor, was inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) strain Fny supporting either a necrogenic or a non-necrogenic satellite RNA (satRNA) variant. Transgenic plants showed reduced susceptibility to both CMV/satRNA combinations. While symptoms of the non-necrogenic inoculum were completely suppressed, a delayed onset of lethal disease occurred in about half of plants challenged with the necrogenic inoculum. RT-qPCR analysis showed a correlation between the systemin-mediated reduced susceptibility and the JA biosynthetic and signaling pathways (e.g. transcriptional alteration of lipoxygenase D and proteinase inhibitor II). Moreover, transgenically overexpressed systemin modulated the expression of a selected set of receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) genes, including some playing a known role in plant innate immunity. A significant correlation was found between the expression profiles of some RLKs and the systemin-mediated reduced susceptibility to CMV/satRNA. These results show that systemin can increase plant defenses against CMV/satRNA through transcriptional reprogramming of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Fabrizio Cillo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
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Mascia T, Gallitelli D. Synergies and antagonisms in virus interactions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:176-192. [PMID: 27717453 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metagenomic surveys and data from next generation sequencing revealed that mixed infections among plant viruses are probably a rule rather than an exception in natural pathosystems. The documented cases may range from synergism to antagonism, which may depend from the spatiotemporal order of arrival of the viruses on the host and upon the host itself. In synergistic interactions, the measurable differences in replication, phenotypic and cytopathological changes, cellular tropism, within host movement, and transmission rate of one of the two viruses or both are increased. Conversely, a decrease in replication, or inhibition of one or more of the above functions by one virus against the other, leads to an antagonistic interaction. Viruses may interact directly and by transcomplementation of defective functions or indirectly, through responses mediated by the host like the defense mechanism based on RNA silencing. Outcomes of these interactions can be applied to the risk assessment of transgenic crops expressing viral proteins, or cross-protected crops for the identification of potential hazards. Prior to experimental evidence, mathematical models may help in forecasting challenges deriving from the great variety of pathways of synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Actually, it seems that such predictions do not receive sufficient credit in the framework of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Mascia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto del CNR per la Protezione sostenibile delle Piante, Unità Operativa di Supporto di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Gallitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; Istituto del CNR per la Protezione sostenibile delle Piante, Unità Operativa di Supporto di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Palukaitis P. Satellite RNAs and Satellite Viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:181-186. [PMID: 26551994 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-15-0232-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Satellite RNAs and satellite viruses are extraviral components that can affect either the pathogenicity, the accumulation, or both of their associated viruses while themselves being dependent on the associated viruses as helper viruses for their infection. Most of these satellite RNAs are noncoding RNAs, and in many cases, have been shown to alter the interaction of their helper viruses with their hosts. In only a few cases have the functions of these satellite RNAs in such interactions been studied in detail. In particular, work on the satellite RNAs of Cucumber mosaic virus and Turnip crinkle virus have provided novel insights into RNAs functioning as noncoding RNAs. These effects are described and potential roles for satellite RNAs in the processes involved in symptom intensification or attenuation are discussed. In most cases, models describing these roles involve some aspect of RNA silencing or its suppression, either directly or indirectly involving the particular satellite RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-774, Republic of Korea
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Muntean CM, Leopold N, Tripon C, Coste A, Halmagyi A. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of genomic DNA from in vitro grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars before and after plant cryopreservation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 144:107-114. [PMID: 25748988 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of five genomic DNAs from non-cryopreserved control tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cultivars Siriana, Darsirius, Kristin, Pontica and Capriciu) respectively, have been analyzed in the wavenumber range 400-1800 cm(-1). Structural changes induced in genomic DNAs upon cryopreservation were discussed in detail for four of the above mentioned tomato cultivars. The surface-enhanced Raman vibrational modes for each of these cases, spectroscopic band assignments and structural interpretations of genomic DNAs are reported. We have found, that DNA isolated from Siriana cultivar leaf tissues suffers the weakest structural changes upon cryogenic storage of tomato shoot apices. On the contrary, genomic DNA extracted from Pontica cultivar is the most responsive system to cryopreservation process. Particularly, both C2'-endo-anti and C3'-endo-anti conformations have been detected. As a general observation, the wavenumber range 1511-1652 cm(-1), being due to dA, dG and dT residues seems to be influenced by cryopreservation process. These changes could reflect unstacking of DNA bases. However, not significant structural changes of genomic DNAs from Siriana, Darsirius and Kristin have been found upon cryopreservation process of tomato cultivars. Based on this work, specific plant DNA-ligand interactions or accurate local structure of DNA in the proximity of a metallic surface, might be further investigated using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Muntean
- National Institute for Research & Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Physics, Kogalniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Tripon
- National Institute for Research & Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Coste
- Institute of Biological Research, Branch of National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Republicii 48, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adela Halmagyi
- Institute of Biological Research, Branch of National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Republicii 48, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Feng J, Lin R, Chen J. Alteration of tomato microRNAs expression during fruit development upon Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato aspermy virus infection. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3713-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Xu P, Wang H, Coker F, Ma JY, Tang Y, Taylor M, Roossinck MJ. Genetic loci controlling lethal cell death in tomato caused by viral satellite RNA infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1034-1044. [PMID: 22746824 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-12-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) associated with D satellite RNA (satRNA) causes lethal systemic necrosis (LSN) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which involves programmed cell death. No resistance to this disease has been found in tomato. We obtained a line of wild tomato, S. habrochaitis, with a homogeneous non-lethal response (NLR) to the infection. This line of S. habrochaitis was crossed with tomato to generate F1 plants that survived the infection with NLR, indicating that NLR is a dominant trait. The NLR trait was successfully passed on to the next generation. The phenotype and genotype segregation was analyzed in the first backcross population. The analyses indicate that the NLR trait is determined by quantitative trait loci (QTL). Major QTL associated with the NLR trait were mapped to chromosomes 5 and 12. Results from Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that the F1 and S. habrochaitis plants accumulated minus-strand satRNA more slowly than tomato, and fewer vascular cells were infected. In addition, D satRNA-induced LSN in tomato is correlated with higher accumulation of the minus-strand satRNA compared with the accumulation of the minus strand of a non-necrogenic mutant D satRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- The Samuel Robert Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
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Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an important virus because of its agricultural impact in the Mediterranean Basin and worldwide, and also as a model for understanding plant-virus interactions. This review focuses on those areas where most progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of CMV. Clearly, a deep understanding of the role of the recently described CMV 2b gene in suppression of host RNA silencing and viral virulence is the most important discovery. These findings have had an impact well beyond the virus itself, as the 2b gene is an important tool in the studies of eukaryotic gene regulation. Protein 2b was shown to be involved in most of the steps of the virus cycle and to interfere with several basal host defenses. Progress has also been made concerning the mechanisms of virus replication and movement. However, only a few host proteins that interact with viral proteins have been identified, making this an area of research where major efforts are still needed. Another area where major advances have been made is CMV population genetics, where contrasting results were obtained. On the one hand, CMV was shown to be prone to recombination and to show high genetic diversity based on sequence data of different isolates. On the other hand, populations did not exhibit high genetic variability either within plants, or even in a field and the nearby wild plants. The situation was partially clarified with the finding that severe bottlenecks occur during both virus movement within a plant and transmission between plants. Finally, novel studies were undertaken to elucidate mechanisms leading to selection in virus population, according to the host or its environment, opening a new research area in plant-virus coevolution.
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Differential effects of Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNAs in the perturbation of microRNA-regulated gene expression in tomato. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:775-84. [PMID: 21590278 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections generally cause disease symptoms by interfering with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of gene expression of host plants. In tomato leaves, the accumulation levels of eleven miRNAs and ten target mRNAs were enhanced by different degrees upon Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-Fny and Tomato aspermy virus (TAV)-Bj infections. The ability of CMV-Fny to interfere with miRNA pathway was dramatically suppressed in the addition of the benign satellite (sat) RNA variant (satYn12), but was slightly affected when CMV-Fny was co-inoculated with the aggressive satRNA variant (satT1). In plants harboring the infection of CMV-FnyΔ2b (a CMV-Fny 2b-deletion mutant), the unaltered miRNAs and target mRNAs levels compared with mock inoculated plants indicated that 2b ORF was essential for perturbation of miRNA metabolism. When the amounts of viral open reading frames (ORFs) in these infections were quantified, we found satYn12 caused a higher reduction of CMV-Fny accumulation levels than satT1. These results indicate the complex mechanism by which satRNAs participate in CMV-tomato interaction, and suggest that the severity of disease symptoms positively correlates to some extent with the perturbation of miRNA pathway in tomato.
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Mascia T, Cillo F, Fanelli V, Finetti-Sialer MM, De Stradis A, Palukaitis P, Gallitelli D. Characterization of the interactions between Cucumber mosaic virus and Potato virus Y in mixed infections in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1514-24. [PMID: 20923355 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-10-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed infection with the SON41 strain of Potato virus Y (PVY-SON41) in tomato increased accumulation of RNAs of strains Fny and LS of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Fny and CMV-LS, respectively) and enhanced disease symptoms. By contrast, replication of PVY-SON41 was downregulated by CMV-Fny and this was due to the CMV-Fny 2b protein. The CMV-FnyΔ2b mutant was unable to systemically invade the tomato plant because its movement was blocked at the bundle sheath of the phloem. The function needed for invading the phloem was complemented by PVY-SON41 in plants grown at 22°C whereas this complementation was not necessary in plants grown at 15°C. Mutations in the 2b protein coding sequence of CMV-Fny as well as inhibition of translation of the 2a/2b overlapping region of the 2a protein lessened both the accumulation of viral RNAs and the severity of symptoms. Both of these functions were complemented by PVY-SON41. Infection of CMV-Fny supporting replication of the Tfn-satellite RNA reduced the accumulation of CMV RNA and suppressed symptom expression also in plants mixed-infected with PVY-SON41. The interaction between CMV and PVY-SON41 in tomato exhibited different features from that documented in other hosts. The results of this work are relevant from an ecological and epidemiological perspective due to the frequency of natural mixed infection of CMV and PVY in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Mascia
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Mascia T, Santovito E, Gallitelli D, Cillo F. Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction normalization in infected tomato plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:805-16. [PMID: 21029324 PMCID: PMC6640390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of messenger RNA expression levels by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction requires the availability of reference genes that are stably expressed regardless of the experimental conditions under study. We examined the expression variations of a set of eight candidate reference genes in tomato leaf and root tissues subjected to the infection of five taxonomically and molecularly different plant viruses and a viroid, inducing diverse pathogenic effects on inoculated plants. Parallel analyses by three commonly used dedicated algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, showed that different viral infections and tissues of origin influenced, to some extent, the expression levels of these genes. However, all algorithms showed high levels of stability for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ubiquitin, indicated as the most suitable endogenous transcripts for normalization in both tissue types. Actin and uridylate kinase were also stably expressed throughout the infected tissues, whereas cyclophilin showed tissue-specific expression stability only in root samples. By contrast, two widely employed reference genes, 18S ribosomal RNA and elongation factor 1α, demonstrated highly variable expression levels that should discourage their use for normalization. In addition, expression level analysis of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase showed the modulation of the two genes in virus-infected tomato leaves and roots. The relative quantification of the two genes varied according to the reference genes selected, thus highlighting the importance of the choice of the correct normalization method in such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Mascia
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Cross-protection is a phenomenon in which infection of a plant with a mild virus or viroid strain protects it from disease resulting from a subsequent encounter with a severe strain of the same virus or viroid. In this chapter, we review the history of cross-protection with regard to the development of ideas concerning its likely mechanisms, including RNA silencing and exclusion, and its influence on the early development of genetically engineered virus resistance. We also examine examples of the practical use of cross-protection in averting crop losses due to viruses, as well as the use of satellite RNAs to ameliorate the impact of virus-induced diseases. We also discuss the potential of cross-protection to contribute in future to the maintenance of crop health in the face of emerging virus diseases and related threats to agricultural production.
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Cillo F, Mascia T, Pasciuto MM, Gallitelli D. Differential effects of mild and severe Cucumber mosaic virus strains in the perturbation of MicroRNA-regulated gene expression in tomato map to the 3' sequence of RNA 2. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1239-49. [PMID: 19737097 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-10-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections interfere with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of gene expression, determining developmental defects. In tomato leaves, the accumulation levels of six miRNA species and their target transcripts corresponding to transcription factors with roles in plant development and leaf morphogenesis and two genes involved in the short RNA processing, DCL1 and AGO1, were significantly enhanced upon infection with the severe strain Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-Fny, while that of AGO4 was reduced. In plants harboring the infection of the mild strain CMV-LS, the effects on miRNA pathway were reduced, although AGO1, DCL1, and NAC1 also were shown to overaccumulate during infections exhibiting a mild phenotype. The use of the recombinant strain CMV-Fny(LS2b), in which the 3'-terminal region of CMV-Fny RNA 2, including the 2b coding sequence, was replaced with the corresponding region of CMV-LS RNA 2, provided evidence that the exchanged region was implicated in the perturbation of miRNA metabolism. In tomato plants infected with CMV-Fny supporting the ameliorative satellite (sat)RNA variant Tfn-satRNA, the symptomless phenotype correlated, with the exception of NAC1 upregulation, with the absence of effects on mitochondrial RNA and miRNA expression. Some of the aspects of miRNA pathway perturbation described were peculiar to CMV-tomato interactions and involved in the etiology of the disease phenotype elicited in this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Cillo
- Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, and Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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