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Kumar D, Jahan S, Khan A, Siddiqui AJ, Redhu NS, Wahajuddin, Khan J, Banwas S, Alshehri B, Alaidarous M. Neurological Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Inflammation and Possible Therapeutic Strategies Against COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3417-3434. [PMID: 33715108 PMCID: PMC7955900 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are regular reports of extrapulmonary infections and manifestations related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Coronaviruses are potentially neurotropic, which renders neuronal tissue vulnerable to infection, especially in elderly individuals or in those with neuro-comorbid conditions. Complaints of ageusia, anosmia, myalgia, and headache; reports of diseases such as stroke, encephalopathy, seizure, and encephalitis; and loss of consciousness in patients with COVID-19 confirm the neuropathophysiological aspect of this disease. The brain is linked to pulmonary organs, physiologically through blood circulation, and functionally through the nervous system. The interdependence of these vital organs may further aggravate the pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19. The induction of a cytokine storm in systemic circulation can trigger a neuroinflammatory cascade, which can subsequently compromise the blood-brain barrier and activate microglia- and astrocyte-borne Toll-like receptors, thereby leading to neuronal tissue damage. Hence, a holistic approach should be adopted by healthcare professionals while treating COVID-19 patients with a history of neurodegenerative disorders, neuropsychological complications, or any other neuro-compromised conditions. Imperatively, vaccines are being developed at top priority to contain the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and different vaccines are at different stages of development globally. This review discusses the concerns regarding the neuronal complications of COVID-19 and the possible mechanisms of amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar
- Zoology Department, KKM College, Jamui, Munger University, Munger, India
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeru Singh Redhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Wahajuddin
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banwas
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Hu X, Shrimp JH, Guo H, Xu M, Chen CZ, Zhu W, Zakharov AV, Jain S, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Hall MD, Shen M. Discovery of TMPRSS2 Inhibitors from Virtual Screening as a Potential Treatment of COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1124-1135. [PMID: 34136758 PMCID: PMC8043206 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has prompted researchers to pivot their efforts to finding antiviral compounds and vaccines. In this study, we focused on the human host cell transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which plays an important role in the viral life cycle by cleaving the spike protein to initiate membrane fusion. TMPRSS2 is an attractive target and has received attention for the development of drugs against SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome. Starting with comparative structural modeling and a binding model analysis, we developed an efficient pharmacophore-based approach and applied a large-scale in silico database screening for small-molecule inhibitors against TMPRSS2. The hits were evaluated in the TMPRSS2 biochemical assay and the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped particle entry assay. A number of novel inhibitors were identified, providing starting points for the further development of drug candidates for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Shrimp
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alexey V. Zakharov
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sankalp Jain
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center
for Advancing
Translational Sciences, National Institutes
of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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3
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Müller P, Maus H, Hammerschmidt SJ, Knaff P, Mailänder V, Schirmeister T, Kersten C. Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:635-665. [PMID: 34042026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since currently, there is no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Maus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Josef Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Knaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Hu X, Shrimp JH, Guo H, Xu M, Chen CZ, Zhu W, Zakharov A, Jain S, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Hall MD, Shen M. Discovery of TMPRSS2 inhibitors from virtual screening. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.12.28.424413. [PMID: 33398276 PMCID: PMC7781311 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.28.424413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has prompted researchers to pivot their efforts to finding antiviral compounds and vaccines. In this study, we focused on the human host cell transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which plays an important role in the viral life cycle by cleaving the spike protein to initiate membrane fusion. TMPRSS2 is an attractive target and has received attention for the development of drugs against SARS and MERS. Starting with comparative structural modeling and binding model analysis, we developed an efficient pharmacophore-based approach and applied a large-scale in silico database screening for small molecule inhibitors against TMPRSS2. The hits were evaluated in the TMPRSS2 biochemical assay and the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped particle (PP) entry assay. A number of novel inhibitors were identified, providing starting points for further development of drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Shrimp
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Hui Guo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Alexey Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Sankalp Jain
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
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5
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Savosina PI, Druzhilovskii DS, Poroikov VV. COVID-19: Analysis of Drug Repositioning Practice. Pharm Chem J 2021; 54:989-996. [PMID: 33456092 PMCID: PMC7797491 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China in December 2019 became the epicenter for the spread of a global pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causes a cascade of respiratory diseases similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Currently, there is no effective, specific, and safe treatment for COVID-19 to suppress the virus in the human body. The present study searched for pharmacological substances with antiviral activity for possible drug repositioning based on experimental and theoretical information in a series of publications on in vitro assays of agents against SARS-CoV-2. An analysis identified 46 well-known pharmaceutical substances that could be used for drug repositioning to create a therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. I. Savosina
- V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/7 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - D. S. Druzhilovskii
- V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/7 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - V. V. Poroikov
- V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/7 Pogodinskaya St., Moscow, 119121 Russia
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6
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Hempel T, Raich L, Olsson S, Azouz NP, Klingler AM, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Rothenberg ME, Noé F. Molecular mechanism of inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry facilitator TMPRSS2 with camostat and nafamostat. Chem Sci 2021; 12:983-992. [PMID: 35382133 PMCID: PMC8906443 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 into human lung cells can be inhibited by the approved drugs camostat and nafamostat. Here we elucidate the molecular mechanism of these drugs by combining experiments and simulations. In vitro assays confirm that both drugs inhibit the human protein TMPRSS2, a SARS-Cov-2 spike protein activator. As no experimental structure is available, we provide a model of the TMPRSS2 equilibrium structure and its fluctuations by relaxing an initial homology structure with extensive 330 microseconds of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) and Markov modeling. Through Markov modeling, we describe the binding process of both drugs and a metabolic product of camostat (GBPA) to TMPRSS2, reaching a Michaelis complex (MC) state, which precedes the formation of a long-lived covalent inhibitory state. We find that nafamostat has a higher MC population than camostat and GBPA, suggesting that nafamostat is more readily available to form the stable covalent enzyme–substrate intermediate, effectively explaining its high potency. This model is backed by our in vitro experiments and consistent with previous virus cell entry assays. Our TMPRSS2–drug structures are made public to guide the design of more potent and specific inhibitors. The authors unravel the molecular action principle of nafamostat and camostat, two potential COVID-19 drugs targeting the human protein TMPRSS2.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hempel
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
- Berlin
- Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Lluís Raich
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Simon Olsson
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
- Berlin
- Germany
- Chalmers University of Technology
| | - Nurit P. Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Cincinnati
| | - Andrea M. Klingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Cincinnati
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit
- German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research
- Göttingen
- Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit
- German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research
- Göttingen
- Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
- Cincinnati
| | - Frank Noé
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
- Berlin
- Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
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7
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Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demands effective treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 critically depends on diverse viral or host proteases, which mediate viral entry, viral protein maturation, as well as the pathogenesis of the viral infection. Endogenous and exogenous agents targeting for proteases have been proved to be effective toward a variety of viral infections ranging from HIV to influenza virus, suggesting protease inhibitors as a promising antiviral treatment for COVID-19. In this Review, we discuss how host and viral proteases participated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as well as the prospects and ongoing clinical trials of protease inhibitors as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Luan
- Computational
Biological Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research, Yorktown
Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Tien Huynh
- Computational
Biological Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research, Yorktown
Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Department
of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Ganhui Lan
- Covance,
Inc., 206 Carnegie Center
Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Neoland
Biosciences, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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8
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Chen CZ, Shinn P, Itkin Z, Eastman RT, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Huang R, Shen M, Hu X, Wilson KM, Brooks B, Guo H, Zhao T, Klump-Thomas C, Simeonov A, Michael SG, Lo DC, Hall MD, Zheng W. Drug Repurposing Screen for Compounds Inhibiting the Cytopathic Effect of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.18.255877. [PMID: 32839771 PMCID: PMC7444282 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.18.255877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a rapid approach to identifying therapeutics for the treatment of emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19. To address the urgent need for treatment options, we carried out a quantitative high-throughput screen using a SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic assay with a compound collection of 8,810 approved and investigational drugs, mechanism-based bioactive compounds, and natural products. Three hundred and nineteen compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities were identified and confirmed, including 91 approved drug and 49 investigational drugs. Among these confirmed compounds, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of 230 compounds, including 38 approved drugs, have not been previously reported. Chlorprothixene, methotrimeprazine, and piperacetazine were the three most potent FDA approved drugs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. These three compounds have not been previously reported to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities, although their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV and Ebola virus have been reported. These results demonstrate that this comprehensive data set of drug repurposing screen for SARS-CoV-2 is useful for drug repurposing efforts including design of new drug combinations for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Richard T. Eastman
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Kelli M. Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Brianna Brooks
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Hui Guo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Tongan Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klump-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Samuel G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
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