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Sharma N, Singh L, Sharma A, Kumar A, Mahajan D. NAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) - A compelling case for repositioning of existing mTORc1 inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107375. [PMID: 39209081 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing concern for the high incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) globally. The progression of NAFLD to HCC is heterogeneous and non-linear, involving intermediate stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. There is a high unmet clinical need for appropriate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options to tackle this emerging epidemic. Unfortunately, at present, there is no validated marker to identify the risk of developing HCC in patients suffering from NAFLD or NASH. Additionally, the current treatment protocols for HCC don't differentiate between viral infection or NAFLD-specific etiology of the HCC and have a limited success rate. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORc1) is an important protein involved in many vital cellular processes like lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. These cellular processes are highly implicated in NAFLD and its progression to severe liver manifestations. Additionally, hyperactivation of mTORc1 is known to promote cell proliferation, which can contribute to the genesis and progression of tumors. Many mTORc1 inhibitors are being evaluated for different types of cancers under various phases of clinical trials. This paper deliberates on the strong pathological implication of the mTORc1 signaling pathway in NAFLD and its progression to NASH and HCC and advocates for a systematic investigation of known mTORc1 inhibitors in suitable pre-clinical models of HCC having NAFLD/NASH-specific etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Sharma
- Center for Drug Discovery, BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Basic Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, India
| | - Lakhwinder Singh
- Center for Drug Discovery, BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Center for Drug Discovery, BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Center for Drug Discovery, BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Dinesh Mahajan
- Center for Drug Discovery, BRIC-Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India.
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Yen JH, Chang CC, Hsu HJ, Yang CH, Mani H, Liou JW. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling axis in cancer and the development of chemotherapeutic molecules. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:231-239. [PMID: 38993827 PMCID: PMC11236080 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_52_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small, secreted cytokines crucial in the regulation of a variety of cell functions. The binding of chemokine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) (stromal cell-derived factor 1) to a G-protein-coupled receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) triggers downstream signaling pathways with effects on cell survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. Intensive and extensive investigations have provided evidence suggesting that the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis plays a pivotal role in tumor development, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, as well as in creating tumor microenvironment, thus implying that this axis is a potential target for the development of cancer therapies. The structures of CXCL12 and CXCR4 have been resolved with experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, or cryo-EM. Therefore, it is possible to apply structure-based computational approaches to discover, design, and modify therapeutic molecules for cancer treatments. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the roles played by the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis in cellular functions linking to cancer progression and metastasis. This review also provides an introduction to protein structures of CXCL12 and CXCR4 and the application of computer simulation and analysis in understanding CXCR4 activation and antagonist binding. Furthermore, examples of strategies and current progress in CXCL12-CXCR4 axis-targeted development of therapeutic anticancer inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hemalatha Mani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Li M, Huang W, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhao S, Wang L, Sun Y, Sha B, Yan J, Ma Y, Tang J, Shi J, Li P, Jia L, Hu T, Chen P. Glucose deprivation triggers DCAF1-mediated inactivation of Rheb-mTORC1 and promotes cancer cell survival. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:409. [PMID: 38862475 PMCID: PMC11166663 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Low glucose is a common microenvironment for rapidly growing solid tumors, which has developed multiple approaches to survive under glucose deprivation. However, the specific regulatory mechanism remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that glucose deprivation, while not amino acid or serum starvation, transactivates the expression of DCAF1. This enhances the K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of Rheb, inhibits mTORC1 activity, induces autophagy, and facilitates cancer cell survival under glucose deprivation conditions. This study identified DCAF1 as a new cellular glucose sensor and uncovered new insights into mechanism of DCAF1-mediated inactivation of Rheb-mTORC1 pathway for promoting cancer cell survival in response to glucose deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yue Du
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Longhao Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Beibei Sha
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Jie Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yangcheng Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jinlu Tang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Precision Medicine Center, Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Pei Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Pinoșanu EA, Pîrșcoveanu D, Albu CV, Burada E, Pîrvu A, Surugiu R, Sandu RE, Serb AF. Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3484-3501. [PMID: 38666949 PMCID: PMC11049286 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anca Pinoșanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Pîrșcoveanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Andrei Pîrvu
- Dolj County Regional Centre of Medical Genetics, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, St. Tabaci, No. 1, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Florina Serb
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Biochemistry Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Yan X, Huang S, Li H, Feng Z, Kong J, Liu J. The causal effect of mTORC1-dependent circulating protein levels on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:559-564. [PMID: 37778897 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway plays a crucial role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the causal effect of mTOR downstream proteins on NAFLD remains unknown. AIMS We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate whether the mTOR-dependent circulating proteins, including Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E Binding Proteins (eIF4EBPs), Ribosomal Protein S6K kinase 1 (RP-S6K), Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E), Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4A (eIF4A) and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4 G (eIF4G), have causal effects on the risk of NAFLD. METHODS The causal estimate was evaluated with the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method in discovery stage and validation stage. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected to genetically predict exposures from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Exposures with statistically significant effects in the discovery dataset would be further validated in the validation dataset. RESULTS MR study revealed that eIF4E had a causal effect on NAFLD in both discovery stage (OR = 1.339, P = 0.037) and validation stage (OR = 1.0007, P = 0.022). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of the results. CONCLUSION The genetically predicted higher level of mTOR-dependent eIF4E in plasma might have a causal effect on the occurrence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Songhan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zichen Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Junjie Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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Shigesada N, Shikada N, Shirai M, Toriyama M, Higashijima F, Kimura K, Kondo T, Bessho Y, Shinozuka T, Sasai N. Combination of blockade of endothelin signalling and compensation of IGF1 expression protects the retina from degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:51. [PMID: 38252153 PMCID: PMC10803390 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and macular dystrophy (MD) cause severe retinal dysfunction, affecting 1 in 4000 people worldwide. This disease is currently assumed to be intractable, because effective therapeutic methods have not been established, regardless of genetic or sporadic traits. Here, we examined a RP mouse model in which the Prominin-1 (Prom1) gene was deficient and investigated the molecular events occurring at the outset of retinal dysfunction. We extracted the Prom1-deficient retina subjected to light exposure for a short time, conducted single-cell expression profiling, and compared the gene expression with and without stimuli. We identified the cells and genes whose expression levels change directly in response to light stimuli. Among the genes altered by light stimulation, Igf1 was decreased in rod photoreceptor cells and astrocytes under the light-stimulated condition. Consistently, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signal was weakened in light-stimulated photoreceptor cells. The recovery of Igf1 expression with the adeno-associated virus (AAV) prevented photoreceptor cell death, and its treatment in combination with the endothelin receptor antagonist led to the blockade of abnormal glial activation and the promotion of glycolysis, thereby resulting in the improvement of retinal functions, as assayed by electroretinography. We additionally demonstrated that the attenuation of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which mediates IGF signalling, leads to complications in maintaining retinal homeostasis. Together, we propose that combinatorial manipulation of distinct mechanisms is useful for the maintenance of the retinal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Shigesada
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Shikada
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Higashijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-0046, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
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Adeli OA, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Rostamian S, Azadegan-Dehkordi Z, Khaghani A. Effects and Mechanisms of Fisetin against Ischemia-reperfusion Injuries: A Systematic Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:2138-2153. [PMID: 38310454 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010281821240102105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a well-known ailment that can disturb organ function. OBJECTIVES This systematic review study investigated fisetin's effects and possible mechanisms in attenuating myocardial, cerebral, renal, and hepatic IRIs. METHODS This systematic review included studies earlier than Sep 2023 by following the PRISMA statement 2020. After determining inclusion and exclusion criteria and related keywords, bibliographic databases, such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases, were used to search the relevant studies. Studies were imported in End- Note X8, and the primary information was recorded in Excel. RESULTS Fisetin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and upregulated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in ischemic tissues. Moreover, fisetin can attenuate oxidative stress by activating phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways. Fisetin has been indicated to prevent the activation of several pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and MAPKs (Mitogen-activated protein kinases). It also inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes like tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), inducible-NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-1, and IL-6. Fisetin attenuates IRI by improving mitochondrial function, anti-apoptotic effects, promoting autophagy, and preserving tissues from histological changes induced by IRIs. CONCLUSION Fisetin, by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial protection, promoting autophagy, and anti-apoptotic properties, can reduce cell injury due to myocardial, cerebral renal, and hepatic IRIs without any significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid-Ali Adeli
- Department of Pathology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Rostamian
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zahra Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Armin Khaghani
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Xie Y, Zhao G, Lei X, Cui N, Wang H. Advances in the regulatory mechanisms of mTOR in necroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297408. [PMID: 38164133 PMCID: PMC10757967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a prominent role in controlling gene expression, metabolism, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) is indispensable for maintaining homeostasis by removing senescent, defective, or malignant cells. Necroptosis, a type of PCD, relies on the interplay between receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases (RIPKs) and the membrane perforation by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is distinguished from apoptosis. With the development of necroptosis-regulating mechanisms, the importance of mTOR in the complex network of intersecting signaling pathways that govern the process has become more evident. mTOR is directly responsible for the regulation of RIPKs. Autophagy is an indirect mechanism by which mTOR regulates the removal and interaction of RIPKs. Another necroptosis trigger is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress; mTOR regulates necroptosis by exploiting ROS. Considering the intricacy of the signal network, it is reasonable to assume that mTOR exerts a bifacial effect on necroptosis. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms underlying mTOR activation and necroptosis and highlighted the signaling pathway through which mTOR regulates necroptosis. The development of therapeutic targets for various diseases has been greatly advanced by the expanding knowledge of how mTOR regulates necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Azimirad M, Noori M, Amirkamali S, Nasiri G, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Klionsky DJ, Zali MR. Clostridioides difficile PCR ribotypes 001 and 084 can trigger autophagy process in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106450. [PMID: 37979713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process that can promote cell survival or death. However, the exact role of autophagy in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is still not precisely elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of distinct C. difficile ribotypes (RTs) in autophagy induction using Caco-2 cells. The expression analysis of autophagy-associated genes and related miRNAs were examined following treatment of Caco-2 cells with C. difficile after 4 and 8 h using RT-qPCR. Toxin production was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect MAP1LC3B/LC3B, followed by an autophagic flux analysis. C. difficile significantly reduced the viability of Caco-2 cells in comparison with untreated cells. Elevated levels of LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 by C. difficile RT001 and RT084 in the presence of E64d/leupeptin confirmed the induction of autophagy activity. Similarly, the immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that C. difficile RT001 and RT084 significantly increased the amount of LC3-positive structures in Caco-2 cells. The induction of autophagy was further demonstrated by increased levels of LC3B, ULK1, ATG12, PIK3C3/VPS34, BECN1 (beclin 1), ATG5, and ATG16L1 transcripts and reduced levels of AKT and MTOR gene expression. The expression levels of MIR21 and MIR30B, microRNAs that suppress autophagy, were differentially affected by C. difficile. In conclusion, the present work revealed that C. difficile bacteria can induce autophagy through both toxin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Also, our results suggest the potential role of other C. difficile virulence factors in autophagy modulation using intestinal cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Amirkamali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Nasiri
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Weston WA, Barr AR. A cell cycle centric view of tumour dormancy. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1535-1545. [PMID: 37608096 PMCID: PMC10645753 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour dormancy and recurrent metastatic cancer remain the greatest clinical challenge for cancer patients. Dormant tumour cells can evade treatment and detection, while retaining proliferative potential, often for years, before relapsing to tumour outgrowth. Cellular quiescence is one mechanism that promotes and maintains tumour dormancy due to its central role in reducing proliferation, elevating cyto-protective mechanisms, and retaining proliferative potential. Quiescence/proliferation decisions are dictated by intrinsic and extrinsic signals, which regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to modulate cell cycle gene expression. By clarifying the pathways regulating CDK activity and the signals which activate them, we can better understand how cancer cells enter, maintain, and escape from quiescence throughout the progression of dormancy and metastatic disease. Here we review how CDK activity is regulated to modulate cellular quiescence in the context of tumour dormancy and highlight the therapeutic challenges and opportunities it presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Weston
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexis R Barr
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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11
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Xie X, Teng W, Yu Z, Li D, Yang M, Zhang H, Zheng J, Li H, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Du S, Li Q, Chang Y, Zhang M, Wang Q. Chromosome-level genome assembly of sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus provides insights into the genetic characteristics and adaptive evolution of large scallops. Genomics 2023; 115:110747. [PMID: 37977331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791), a deep-sea Atlantic scallop, holds significant commercial value as a benthic marine bivalve along the northwest Atlantic coast. Recognizing its economic importance, the need to reconstruct its genome assembly becomes apparent, fostering insights into natural resources and generic breeding potential. This study reports a high-quality chromosome-level genome of P. magellanicus, achieved through the integration of Illumina short read sequencing, PacBio HiFi sequencing, and Hi-C sequencing techniques. The resulting assembly spans 1778 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 86.71 Mb. An intriguing observation arises - the genome size of P. magellanicus surpasses that of its Pectinidae family peers by 1.80 to 2.46 times. Within this genome, 28,111 protein-coding genes were identified. Comparative genomic analysis involving five scallop species unveils the critical determinant of this expanded genome: the proliferation of repetitive sequences recently inserted, contributing to its enlarged size. The landscape of whole genome collinearity sheds light on the relationships among scallop species, enhancing our broader understanding of their genomic framework. This genome provides genomic resources for future molecular biology research on scallops and serves as a guide for the exploration of longevity-related genes in scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian, China
| | - Weiming Teng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Zuoan Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- Dalian Changhai-Yide Aquatic Products Co., LTD, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Hualin Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Yongxin Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangfeng Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian, China
| | - Xiliang Zhang
- Dalian Changhai-Yide Aquatic Products Co., LTD, Dalian, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China.
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources for Marine Shellfish, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian, China.
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12
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Saengsiwaritt W, Ngamtipakon P, Udomsinprasert W. Vitamin D and autophagy in knee osteoarthritis: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110712. [PMID: 37523972 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the highly prevalent degenerative disease affecting the joint, perpetually devastates the health of the elderly. Of various mechanisms known to participate in KOA etiology, apoptosis of chondrocytes is widely regarded as the primary cause of cartilage degradation. It has been suggested that the induction of autophagy in chondrocytes could potentially prolong the progression of KOA by modulating intracellular metabolic processes, which may be helpful for ameliorating chondrocyte apoptosis and eventual cartilage degeneration. Autophagy, a physiological process characterized by intracellular self-degradation, has been reportedly implicated in various pathologic conditions including KOA. Interestingly, vitamin D has been shown to regulate autophagy in human chondrocytes through multiple pathways, specifically AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. This observation underscores the potential of vitamin D as a novel approach for restoring the functionality and survivability of chondrocytes in KOA. Supporting vitamin D's clinical significance, previous studies have demonstrated its substantial involvement in the symptoms and irregular joint morphology observed in KOA patients, strengthening potential therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D in treatment of KOA. Herein, the purpose of this review was to determine the mechanisms underlying the multi-processes of vitamin D implicated in autophagy in several cells including chondrocytes, which would bring unique insights into KOA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phatchana Ngamtipakon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanvisa Udomsinprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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13
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Jastrząb B, Szepietowski JC, Matusiak Ł. Hidradenitis suppurativa and follicular occlusion syndrome: Where is the pathogenetic link? Clin Dermatol 2023; 41:576-583. [PMID: 37690621 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The follicular occlusion tetrad complex encompasses several entities (hidradenitis suppurativa, acne conglobata, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, and pilonidal cyst) that share common clinical features, risk factors, and pathophysiology. Follicular occlusion is a crucial triggering mechanism in the etiology in each of these disorders, leading to development of distinctive skin lesions such as deep-seated nodules, abscesses, comedones, and draining sinuses, often with accompanying scarring. Despite the fact that the follicular occlusion tetrad components manifest multiple similarities, they also exhibit many differences among themselves and require individual approaches and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jastrząb
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Matusiak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Du Y, Cai X. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals in spinal cord injury: Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114905. [PMID: 37207430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease in which the spinal cord is subjected to various external forces that cause it to burst, shift, or, in severe cases, injure the spinal tissue, resulting in nerve injury. SCI includes not only acute primary injury but also delayed and persistent spinal tissue injury (i.e., secondary injury). The pathological changes post-SCI are complex, and effective clinical treatment strategies are lacking. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates the growth and metabolism of eukaryotic cells in response to various nutrients and growth factors. The mTOR signaling pathway has multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCI. There is evidence for the beneficial effects of natural compounds and nutraceuticals that regulate the mTOR signaling pathways in a variety of diseases. Therefore, the effects of natural compounds on the pathogenesis of SCI were evaluated by a comprehensive review using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline, combined with our expertise in neuropathology. In particular, we reviewed the pathogenesis of SCI, including the importance of secondary nerve injury after the primary mechanical injury, the roles of the mTOR signaling pathways, and the beneficial effects and mechanisms of natural compounds that regulate the mTOR signaling pathway on pathological changes post-SCI, including effects on inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, autophagy, nerve regeneration, and other pathways. This recent research highlights the value of natural compounds in regulating the mTOR pathway, providing a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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15
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Xie Y, Lei X, Zhao G, Guo R, Cui N. mTOR in programmed cell death and its therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:66-81. [PMID: 37380596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, is involved in cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) assists in eliminating aging, damaged, or neoplastic cells, and is indispensable for sustaining normal growth, fighting pathogenic microorganisms, and maintaining body homeostasis. mTOR has crucial functions in the intricate signaling pathway network of multiple forms of PCD. mTOR can inhibit autophagy, which is part of PCD regulation. Cell survival is affected by mTOR through autophagy to control reactive oxygen species production and the degradation of pertinent proteins. Additionally, mTOR can regulate PCD in an autophagy-independent manner by affecting the expression levels of related genes and phosphorylating proteins. Therefore, mTOR acts through both autophagy-dependent and -independent pathways to regulate PCD. It is conceivable that mTOR exerts bidirectional regulation of PCD, such as ferroptosis, according to the complexity of signaling pathway networks, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding mTOR-mediated regulatory mechanisms in PCD. Rigorous investigations into PCD-related signaling pathways have provided prospective therapeutic targets that may be clinically beneficial for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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16
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Ma T, Yang L, Zhang B, Lv X, Gong F, Yang W. Hydrogen inhalation enhances autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway, thereby attenuating doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110071. [PMID: 37080067 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Doxorubicin is a drug widely used in clinical cancer treatment, but severe cardiotoxicity limits its clinical application. Autophagy disorder is an important factor in the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury. As the smallest molecule in nature, hydrogen has various biological effects such as anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis and regulation of autophagy. Hydrogen therapy is currently considered to be an emerging therapeutic method, but the effect and mechanism of hydrogen on doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of hydrogen inhalation on doxorubicin-induced chronic myocardial injury and its effect and mechanism on autophagy. METHODS In this study, we established a chronic heart injury model by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin in rats for 30 days, accumulating 20 mg/kg. The effect of hydrogen inhalation on the cardiac function in rats was explored by echocardiography, Elisa, and H&E staining. To clarify the influence of autophagy, we detected the expression of LC3 and related autophagy proteins in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence and western blot.In order to further explore the mechanism of autophagy, we added pathway inhibitors and used western blot to preliminarily investigate the protective effect of hydrogen inhalation on myocardial injury caused by doxorubicin. RESULTS Hydrogen inhalation can improve doxorubicin-induced cardiac function decline and pathological structural abnormalities in rats. It was confirmed by immunofluorescence that hydrogen treatment could restore the expression of autophagy marker protein LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3) in cardiomyocytes reduced by doxorubicin, while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, Western blot results consistently showed that hydrogen treatment up-regulated the ratio of p-AMPK (phosphorylated AMP-dependent protein kinase) to AMPK and down-regulated p-mTOR (phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin) and mTOR ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hydrogen inhalation can activate autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway and protect against myocardial injury induced by doxorubicin. Hydrogen inhalation therapy may be a potential treatment for doxorubicin-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150010, China
| | - Binmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, China
| | - Feifei Gong
- Department of Imaging, Chest Hospital of Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China.
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17
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Jeong YM, Kim W. FIR-preconditioning promotes Akt-mTOR-exosome manufacture in cooperation with MITF to boost resilience of rat bone marrow-derived stem cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15003. [PMID: 37123908 PMCID: PMC10130773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study from our laboratory observed the protective effects of far-infrared irradiation (FIR) on bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) against oxidative stress. However, it remains unknown precisely how FIR influences BMSC survival. We identify an unexpected route among the expression of MITF, BCL2, mTOR, and exosome in FIR-preconditioned BMSCs. MITF siRNA demonstrated that loss of MITF expression not only inhibited cell proliferation but also reduced the FIR-mediated expression of mTOR, BCL2, and exosome. mTOR signaling pathways have been implicated in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. We also found that rapamycin, a potent and selective inhibitor of mTOR, when combined with MITF siRNA, repressed FIR-mediated CD63 and BCL2 expression. In addition, FIR-preconditioned BMSCs demonstrated more tolerance in multiple stressful environments than untreated BMSCs. The elevated exosomes in conditioned medium derived from FIR-preconditioned BMSCs also repaired H9c2 cells that sustained cellular damage after subjected to an array of environmental stress conditions. Taken together, these results reveal a possible mechanism about how FIR-preconditioned BMSCs and its conditioned media could contribute to cellular resilience during environmental changes via MITF-Akt-mTOR associated with exosome manufacture. FIR preconditioning could thus complement and improve therapeutic applications of BMSCs on outcomes of various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tech University of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak Street, Si-heung City, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Weon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Mahapatra KK, Mishra SR, Dhiman R, Bhutia SK. Stonin 2 activates lysosomal-mTOR axis for cell survival in oral cancer. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105561. [PMID: 36702439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of various genes is associated with the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Stonin 2, an endocytic protein, has a prominent role in clathrin-associated endocytosis. Its position in oral cancer is still unknown. Here, we report that STON2 expression increases with an increase in the grade of the oral cancer tissue. Further, STON2 overexpressed cells possess a higher rate of proliferation and migraton in oral cancer cells. STON2 helps maintain lysosomal functions by preserving the lysosomal membrane integrity. It activates the Akt-mTOR axis and retains the mTOR on the membrane of the lysosomes. Further, we have identified an inhibitor of STON2, i.e., Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFP), which targets the lysosomal axis by disrupting the Akt-mTOR pathway and causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Intererstingly, TFP shows a decrease in cell vaibility on the oral cancer cells and it was observed that cell viability is restored in TFP-treated STON2 overexpressed cells. Moreover, the lysosomal activity and the Akt-mTOR expression are restored in STON2 overexpressed cells co-treated with TFP, establishing TFP targets STON2 to showcase its anti-cancer effects in oral cancer. In conclusion, STON2 might serve as a potential biomarker in oral cancer, and its inhibition could functions as a novel anti-cancer mechanims against oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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19
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Gao J, Yao M, Chang D, Liu J. mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin): Hitting the Bull's Eye for Enhancing Neurogenesis After Cerebral Ischemia? Stroke 2023; 54:279-285. [PMID: 36321454 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability around the world. The sequelae of serious neurological damage are irreversible due to body's own limited repair capacity. However, endogenous neurogenesis induced by cerebral ischemia plays a critical role in the repair and regeneration of impaired neural cells after ischemic brain injury. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase has been suggested to regulate neural stem cells ability to self-renew and differentiate into proliferative daughter cells, thus leading to improved cell growth, proliferation, and survival. In this review, we summarized the current evidence to support that mTOR signaling pathways may enhance neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptic plasticity following cerebral ischemia, which could highlight the potential of mTOR to be a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China (J.G., M.Y., J.L.)
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China (J.G., M.Y., J.L.)
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia (D.C.)
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China (J.G., M.Y., J.L.)
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20
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Kim JY, Kim HM, Kim JH, Lee JH, Zhang K, Guo S, Lee DH, Gao EM, Son RH, Kim SM, Kim CY. Preventive effects of the butanol fraction of Justicia procumbens L. against dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Molecular Mechanisms and Health Benefits of Ghrelin: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194191. [PMID: 36235843 PMCID: PMC9572668 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous brain-gut peptide, is secreted in large quantities, mainly from the stomach, in humans and rodents. It can perform the biological function of activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Since its discovery in 1999, ample research has focused on promoting its effects on the human appetite and pleasure-reward eating. Extensive, in-depth studies have shown that ghrelin is widely secreted and distributed in tissues. Its role in neurohumoral regulation, such as metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, cardiovascular regulation, anxiety and depression, and advanced cancer cachexia, has attracted increasing attention. However, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of ghrelin on obesity, gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation, cardiovascular disease, stress regulation, cachexia treatment, and the prognosis of advanced cancer have not been fully summarized. This review summarizes ghrelin's numerous effects in participating in a variety of biochemical pathways and the clinical significance of ghrelin in the regulation of the homeostasis of organisms. In addition, potential mechanisms are also introduced.
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22
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Zhao G, Li S, Wang Q, Wu W, Fu X, Zhu C, Wang W, Wang X. ABAT gene expression associated with the sensitivity of hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome through CXCR4/mTOR signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:398. [PMID: 36163180 PMCID: PMC9512903 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The factors that affect hypomethylating agents (HMAs) sensitivity in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are complex and multifaceted. They include DNA methylation, gene expression, mutation, etc. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clearly illustrated. In the present work, ABAT gene expression was associated with HMAs sensitivity. It was found that ABAT gene interference increased the sensitivity of HL-60 and THP-1 cells to HMAs treatment, while ABAT overexpression decreased its sensitivity. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that ABAT knockdown activated both interferon I and interferon-gamma signaling while inhibiting the secondary metabolic synthesis and arginine metabolic process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolic profiling also demonstrated that ABAT gene knockdown affected arginine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, in addition to the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and the metabolism of beta-alanine. The ABAT gene expression downregulation could activate the CXCR4/mTOR signaling pathway, which was related to HMAs sensitivity. CXCR4 expression was regulated by mTOR activity and vice versa. In vivo, mice injected with ABAT gene knockdown cells lived longer than control mice after HMAs treatment. Overall, this study elucidates the novel regulatory mechanisms of HMAs sensitivity and provides a potential therapeutic target in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.85 Wujin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlin Wu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewei Fu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Metabolomics and Biomarkers in Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090814. [PMID: 36144219 PMCID: PMC9503269 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is one of the most important structures in the eye, and the vascular health of the retina and choroid is critical to visual function. Metabolomics provides an analytical approach to endogenous small molecule metabolites in organisms, summarizes the results of “gene-environment interactions”, and is an ideal analytical tool to obtain “biomarkers” related to disease information. This study discusses the metabolic changes in neovascular diseases involving the retina and discusses the progress of the study from the perspective of metabolomics design and analysis. This study advocates a comparative strategy based on existing studies, which encompasses optimization of the performance of newly identified biomarkers and the consideration of the basis of existing studies, which facilitates quality control of newly discovered biomarkers and is recommended as an additional reference strategy for new biomarker discovery. Finally, by describing the metabolic mechanisms of retinal and choroidal neovascularization, based on the results of existing studies, this study provides potential opportunities to find new therapeutic approaches.
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Gong Q, Zhang R, Wei F, Fang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Sun Q, Wang H. SGLT2 inhibitor-empagliflozin treatment ameliorates diabetic retinopathy manifestations and exerts protective effects associated with augmenting branched chain amino acids catabolism and transportation in db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113222. [PMID: 35671581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Empagliflozin (EMPA) is the first sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor to significantly reduce cardiovascular and kidney complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given this, we speculate that EMPA may have the potential to intervene in diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is another diabetes-specific microvascular complication. Db/db mice were treated with EMPA for different periods to observe the retinas and related mechanisms. EMPA effectively balanced body weight and blood glucose levels, mitigated ocular edema and microaneurysm in db/db mice. EMPA significantly inhibited oxidative stress, apoptosis and recovered tight junction in diabetic retinas. MS/MS analyses showed that EMPA suppressed aberrant branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) accumulation in db/db retinas, which led to the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin activation, downregulation of inflammation, and angiogenic factors, including TNF-ɑ, IL-6, VCAM-1, and VEGF induced by diabetes. Furthermore, branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), which are catabolites of BCAAs, were increased in diabetic retinas and decreased with EMPA application. Moreover, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) was enhanced, BCKDHA and BCKDHB were decreased in diabetic retinas. This could be reversed by EMPA treatment, thus promoting BCAAs catabolism to decrease BCAAs and BCKAs accumulation in diabetic retinas. The high levels of BCAAs in the plasma and enhanced L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) were responsible for the high levels of BCAAs in diabetic retinas, which could be inhibited by EMPA. Overall, EMPA could ameliorate DR manifestations. The normalization of BCAAs catabolism and intake may play a role in this process. This study supports EMPA as a protective drug against DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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Retinal Proteomic Alterations and Combined Transcriptomic-Proteomic Analysis in the Early Stages of Progression of a Mouse Model of X-Linked Retinoschisis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142150. [PMID: 35883593 PMCID: PMC9321393 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is among the most commonly inherited degenerative retinopathies. XLRS is caused by functional impairment of RS1. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying RS1 malfunction remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we performed a data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in RS1-null mouse retina with different postal days (Ps), including the onset (P15) and early progression stage (P56). Gene set enrichment analysis showed that type I interferon-mediated signaling was upregulated and photoreceptor proteins responsible for detection of light stimuli were downregulated at P15. Positive regulation of Tor signaling was downregulated and nuclear transcribed mRNA catabolic process nonsense-mediated decay was upregulated at P56. Moreover, the differentially expressed proteins at P15 were enriched in metabolism of RNA and RNA destabilization. A broader subcellular localization distribution and enriched proteins in visual perception and phototransduction were evident at P56. Combined transcriptomic-proteomic analysis revealed that functional impairments, including detection of visible light, visual perception, and visual phototransduction, occurred at P21 and continued until P56. Our work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of an XLRS mouse model during the early stages, thus enhancing the understanding of the mechanism of XLRS.
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Torp MK, Ranheim T, Schjalm C, Hjorth M, Heiestad C, Dalen KT, Nilsson PH, Mollnes TE, Pischke SE, Lien E, Vaage J, Yndestad A, Stensløkken KO. Intracellular Complement Component 3 Attenuated Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Isolated Buffer-Perfused Mouse Heart and Is Associated With Improved Metabolic Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870811. [PMID: 35432387 PMCID: PMC9011808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is rapidly activated during myocardial infarction and blockade of extracellular complement system reduces infarct size. Intracellular complement, however, appears to be closely linked to metabolic pathways and its role in ischemia-reperfusion injury is unknown and may be different from complement activation in the circulation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of intracellular complement in isolated, retrogradely buffer-perfused hearts and cardiac cells from adult male wild type mice (WT) and from adult male mice with knockout of complement component 3 (C3KO). Main findings: (i) Intracellular C3 protein was expressed in isolated cardiomyocytes and in whole hearts, (ii) after ischemia-reperfusion injury, C3KO hearts had larger infarct size (32 ± 9% in C3KO vs. 22 ± 7% in WT; p=0.008) and impaired post-ischemic relaxation compared to WT hearts, (iii) C3KO cardiomyocytes had lower basal oxidative respiration compared to WT cardiomyocytes, (iv) blocking mTOR decreased Akt phosphorylation in WT, but not in C3KO cardiomyocytes, (v) after ischemia, WT hearts had higher levels of ATP, but lower levels of both reduced and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH and NAD+, respectively) compared to C3KO hearts. Conclusion: intracellular C3 protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly due to its role in metabolic pathways important for energy production and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-K. Torp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: M-K. Torp,
| | - T. Ranheim
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Schjalm
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M. Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C.M. Heiestad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. T. Dalen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P. H. Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, and the Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - T. E. Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (K.G. Jebsen) Inflammation Research Center (IRC), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (K.G. Jebsen) Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S. E. Pischke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research & Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Lien
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, UMass Medical School, Worchester, MA, United States
| | - J. Vaage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research & Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A. Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K-O. Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Rabinovich-Nikitin I, Love M, Kirshenbaum LA. Intersection of autophagy regulation and circadian rhythms in the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Martin-Fernandez ML. Fluorescence Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030686. [PMID: 35158954 PMCID: PMC8833717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a low (<21%) 5-year survival rate. Lung cancer is often driven by the misfunction of molecules on the surface of cells of the epithelium, which orchestrate mechanisms by which these cells grow and proliferate. Beyond common non-specific treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, among molecular-specific treatments, a number of small-molecule drugs that block cancer-driven molecular activity have been developed. These drugs initially have significant success in a subset of patients, but these patients systematically develop resistance within approximately one year of therapy. Substantial efforts towards understanding the mechanisms of resistance have focused on the genomics of cancer progression, the response of cells to the drugs, and the cellular changes that allow resistance to develop. Fluorescence microscopy of many flavours has significantly contributed to the last two areas, and is the subject of this review. Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex disease often driven by activating mutations or amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, which expresses a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Targeted anti-EGFR treatments include small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), among which gefitinib and erlotinib are the best studied, and their function more often imaged. TKIs block EGFR activation, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells addicted to EGFR signals. It is not understood why TKIs do not work in tumours driven by EGFR overexpression but do so in tumours bearing classical activating EGFR mutations, although the latter develop resistance in about one year. Fluorescence imaging played a crucial part in research efforts to understand pro-survival mechanisms, including the dysregulation of autophagy and endocytosis, by which cells overcome the intendedly lethal TKI-induced EGFR signalling block. At their core, pro-survival mechanisms are facilitated by TKI-induced changes in the function and conformation of EGFR and its interactors. This review brings together some of the main advances from fluorescence imaging in investigating TKI function and places them in the broader context of the TKI resistance field, highlighting some paradoxes and suggesting some areas where super-resolution and other emerging methods could make a further contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
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29
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The canonical FGF-FGFR signaling system at the molecular level. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Extracellular signaling molecules, among them the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), enable cells to communicate with neighboring cells. Such signaling molecules that receive and transmit a signal require specific tyrosine kinase receptors located at the cell surface (fibroblast growth factor receptors, FGFRs). The binding of a signaling molecule to its specific receptor results in receptor dimerization and conformational changes in the cytoplasmic part of the receptor. The conformational changes lead to trans-autophosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase domains of the receptors and subsequently to induction of several downstream signaling pathways and expression of appropriate genes. The signaling pathways activated by FGFs control and coordinate cell behaviors such as cell division, migration, differentiation, and cell death. FGFs and their transmembrane receptors are widely distributed in different tissues and participate in fundamental processes during embryonic, fetal, and adult human life. The human FGF/FGFR family comprises 22 ligands and 4 high affinity receptors. In addition, FGFs bind to low affinity receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycans at the cell surface. The availability of appropriate ligand/receptor pair, combined with the co-receptor, initiates signaling. Inappropriate FGF/FGFR signaling can cause skeletal disorders, primarily dwarfism, craniofacial malformation syndromes, mood disorders, metabolic disorders, and Kallman syndrome. In addition, aberrations in FGF/FGFR signaling have already been reported in several types of malignant diseases. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of FGF/FGFR activation and signaling is necessary to understand the basis of these diseases.
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30
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Mennuni M, Filograna R, Felser A, Bonekamp NA, Giavalisco P, Lytovchenko O, Larsson N. Metabolic resistance to the inhibition of mitochondrial transcription revealed by CRISPR-Cas9 screen. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53054. [PMID: 34779571 PMCID: PMC8728608 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on mitochondria to sustain their increased metabolic need and mitochondria therefore constitute possible targets for cancer treatment. We recently developed small-molecule inhibitors of mitochondrial transcription (IMTs) that selectively impair mitochondrial gene expression. IMTs have potent antitumor properties in vitro and in vivo, without affecting normal tissues. Because therapy-induced resistance is a major constraint to successful cancer therapy, we investigated mechanisms conferring resistance to IMTs. We employed a CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-(CRISP-associated protein 9) whole-genome screen to determine pathways conferring resistance to acute IMT1 treatment. Loss of genes belonging to von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathways caused resistance to acute IMT1 treatment and the relevance of these pathways was confirmed by chemical modulation. We also generated cells resistant to chronic IMT treatment to understand responses to persistent mitochondrial gene expression impairment. We report that IMT1-acquired resistance occurs through a compensatory increase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) expression and cellular metabolites. We found that mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) downregulation and inhibition of mitochondrial translation impaired survival of resistant cells. The identified susceptibility and resistance mechanisms to IMTs may be relevant for different types of mitochondria-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mennuni
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Roberta Filograna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea Felser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Nina A Bonekamp
- Mitochondrial Biology GroupMax Planck Institute for Biology of AgeingCologneGermany
- Department of NeuroanatomyMannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN)Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Metabolomics Core FacilityMax Planck Institute for Biology of AgeingCologneGermany
| | - Oleksandr Lytovchenko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Nils‐Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Campion TJ, Sheikh IS, Smit RD, Iffland PH, Chen J, Junker IP, Krynska B, Crino PB, Smith GM. Viral expression of constitutively active AKT3 induces CST axonal sprouting and regeneration, but also promotes seizures. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113961. [PMID: 34953897 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the intrinsic growth potential of neurons after injury has repeatedly been shown to promote some level of axonal regeneration in rodent models. One of the most studied pathways involves the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, primarily by reducing the levels of PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K. Likewise, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has previously been shown to boost axonal regeneration and sprouting within the injured nervous system. Here, we examined the regeneration of the corticospinal tract (CST) after cortical expression of constitutively active (ca) Akt3 and STAT3, both separately and in combination. Overexpression of caAkt3 induced regeneration of CST axons past the injury site independent of caSTAT3 overexpression. STAT3 demonstrated improved axon sprouting compared to controls and contributed to a synergistic improvement in effects when combined with Akt3 but failed to promote axonal regeneration as an individual therapy. Despite showing impressive axonal regeneration, animals expressing Akt3 failed to show any functional improvement and deteriorated with time. During this period, we observed progressive Akt3 dose-dependent increase in behavioral seizures. Histology revealed increased phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein within the unilateral cortex, increased neuronal size, microglia activation and hemispheric enlargement (hemimegalencephaly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Campion
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Imran S Sheikh
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Rupert D Smit
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Philip H Iffland
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Ian P Junker
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Barbara Krynska
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
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32
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Rosset C, Jaeger MDC, Filippi-Chiela E, Reis LB, Sartor ITS, Oliveira Netto CB, Farias CBD, Roesler R, Ashton-Prolla P. Primary cells derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex patients show autophagy alteration in the haploinsufficiency state. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200475. [PMID: 34609442 PMCID: PMC8515215 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes and characterized by mTORC1 hyperactivation. TSC-associated tumors develop after loss of heterozygosity mutations and their treatment involves the use of mTORC1 inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate cellular processes regulated by mTORC1 in TSC cells with different mutations before tumor development. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to evaluate cell viability, cell cycle and autophagy in non-tumor primary TSC cells with different heterozygous mutations and in control cells without TSC mutations, before and after treatment with rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor). We did not observe differences in cell viability and cell cycle between the cell groups. However, autophagy was reduced in mutated cells. After rapamycin treatment, mutated cells showed a significant increase in the autophagy process (p=0.039). We did not observe differences between cells with distinct TSC mutations. Our main finding is the alteration of autophagy in non-tumor TSC cells. Previous studies in literature found autophagy alterations in tumor TSC cells or knock-out animal models. We showed that autophagy could be an important mechanism that leads to TSC tumor formation in the haploinsufficiency state. This result could guide future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Filippi-Chiela
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Medicina (Famed), Programa de pós-graduação em gastroenterologia e hepatologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivaine Taís Sauthier Sartor
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Instituto do Câncer Infantil (ICI), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Câncer e Neurobiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Departamento de Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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33
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Kim KS, Joo HJ, Choi SC, Kim JH, Park CY, Song MH, Noh JM, Cha JJ, Hong SJ, Ahn TH, Kim MN, Na JE, Rhyu IJ, Lim DS. Transplantation of 3D bio-printed cardiac mesh improves cardiac function and vessel formation via ANGPT1/Tie2 pathway in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34404035 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac1e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel tissue engineering strategy using 3D bio-print technology has become a promising therapeutic method for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in an animal model. However, the application of 3D bio-printed tissue remains limited due to poor graft survival. Therefore, it is a scientific priority to enhance graft survival by precisely adjusting the 3D environment of encapsulated cells. In this study, novel transplantable 3D cardiac mesh (cMesh) tissue with a porous mesh structure was presented using human cardiomyocytes, human cardiac fibroblasts, and gelatin-methacryloyl-collagen hydrogel. Cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts were well spreaded. The cardiomyocytes were connected with a gap junction channel in bio-printed cMesh and a 3D cardiac patch with an aggregated structure. Porous cMesh demonstrated structural advantages by increased phosphorylation of mTOR, AKT, and ERK signals associated with cell survival. Transplanted cMesh in rats with AMI improved long-term graft survival, vessel formation, and stabilization, reduced fibrosis, increased left ventricle thickness, and enhanced cardiac function. Our results suggest that porous cMesh provides structural advantages and a positive therapeutic effect in an AMI animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Seob Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yeon Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hwa Song
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Noh
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Cha
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jun Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Singh S, Garg N, Dhiman S. Apoptotic Pathways and Alzheimer's Disease: Probing Therapeutic Potential. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3103-3122. [PMID: 34386919 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an intrinsic biochemical, cellular process that regulates cell death and is crucial for cell survival, cellular homeostasis, and maintaining the optimum functional status. Apoptosis in a predetermined and programmed manner regulates several molecular events, including cell turnover, embryonic development, and immune system functions but may be the exclusive contributor to several disorders, including neurodegenerative manifestations, when it functions in an aberrant and disorganized manner. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal, chronic neurodegenerative disorder where apoptosis has a compelling and divergent role. The well-characterized pathological features of AD, including extracellular plaques of amyloid-beta, intracellular hyperphosphorylated tangles of tau protein (NFTs), inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxic cell death, also instigate an abnormal apoptotic cascade in susceptible brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus). The apoptotic players in these regions affect cellular organelles (mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum), interact with trophic factors, and several pathways, including PI3K/AKT, JNK, MAPK, mTOR signalling. This dysregulated apoptotic cascade end with an abnormal neuronal loss which is a primary event that may precede the other events of AD progression and correlates well with the degree of dementia. The present review provides insight into the diverse and versatile apoptotic mechanisms that are indispensable for neuronal survival and constitute an integral part of the pathological progression of AD. Identification of potential targets (restoring apoptotic and antiapoptotic balance, caspases, TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, TNFα, etc.) may be valuable and advantageous to decide the fate of neurons and to develop potential therapeutics for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.,Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | | | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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35
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Cui F, Gu S, Gu Y, Yin J, Fang C, Liu L. Alteration in the mRNA expression profile of the autophagy-related mTOR pathway in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:388. [PMID: 34348681 PMCID: PMC8335969 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and the mechanism of extrapyramidal adverse reactions to antipsychotic drugs, which might be mediated by an mTOR-dependent autophagy impairment. This study aimed to examine the expression of mTOR pathway genes in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, which is considered an mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer. METHODS Thirty-two patients with acute schizophrenia who had been treated with olanzapine for four weeks (average dose 14.24 ± 4.35 mg/d) and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. Before and after olanzapine treatment, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the symptoms of patients with schizophrenia, and the mRNA expression levels of mTOR pathway-related genes, including MTOR, RICTOR, RAPTOR, and DEPTOR, were detected in fasting venous blood samples from all subjects using real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The MTOR and RICTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia were significantly decreased compared with those of healthy controls and further significantly decreased after four weeks of olanzapine treatment. The DEPTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia were not significantly different from those of healthy controls but were significantly increased after treatment. The expression levels of the RAPTOR mRNA were not significantly different among the three groups. The pairwise correlations of MTOR, DEPTOR, RAPTOR, and RICTOR mRNA expression levels in patients with acute schizophrenia and healthy controls were significant. After olanzapine treatment, the correlations between the expression levels of the DEPTOR and MTOR mRNAs and between the DEPTOR and RICTOR mRNAs disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in the mTOR pathway, especially DEPTOR and mTORC2, might play important roles in the autophagy mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and effects of olanzapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Cui
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151 Jiangsu China
| | - Shuguang Gu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151 Jiangsu China
| | - Yue Gu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151 Jiangsu China
| | - Chunxia Fang
- Combined TCM & Western Medicine Department, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China.
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Phosphorylation of RCC1 on Serine 11 Facilitates G1/S Transition in HPV E7-Expressing Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070995. [PMID: 34356619 PMCID: PMC8301946 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) plays a causal role in cervical cancer. Regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) is a critical cell cycle regulator, which undergoes a few post-translational modifications including phosphorylation. Here, we showed that serine 11 (S11) of RCC1 was phosphorylated in HPV E7-expressing cells. However, S11 phosphorylation was not up-regulated by CDK1 in E7-expressing cells; instead, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promoted S11 phosphorylation. Knockdown of AKT or inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway down-regulated phosphorylation of RCC1 S11. Furthermore, S11 phosphorylation occurred throughout the cell cycle, and reached its peak during the mitosis phase. Our previous data proved that RCC1 was necessary for the G1/S cell cycle progression, and in the present study we showed that the RCC1 mutant, in which S11 was mutated to alanine (S11A) to mimic non-phosphorylation status, lost the ability to facilitate G1/S transition in E7-expressing cells. Moreover, RCC1 S11 was phosphorylated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HPV-positive cervical cancer SiHa and HeLa cells. We conclude that S11 of RCC1 is phosphorylated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and phosphorylation of RCC1 S11 facilitates the abrogation of G1 checkpoint in HPV E7-expressing cells. In short, our study explores a new role of RCC1 S11 phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation.
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37
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Danesh Pazhooh R, Rahnamay Farnood P, Asemi Z, Mirsafaei L, Yousefi B, Mirzaei H. mTOR pathway and DNA damage response: A therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103142. [PMID: 34102579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, comprising two subunit protein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. In response to insult and cancer, the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Key subunits of mTORC1/2 catalyze the phosphorylation of various molecules, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1). The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic stability and provides an opportunity for treating tumors with defects caused by DNA damaging agents. Many mTOR inhibitors are utilized for the treatment of cancers. However, several clinical trials are still assessing the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. This paper discusses the role of the mTOR signaling pathway and its regulators in developing cancer. In the following, we will review the interaction between DDR and mTOR signaling and the innovative therapies applied in preclinical and clinical trials for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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38
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Lan C, Wang Y, Su X, Lu J, Ma S. LncRNA LINC00958 Activates mTORC1/P70S6K Signalling Pathway to Promote Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process in the Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:539-549. [PMID: 33979257 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1929282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the influence of LINC00958 on the EMT process of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our study, The LINC00958 was up-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. LINC00958 silencing inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and EMT process of HCC. The analysis of TCGA and StarBase showed that NUDT19 was a direct target of LINC00958 and was positively regulated by LINC00958. Besides, NUDT19 activated mTORC1/P70S6K signalling pathway. Both NUDT19 overexpression and mTORC1 activator MYH1485 reversed the inhibitory effect of LINC00958 silencing on proliferation, migration, and EMT process of HCC. In conclusion, LINC00958 silencing inhibited the proliferation, migration, and EMT process of HCC via inhibiting NUDT19 mediated mTORC1/P70S6K signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangxia Lan
- Department of Liver Disease Second District, QingDao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Liver Disease Seven Districts of Traditional Chinese Medicine, QingDao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QingDao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QingDao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Saisai Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, QingDao No. 6 People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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Toy HI, Karakülah G, Kontou PI, Alotaibi H, Georgakilas AG, Pavlopoulou A. Investigating Molecular Determinants of Cancer Cell Resistance to Ionizing Radiation Through an Integrative Bioinformatics Approach. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620248. [PMID: 33898418 PMCID: PMC8058375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of cancer cells through exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is a widely used therapeutic strategy in the clinical setting. However, in many cases, cancer cells can develop remarkable resistance to radiation. Radioresistance represents a prominent obstacle in the effective treatment of cancer. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and pathways related to radioresistance in cancer cells is of paramount importance. In the present study, an integrative bioinformatics approach was applied to three publicly available RNA sequencing and microarray transcriptome datasets of human cancer cells of different tissue origins treated with ionizing radiation. These data were investigated in order to identify genes with a significantly altered expression between radioresistant and corresponding radiosensitive cancer cells. Through rigorous statistical and biological analyses, 36 genes were identified as potential biomarkers of radioresistance. These genes, which are primarily implicated in DNA damage repair, oxidative stress, cell pro-survival, and apoptotic pathways, could serve as potential diagnostic/prognostic markers cancer cell resistance to radiation treatment, as well as for therapy outcome and cancer patient survival. In addition, our findings could be potentially utilized in the laboratory and clinical setting for enhancing cancer cell susceptibility to radiation therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Ibrahim Toy
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Panagiota I Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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40
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Reis LB, Filippi-Chiela EC, Ashton-Prolla P, Visioli F, Rosset C. The paradox of autophagy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200014. [PMID: 33821877 PMCID: PMC8022228 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by germline mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which leads to the hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway, an important negative regulator of autophagy. This leads to the development of hamartomas in multiple organs. The variability in symptoms presents a challenge for the development of completely effective treatments for TSC. One option is the treatment with mTORC1 inhibitors, which are targeted to block cell growth and restore autophagy. However, the therapeutic effect of rapamycin seems to be more efficient in the early stages of hamartoma development, an effect that seems to be associated with the paradoxical role of autophagy in tumor establishment. Under normal conditions, autophagy is directly inhibited by mTORC1. In situations of bioenergetics stress, mTORC1 releases the Ulk1 complex and initiates the autophagy process. In this way, autophagy promotes the survival of established tumors by supplying metabolic precursors during nutrient deprivation; paradoxically, excessive autophagy has been associated with cell death in some situations. In spite of its paradoxical role, autophagy is an alternative therapeutic strategy that could be explored in TSC. This review compiles the findings related to autophagy and the new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Brussa Reis
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia Oral, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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41
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Böhnke J, Pinkert S, Schmidt M, Binder H, Bilz NC, Jung M, Reibetanz U, Beling A, Rujescu D, Claus C. Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Human iPSC Lines and Derived Primary Germ-Layer Cells Regarding Receptor Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1220. [PMID: 33513663 PMCID: PMC7865966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of members of the enterovirus family with pregnancy complications up to miscarriages is under discussion. Here, infection of two different human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and iPSC-derived primary germ-layer cells with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) was characterized as an in vitro cell culture model for very early human development. Transcriptomic analysis of iPSC lines infected with recombinant CVB3 expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) revealed a reduction in the expression of pluripotency genes besides an enhancement of genes involved in RNA metabolism. The initial distribution of CVB3-EGFP-positive cells within iPSC colonies correlated with the distribution of its receptor coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Application of anti-CAR blocking antibodies supported the requirement of CAR, but not of the co-receptor decay-accelerating factor (DAF) for infection of iPSC lines. Among iPSC-derived germ-layer cells, mesodermal cells were especially vulnerable to CVB3-EGFP infection. Our data implicate further consideration of members of the enterovirus family in the screening program of human pregnancies. Furthermore, iPSCs with their differentiation capacity into cell populations of relevant viral target organs could offer a reliable screening approach for therapeutic intervention and for assessment of organ-specific enterovirus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Böhnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Side, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Nicole Christin Bilz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
| | - Matthias Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Antje Beling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.P.); (A.B.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Side, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Julius-Kuehn-Strasse 7, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.J.); (D.R.)
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (J.B.); (N.C.B.)
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Pang J, Yang H, Feng X, Wang Q, Cai Y, Liu Z, Wang C, Wang F, Zhang Y. HT-2 toxin affects cell viability of goat spermatogonial stem cells through AMPK-ULK1 autophagy pathways. Theriogenology 2021; 164:22-30. [PMID: 33529808 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HT-2 toxin is widely found in moldy crops and is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin, which has been shown to exert various toxic effects in farm animals. However, little is known about the effects of HT-2 toxin on male reproduction, particularly spermatogenesis. This study aims to investigate the toxic effects of HT-2 toxin on goat spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and related autophagy-regulated mechanisms. Our results showed that HT-2 toxin exposure resulted in decreased cell viability and proliferation, disrupted SSCs self-renewal, and reduced germ cell-related gene expression. HT-2 toxin exposure also induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, as shown by ROS accumulation, increased antioxidant enzyme activity levels, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased caspase-9 mRNA and Bcl/bax protein levels. Additionally, HT-2 toxin exposure increased the expression of the autophagy-inducing genes Atg5, Atg7 and Beclin1 and the number of autophagosomes, which indicated that HT-2 toxin induced autophagy in the goat SSCs. Moreover, we also examined a possible mechanism by which HT-2 toxin exposure induced higher expression of AMPK, mTOR and ULK at both the mRNA and protein levels. our results indicated that HT-2 toxin caused apoptosis and autophagy by activating AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway, which further affected SSCs viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Hua Yang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Cai
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Zifei Liu
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Changjian Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, NO. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Singh P, Kumar V, Gupta SK, Kumari G, Verma M. Combating TKI resistance in CML by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in combination with TKIs: a review. Med Oncol 2021; 38:10. [PMID: 33452624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative hematopoietic cancer, is caused by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation produces a small Philadelphia chromosome, which contains the Bcr-Abl oncogene. The Bcr-Abl oncogene encodes the BCR-ABL protein, upregulates various signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and out of which the specifically highly active pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Among early treatments for CML, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were found to be the most effective, but drug resistance against kinase inhibitors led to the discovery of novel alternative therapies. At this point, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components became new targets due to stimulation of this pathway in TKIs-resistant CML patients. The current review article deals with reviewing the scientific literature on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors listed in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) drug dictionary and proved effective against multiple cancers. And out of those enlisted inhibitors, the US FDA has also approved some PI3K inhibitors (Idelalisib, Copanlisib, and Duvelisib) and mTOR inhibitors (Everolimus, Sirolimus, and Temsirolimus) for cancer therapy. So far, several inhibitors have been tested, and further investigations are still ongoing. Even in Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Ponatinib-resistant CML cells, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, showed antiproliferative activity. Therefore, by considering the literature data of these reviews and further examining some of the reported inhibitors, which proved effective against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in multiple cancers, may improve the therapeutic approaches towards TKI-resistant CML cells where the respective signaling pathway gets upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Veerandra Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Gudia Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India. .,School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Ranganayaki S, Jamshidi N, Aiyaz M, Rashmi SK, Gayathri N, Harsha PK, Padmanabhan B, Srinivas Bharath MM. Inhibition of mitochondrial complex II in neuronal cells triggers unique pathways culminating in autophagy with implications for neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1483. [PMID: 33452321 PMCID: PMC7810707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration underlie movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Manganism among others. As a corollary, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (CI) and complex II (CII) by toxins 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) respectively, induced degenerative changes noted in such neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to unravel the down-stream pathways associated with CII inhibition and compared with CI inhibition and the Manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity. Genome-wide transcriptomics of N27 neuronal cells exposed to 3-NPA, compared with MPP+ and Mn revealed varied transcriptomic profile. Along with mitochondrial and synaptic pathways, Autophagy was the predominant pathway differentially regulated in the 3-NPA model with implications for neuronal survival. This pathway was unique to 3-NPA, as substantiated by in silico modelling of the three toxins. Morphological and biochemical validation of autophagy markers in the cell model of 3-NPA revealed incomplete autophagy mediated by mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) pathway. Interestingly, Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), which was elevated in the 3-NPA model could confer neuroprotection against 3-NPA. We propose that, different downstream events are activated upon neurotoxin-dependent CII inhibition compared to other neurotoxins, with implications for movement disorders and regulation of autophagy could potentially offer neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyanarayanan Ranganayaki
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Neema Jamshidi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mohamad Aiyaz
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd., 2/13, Balaji Complex, 80 feet Road, RMV 2nd Stage, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560094, India
| | - Santhosh-Kumar Rashmi
- Department of Neuropathology, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Narayanappa Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Pulleri Kandi Harsha
- Department of Neurovirology, NIMHANS, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | | | - Muchukunte Mukunda Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India.
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Papageorgiou K, Mastora E, Zikopoulos A, Grigoriou ME, Georgiou I, Michaelidis TM. Interplay Between mTOR and Hippo Signaling in the Ovary: Clinical Choice Guidance Between Different Gonadotropin Preparations for Better IVF. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:702446. [PMID: 34367070 PMCID: PMC8334720 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.702446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely used types of assisted reproduction technology is the in vitro fertilization (IVF), in which women undergo controlled ovarian stimulation through the administration of the appropriate hormones to produce as many mature follicles, as possible. The most common hormone combination is the co-administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues with recombinant or urinary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In the last few years, scientists have begun to explore the effect that different gonadotropin preparations have on granulosa cells' maturation and apoptosis, aiming to identify new predictive markers of oocyte quality and successful fertilization. Two major pathways that control the ovarian development, as well as the oocyte-granulosa cell communication and the follicular growth, are the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the Hippo signaling. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the current knowledge about the effects that the different gonadotropins, used for ovulation induction, may exert in the biology of granulosa cells, focusing on the importance of these two pathways, which are crucial for follicular maturation. We believe that a better understanding of the influence that the various ovarian stimulation protocols have on these critical molecular cascades will be invaluable in choosing the best approach for a given patient, thereby avoiding cancelled cycles, reducing frustration and potential treatment-related complications, and increasing the pregnancy rate. Moreover, individualizing the treatment plan will help clinicians to better coordinate assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs, discuss the specific options with the couples undergoing IVF, and alleviate stress, thus making the IVF experience easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Papageorgiou
- Department of Biological Applications & Technologies, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eirini Mastora
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Human Reproduction, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Medical Genetics and Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zikopoulos
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Human Reproduction, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Medical Genetics and Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria E. Grigoriou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Human Reproduction, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Medical Genetics and Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theologos M. Michaelidis
- Department of Biological Applications & Technologies, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
- *Correspondence: Theologos M. Michaelidis, ;
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Hyaluronic acid is a negative regulator of mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1203-1213. [PMID: 33976386 PMCID: PMC8379073 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of HIV infections are established through the genital or rectal mucosa. Fibroblasts are abundant in these tissues, and although not susceptible to infection, can potently enhance HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts, and its levels are influenced by the inflammatory state of the tissue. Since inflammation is known to facilitate HIV sexual transmission, we investigated the role of HA in genital mucosal fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. Depletion of HA by CRISPR-Cas9 in primary foreskin fibroblasts augmented the ability of the fibroblasts to increase HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. This amplified enhancement required direct contact between the fibroblasts and CD4+ T cells, and could be attributed to both increased rates of trans-infection and the increased ability of HA-deficient fibroblasts to push CD4+ T cells into a state of higher permissivity to infection. This HIV-permissive state was characterized by differential expression of genes associated with regulation of cell metabolism and death. Our results suggest that conditions resulting in diminished cell-surface HA on fibroblasts, such as genital inflammation, can promote HIV transmission by conditioning CD4+ T cells toward a state more vulnerable to infection by HIV.
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Rapalink-1 Targets Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Acts Synergistically with Tumor Treating Fields to Reduce Resistance against Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123859. [PMID: 33371210 PMCID: PMC7766508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) resistance to standard treatment is driven by stem-like cell behavior and epithelial-like-mesenchymal transition. The main purpose of this paper was to functionally validate a novel discovered pharmacological strategy to treat GBM, the dual mTOR pathway inhibitor Rapalink-1 (RL1) using relevant stem cell models of the disease to unravel mechanistic insights. Our approach also interrogates combination studies with clinical treatment options of tumor treating fields (TTFields) and the best standard of care chemotherapy, temozolomide (TMZ). We provided clinical relevance of our experimental work through in silico evaluation on molecular data of diverse patient samples. RL1 effectively impaired motility and clonogenicity of GBM stem cells and reduced the expression of stem cell molecules. We elucidated a synergistic therapeutic potential of the inhibitor with TTFields to minimize therapy resistance toward TMZ, which supports its consideration for further translational oriented studies. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal disease with limited clinical treatment options available. Recently, a new inhibitor targeting the prominent cancer signaling pathway mTOR was discovered (Rapalink-1), but its therapeutic potential on stem cell populations of GBM is unknown. We applied a collection of physiological relevant organoid-like stem cell models of GBM and studied the effect of RL1 exposure on various cellular features as well as on the expression of mTOR signaling targets and stem cell molecules. We also undertook combination treatments with this agent and clinical GBM treatments tumor treating fields (TTFields) and the standard-of-care drug temozolomide, TMZ. Low nanomolar (nM) RL1 treatment significantly reduced cell growth, proliferation, migration, and clonogenic potential of our stem cell models. It acted synergistically to reduce cell growth when applied in combination with TMZ and TTFields. We performed an in silico analysis from the molecular data of diverse patient samples to probe for a relationship between the expression of mTOR genes, and mesenchymal markers in different GBM cohorts. We supported the in silico results with correlative protein data retrieved from tumor specimens. Our study further validates mTOR signaling as a druggable target in GBM and supports RL1, representing a promising therapeutic target in brain oncology.
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Srivastava SP, Kanasaki K, Goodwin JE. Loss of Mitochondrial Control Impacts Renal Health. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:543973. [PMID: 33362536 PMCID: PMC7756079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.543973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of mitochondrial biosynthesis or dynamics, or loss of control over mitochondrial regulation leads to a significant alteration in fuel preference and metabolic shifts that potentially affect the health of kidney cells. Mitochondria regulate metabolic networks which affect multiple cellular processes. Indeed, mitochondria have established themselves as therapeutic targets in several diseases. The importance of mitochondria in regulating the pathogenesis of several diseases has been recognized, however, there is limited understanding of mitochondrial biology in the kidney. This review provides an overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney diseases. We describe the importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of renal metabolic shifts in diverse cells types, and review this loss of control leads to increased cell-to-cell transdifferentiation processes and myofibroblast-metabolic shifts, which affect the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases. In addition, we examine mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents that offer potential leads in combating kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Julie E. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with distinct biological and clinical behaviour. Despite the differences between them, the capability of tumour cells to continuously proliferate and avoid death is maintained among histotypes. This ability is the result of alterations at different levels, causing the deregulation of cell cycle and proliferative-related pathways. Even if the leading role is played by RB and TP53, changes in other molecular pathways are involved in the development of EOC. This ability can be exploited to generate in vitro and in vivo models resembling the conditions of tumour development in a patient. In vivo models, such as patient-derived xenografts (PDX) or genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM), represent a fundamental tool in the study of the molecular mechanisms implicated in each EOC biotype for testing new therapeutic approaches. Herein we describe the major proliferation-related pathways and its disruption found in EOC and how these features can be used to establish in vivo models for translational research. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) molecular biotypes are defined by distinct biology and clinical behaviour. Sustained proliferation and resistance to cell death mechanisms characterised tumour cells. RB and TP53 tumour-suppressor genes are highly implicated in EOC pathogenesis. In vitro and in vivo models have a key role in the study of molecular mechanisms involved in EOC pathogenesis. Development of animal models that mimic disease features constitute essential tools for new drugs testing.
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Wongchenko MJ, Kim SB, Saura C, Oliveira M, Lipson D, Kennedy M, Greene M, Breese V, Mani A, Xu N, Dent R. Circulating Tumor DNA and Biomarker Analyses From the LOTUS Randomized Trial of First-Line Ipatasertib and Paclitaxel for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:1012-1024. [DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Combining the oral AKT inhibitor ipatasertib with paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in the placebo-controlled, randomized, phase II LOTUS trial, with a more pronounced effect in patients with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-altered tumors. We report findings from the extensive translational research program. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pretreatment plasma and tumor samples were evaluated for genetic alterations using FoundationACT and FoundationOne (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) hybrid capture next-generation sequencing assays, respectively. Prevalences of the most common mutations and PIK3CA/AKT1 mutation status were determined using both assays, and concordance was assessed. In longitudinal analyses, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) mutations were quantified in baseline and on-treatment (cycle 3, day 1 [C3D1]) samples. The relationship between outcomes and ctDNA fraction (CTF; highest variant allele frequency) and CTF ratio (C3D1 CTF to baseline CTF) was explored. RESULTS Among 89 patients evaluable for ctDNA sequencing, 81 patients (91%) had 149 detectable mutations. There was high agreement between plasma- and tissue-based sequencing for known or likely short variant mutations but not amplifications. There was 100% concordance between ctDNA and tissue sequencing in patients with activating PIK3CA or AKT1 mutations. High baseline CTF was associated with shorter PFS in both treatment arms. Longitudinal analyses showed more favorable outcomes with lower absolute CTF at C3D1 and, to a lesser extent, greater CTF decreases. CONCLUSION These results suggest that plasma ctDNA sequencing may allow reliable and convenient assessment of prognosis and identification of genetic markers associated with increased benefit from ipatasertib. On-treatment CTF showed a meaningful association with objective response and PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Bae Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cristina Saura
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Aruna Mani
- Product Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Na Xu
- Product Development Biostatistics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca Dent
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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