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Schubert T, Schaaf CP. MAGEL2 (patho-)physiology and Schaaf-Yang syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38950199 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism spectrum disorder, joint contractures, and profound hypothalamic dysfunction. SYS is caused by variants in MAGEL2, a gene within the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) locus on chromosome 15. In this review, we consolidate decades of research on MAGEL2 to elucidate its physiological functions. Moreover, we synthesize current knowledge on SYS, suggesting that while MAGEL2 loss-of-function seems to underlie several SYS and PWS phenotypes, additional pathomechanisms probably contribute to the distinct and severe phenotype observed in SYS. In addition, we highlight recent therapeutic advances and identify promising avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Higgins MBA, Glendining KA, Jasoni CL. The temporal and spatial pattern of leptin receptor-expressing cells in the developing mouse hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13366. [PMID: 38279680 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus is a crucial hypothalamic brain region involved in regulating body weight homeostasis. Neurons within the arcuate nucleus respond to peripheral metabolic signals, such as leptin, and relay these signals via neuronal projections to brain regions both within and outside the hypothalamus, ultimately causing changes in an animal's behaviour and physiology. There is a substantial amount of evidence to indicate that leptin is intimately involved with the postnatal development of arcuate nucleus melanocortin circuitry. Further, it is clear that leptin signalling directly in the arcuate nucleus is required for circuitry development. However, as leptin receptor long isoform (Leprb) mRNA is expressed in multiple nuclei within the developing hypothalamus, including the postsynaptic target regions of arcuate melanocortin projections, this raises the possibility that leptin also signals in these nuclei to promote circuitry development. Here, we used RT-qPCR and RNAscope® to reveal the spatio-temporal pattern of Leprb mRNA in the early postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We found that Leprb mRNA expression increased significantly in the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus from P8, in concert with the leptin surge. In the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, increases in Leprb mRNA were slightly later, increasing significantly from P12. Using duplex RNAscope®, we found Leprb co-expressed with Sim1, Pou3f2, Mc4r and Bdnf in the paraventricular nucleus at P8. Together, these data suggest that leptin may signal in a subset of neurons postsynaptic to arcuate melanocortin neurons, as well as within the arcuate nucleus itself, to promote the formation of arcuate melanocortin circuitry during the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt B A Higgins
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kelly A Glendining
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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3
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Kaplan HS, Logeman BL, Zhang K, Santiago C, Sohail N, Naumenko S, Ho Sui SJ, Ginty DD, Ren B, Dulac C. Sensory Input, Sex, and Function Shape Hypothalamic Cell Type Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576835. [PMID: 38328205 PMCID: PMC10849564 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian behavior and physiology undergo dramatic changes in early life. Young animals rely on conspecifics to meet their homeostatic needs, until weaning and puberty initiate nutritional independence and sex-specific social interactions, respectively. How neuronal populations regulating homeostatic functions and social behaviors develop and mature during these transitions remains unclear. We used paired transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling to examine the developmental trajectories of neuronal populations in the hypothalamic preoptic region, where cell types with key roles in physiological and behavioral control have been identified1-6. These data reveal a remarkable diversity of developmental trajectories shaped by the sex of the animal, and the location and behavioral or physiological function of the corresponding cell types. We identify key stages of preoptic development, including the perinatal emergence of sex differences, postnatal maturation and subsequent refinement of signaling networks, and nonlinear transcriptional changes accelerating at the time of weaning and puberty. We assessed preoptic development in various sensory mutants and find a major role for vomeronasal sensing in the timing of preoptic cell type maturation. These results provide novel insights into the development of neurons controlling homeostatic functions and social behaviors and lay ground for examining the dynamics of these functions in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris S. Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandon L. Logeman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Current address: Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Celine Santiago
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Noor Sohail
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Serhiy Naumenko
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shannan J. Ho Sui
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David D. Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hypothalamic vasopressin neurons with minimal exogenous signals and partial conversion to the naive state. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17381. [PMID: 36253431 PMCID: PMC9576732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI) is a degenerative disease of vasopressin (AVP) neurons. Studies in mouse in vivo models indicate that accumulation of mutant AVP prehormone is associated with FNDI pathology. However, studying human FNDI pathology in vivo is technically challenging. Therefore, an in vitro human model needs to be developed. When exogenous signals are minimized in the early phase of differentiation in vitro, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiate into AVP neurons, whereas human ESCs/iPSCs die. Human ESCs/iPSCs are generally more similar to mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs) compared to mouse ESCs. In this study, we converted human FNDI-specific iPSCs by the naive conversion kit. Although the conversion was partial, we found improved cell survival under minimal exogenous signals and differentiation into rostral hypothalamic organoids. Overall, this method provides a simple and straightforward differentiation direction, which may improve the efficiency of hypothalamic differentiation.
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Thongthip S, Carlson A, Crossley MP, Schwer B. Relationships between genome-wide R-loop distribution and classes of recurrent DNA breaks in neural stem/progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13373. [PMID: 35927309 PMCID: PMC9352722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed classes of recurrent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in neural stem/progenitor cells, including transcription-associated, promoter-proximal breaks and recurrent DSB clusters in late-replicating, long neural genes that may give rise to somatic brain mosaicism. The mechanistic factors promoting these different classes of DSBs in neural stem/progenitor cells are not understood. Here, we elucidated the genome-wide landscape of RNA:DNA hybrid structures called “R-loops” in primary neural stem/progenitor cells undergoing aphidicolin-induced, mild replication stress to assess the potential contribution of R-loops to the different, recurrent classes of DNA break “hotspots”. We find that R-loops in neural stem/progenitor cells undergoing mild replication stress are present primarily in early-replicating, transcribed regions and in genes with promoter GC skew that are associated with cell lineage-specific processes. Surprisingly, most long, neural genes that form recurrent DSB clusters do not show R-loop formation under conditions of mild replication stress. Our findings are consistent with a role of R-loop-associated processes in promoter-proximal DNA break formation in highly transcribed, early replicating regions but suggest that R-loops do not drive replication stress-induced, recurrent DSB cluster formation in most long, neural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawat Thongthip
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annika Carlson
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena P Crossley
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Schwer
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Zhu X, Guo Y, Chu C, Liu D, Duan K, Yin Y, Si C, Kang Y, Yao J, Du X, Li J, Zhao S, Ai Z, Zhu Q, Ji W, Niu Y, Li T. BRN2 as a key gene drives the early primate telencephalon development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7263. [PMID: 35245119 PMCID: PMC8896791 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary mutations in primate-specific genes drove primate cortex expansion. However, whether conserved genes with previously unidentified functions also play a key role in primate brain expansion remains unknown. Here, we focus on BRN2 (POU3F2), a gene encoding a neural transcription factor commonly expressed in both primates and mice. Compared to the limited effects on mouse brain development, BRN2 biallelic knockout in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) is lethal before midgestation. Histology analysis and single-cell transcriptome show that BRN2 deficiency decreases RGC expansion, induces precocious differentiation, and alters the trajectory of neurogenesis in the telencephalon. BRN2, serving as an upstream factor, controls specification and differentiation of ganglionic eminences. In addition, we identified the conserved function of BRN2 in cynomolgus monkeys to human RGCs. BRN2 may function by directly regulating SOX2 and STAT3 and maintaining HOPX. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism that BRN2, a conserved gene, drives early primate telencephalon development by gaining novel mechanistic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Kui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chenyang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junjun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xuewei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Junliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shumei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zongyong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Deficient maternal behavior in multiparous Pou3f2⊿ mice is associated with an impaired exploratory activity. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Son JE, Dou Z, Wanggou S, Chan J, Mo R, Li X, Huang X, Kim KH, Michaud JL, Hui CC. Ectopic expression of Irx3 and Irx5 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes to defects in Sim1 haploinsufficiency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4503. [PMID: 34705510 PMCID: PMC8550250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) contains a heterogeneous cluster of Sim1-expressing neurons critical for feeding regulation. Sim1 haploinsufficiency results in hyperphagic obesity with disruption of PVH neurons, yet the molecular profiles of PVH neurons and the mechanism underlying the defects of Sim1 haploinsufficiency are not well understood. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified two major populations of Sim1+ PVH neurons, which are differentially affected by Sim1 haploinsufficiency. The Iroquois homeobox genes Irx3 and Irx5 have been implicated in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. We found that Irx3 and Irx5 are ectopically expressed in the Sim1+ PVH cells of Sim1+/− mice. By reducing their dosage and PVH-specific deletion of Irx3, we demonstrate that misexpression of Irx3 and Irx5 contributes to the defects of Sim1+/− mice. Our results illustrate abnormal hypothalamic activities of Irx3 and Irx5 as a central mechanism disrupting PVH development and feeding regulation in Sim1 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Siyi Wanggou
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jade Chan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rong Mo
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyoung-Han Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jacques L. Michaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Madrigal MP, Jurado S. Specification of oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic circuits in the developing mouse brain. Commun Biol 2021; 4:586. [PMID: 33990685 PMCID: PMC8121848 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) support a broad range of behaviors and homeostatic functions including sex-specific and context-appropriate social behaviors. Although the alterations of these systems have been linked with social-related disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, their formation and developmental dynamics remain largely unknown. Using novel brain clearing techniques and 3D imaging, we have reconstructed the specification of oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic circuits in the developing mouse brain with unprecedented cellular resolution. A systematic quantification indicates that OXT and AVP neurons in the hypothalamus display distinctive developmental dynamics and high cellular plasticity from embryonic to early postnatal stages. Our findings reveal new insights into the specification and consolidation of neuropeptidergic systems in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Madrigal
- grid.466805.90000 0004 1759 6875Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sandra Jurado
- grid.466805.90000 0004 1759 6875Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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11
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Shin J, Ma S, Hofer E, Patel Y, Vosberg DE, Tilley S, Roshchupkin GV, Sousa AMM, Jian X, Gottesman R, Mosley TH, Fornage M, Saba Y, Pirpamer L, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Carrion-Castillo A, Crivello F, Mazoyer B, Bis JC, Li S, Yang Q, Luciano M, Karama S, Lewis L, Bastin ME, Harris MA, Wardlaw JM, Deary IE, Scholz M, Loeffler M, Witte AV, Beyer F, Villringer A, Armstrong NJ, Mather KA, Ames D, Jiang J, Kwok JB, Schofield PR, Thalamuthu A, Trollor JN, Wright MJ, Brodaty H, Wen W, Sachdev PS, Terzikhan N, Evans TE, Adams HHHH, Ikram MA, Frenzel S, van der Auwera-Palitschka S, Wittfeld K, Bülow R, Grabe HJ, Tzourio C, Mishra A, Maingault S, Debette S, Gillespie NA, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Ding L, Jahanshad N, Sestan N, Pausova Z, Seshadri S, Paus T. Global and Regional Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex: Molecular Architecture and Occupational Aptitudes. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4121-4139. [PMID: 32198502 PMCID: PMC7947185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have carried out meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (n = 23 784) of the first two principal components (PCs) that group together cortical regions with shared variance in their surface area. PC1 (global) captured variations of most regions, whereas PC2 (visual) was specific to the primary and secondary visual cortices. We identified a total of 18 (PC1) and 17 (PC2) independent loci, which were replicated in another 25 746 individuals. The loci of the global PC1 included those associated previously with intracranial volume and/or general cognitive function, such as MAPT and IGF2BP1. The loci of the visual PC2 included DAAM1, a key player in the planar-cell-polarity pathway. We then tested associations with occupational aptitudes and, as predicted, found that the global PC1 was associated with General Learning Ability, and the visual PC2 was associated with the Form Perception aptitude. These results suggest that interindividual variations in global and regional development of the human cerebral cortex (and its molecular architecture) cascade-albeit in a very limited manner-to behaviors as complex as the choice of one's occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4 ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4G 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510 CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510 CT, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Yash Patel
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4G 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Daniel E Vosberg
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4G 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Steven Tilley
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4G 1R8 ON, Canada
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André M M Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510 CT, USA
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030 Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Mosley
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216 MS, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030 Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d’Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, et Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d’Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, et Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101 WA, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sherif Karama
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lindsay Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathew A Harris
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian E Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9YL Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, CRC 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, 6150 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, 2031 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3052 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St. Vincent's Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John B Kwok
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 2050 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, 2031 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2031 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, 4072 St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, 4072 St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, 2052 Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, 2031 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hieab H H H Adams
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra van der Auwera-Palitschka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, 37075, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, 37075, Germany
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, 37075, Germany
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Maingault
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénratives, UMR 5293, CEA, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Ubordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioural Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284 VA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, 92093 CA, USA
- VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, 92161 CA, USA
| | - Linda Ding
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033 CA, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033 CA, USA
| | | | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510 CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06510 CT, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 0A4 ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 ON, Canada
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, 78229 TX, USA
| | - Tomas Paus
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4G 1R8 ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3 ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 1R8 ON, Canada
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12
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Nasu M, Anan K, Abe Y, Kozuki N, Matsushima A, Ueda S. Reduced home cage and social activity in Pou3f2⊿ mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:411-415. [PMID: 31870549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pou3f2/Brn2 is a transcription factor that helps to determine the cellular identity of neocortical or hypothalamic neurons. Mammalian Pou3f2 contains three homopolymeric amino acids that are not present in amphibian Pou3f2. These amino acids contribute to monoamine function, which may play specific roles in mammalian development and behavior. Previous work has indicated that Pou3f2⊿ mice, which lack the homopolymeric amino acids, exhibited declined maternal activity and impaired object and spatial recognition. The current study, analyzed weight gain, brain development, home cage activity, social interaction, and response to novel objects in Pou3f2⊿ mice to determine which aspects of behavior were affected by monoamine dysregulation. Compared to their wild type counterparts, Pou3f2⊿ mice showed decreased social interaction and reduced home cage activity during their active phase. However, they showed normal weight gain, brain development, and responses to novelty. These results indicate that monoamine dysregulation in Pou3f2⊿ mice may specifically affect basal activity and social development, without altering non-social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nasu
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Keiiti Anan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kozuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aya Matsushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shintaroh Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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13
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Mitsumoto K, Suga H, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Yamada T, Ozaki H, Nagai T, Kano M, Kasai T, Ozone C, Ogawa K, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Arima H. Improved methods for the differentiation of hypothalamic vasopressin neurons using mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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El Wazan L, Urrutia-Cabrera D, Wong RCB. Using transcription factors for direct reprogramming of neurons in vitro. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:431-444. [PMID: 31396370 PMCID: PMC6682505 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i7.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy offers great promises in replacing the neurons lost due to neurodegenerative diseases or injuries. However, a key challenge is the cellular source for transplantation which is often limited by donor availability. Direct reprogramming provides an exciting avenue to generate specialized neuron subtypes in vitro, which have the potential to be used for autologous transplantation, as well as generation of patient-specific disease models in the lab for drug discovery and testing gene therapy. Here we present a detailed review on transcription factors that promote direct reprogramming of specific neuronal subtypes with particular focus on glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, sensory and retinal neurons. We will discuss the developmental role of master transcriptional regulators and specification factors for neuronal subtypes, and summarize their use in promoting direct reprogramming into different neuronal subtypes. Furthermore, we will discuss up-and-coming technologies that advance the cell reprogramming field, including the use of computational prediction of reprogramming factors, opportunity of cellular reprogramming using small chemicals and microRNA, as well as the exciting potential for applying direct reprogramming in vivo as a novel approach to promote neuro-regeneration within the body. Finally, we will highlight the clinical potential of direct reprogramming and discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal El Wazan
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Daniel Urrutia-Cabrera
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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15
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Chasman D, Iyer N, Fotuhi Siahpirani A, Estevez Silva M, Lippmann E, McIntosh B, Probasco MD, Jiang P, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Ashton RS, Roy S. Inferring Regulatory Programs Governing Region Specificity of Neuroepithelial Stem Cells during Early Hindbrain and Spinal Cord Development. Cell Syst 2019; 9:167-186.e12. [PMID: 31302154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial stem cells (NSC) from different anatomical regions of the embryonic neural tube's rostrocaudal axis can differentiate into diverse central nervous system tissues, but the transcriptional regulatory networks governing these processes are incompletely understood. Here, we measure region-specific NSC gene expression along the rostrocaudal axis in a human pluripotent stem cell model of early central nervous system development over a 72-h time course, spanning the hindbrain to cervical spinal cord. We introduce Escarole, a probabilistic clustering algorithm for non-stationary time series, and combine it with prior-based regulatory network inference to identify genes that are regulated dynamically and predict their upstream regulators. We identify known regulators of patterning and neural development, including the HOX genes, and predict a direct regulatory connection between the transcription factor POU3F2 and target gene STMN2. We demonstrate that POU3F2 is required for expression of STMN2, suggesting that this regulatory connection is important for region specificity of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chasman
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Nisha Iyer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alireza Fotuhi Siahpirani
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maria Estevez Silva
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ethan Lippmann
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian McIntosh
- Regenerative Biology Theme, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Mitchell D Probasco
- Regenerative Biology Theme, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Regenerative Biology Theme, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Regenerative Biology Theme, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Regenerative Biology Theme, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Randolph S Ashton
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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16
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Herbert K, Binet R, Lambert JP, Louphrasitthiphol P, Kalkavan H, Sesma-Sanz L, Robles-Espinoza CD, Sarkar S, Suer E, Andrews S, Chauhan J, Roberts ND, Middleton MR, Gingras AC, Masson JY, Larue L, Falletta P, Goding CR. BRN2 suppresses apoptosis, reprograms DNA damage repair, and is associated with a high somatic mutation burden in melanoma. Genes Dev 2019; 33:310-332. [PMID: 30804224 PMCID: PMC6411009 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314633.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbert et al. show that BRN2 is associated with DNA damage response proteins and suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy-, and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Whether cell types exposed to a high level of environmental insults possess cell type-specific prosurvival mechanisms or enhanced DNA damage repair capacity is not well understood. BRN2 is a tissue-restricted POU domain transcription factor implicated in neural development and several cancers. In melanoma, BRN2 plays a key role in promoting invasion and regulating proliferation. Here we found, surprisingly, that rather than interacting with transcription cofactors, BRN2 is instead associated with DNA damage response proteins and directly binds PARP1 and Ku70/Ku80. Rapid PARP1-dependent BRN2 association with sites of DNA damage facilitates recruitment of Ku80 and reprograms DNA damage repair by promoting Ku-dependent nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) at the expense of homologous recombination. BRN2 also suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy- and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, BRN2 expression also correlates with a high single-nucleotide variation prevalence in human melanomas. By promoting error-prone DNA damage repair via NHEJ and suppressing apoptosis of damaged cells, our results suggest that BRN2 contributes to the generation of melanomas with a high mutation burden. Our findings highlight a novel role for a key transcription factor in reprogramming DNA damage repair and suggest that BRN2 may impact the response to DNA-damaging agents in BRN2-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Herbert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Binet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Laura Sesma-Sanz
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico.,Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Suer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Andrews
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- The Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 91405 Orsay, France.,University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, UMR 3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91505 Orsay, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paola Falletta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, 20132 Milano MI, Italy
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Wu H, Uchimura K, Donnelly EL, Kirita Y, Morris SA, Humphreys BD. Comparative Analysis and Refinement of Human PSC-Derived Kidney Organoid Differentiation with Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:869-881.e8. [PMID: 30449713 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells have great utility for investigating organogenesis and disease mechanisms and, potentially, as a replacement tissue source, but how closely organoids derived from current protocols replicate adult human kidney is undefined. We compared two directed differentiation protocols by single-cell transcriptomics of 83,130 cells from 65 organoids with single-cell transcriptomes of fetal and adult kidney cells. Both protocols generate a diverse range of kidney cells with differing ratios, but organoid-derived cell types are immature, and 10%-20% of cells are non-renal. Reconstructing lineage relationships by pseudotemporal ordering identified ligands, receptors, and transcription factor networks associated with fate decisions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its cognate receptor NTRK2 were expressed in the neuronal lineage during organoid differentiation. Inhibiting this pathway improved organoid formation by reducing neurons by 90% without affecting kidney differentiation, highlighting the power of single-cell technologies to characterize and improve organoid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erinn L Donnelly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Qin C, Li J, Tang K. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3458-3472. [PMID: 30052854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main types of neurons, magnocellular, parvocellular, and long-projecting neurons, which play imperative roles in the regulation of energy balance and various endocrinological activities. In this review, we focus mainly on recent findings about the early development of the hypothalamus and the PVH, the functions of the PVH in the modulation of energy homeostasis and in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, and human diseases associated with the PVH, such as obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes insipidus. Thus, the investigations of the PVH will benefit not only understanding of the development of the central nervous system but also the etiology of and therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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19
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Nagpal J, Herget U, Choi MK, Ryu S. Anatomy, development, and plasticity of the neurosecretory hypothalamus in zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:5-22. [PMID: 30109407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus harbors diverse neurosecretory cells with critical physiological roles for the homeostasis. Decades of research in rodents have provided a large amount of information on the anatomy, development, and function of this important hypothalamic nucleus. However, since the hypothalamus lies deep within the brain in mammals and is difficult to access, many questions regarding development and plasticity of this nucleus still remain. In particular, how different environmental conditions, including stress exposure, shape the development of this important nucleus has been difficult to address in animals that develop in utero. To address these open questions, the transparent larval zebrafish with its rapid external development and excellent genetic toolbox offers exciting opportunities. In this review, we summarize recent information on the anatomy and development of the neurosecretory preoptic area (NPO), which represents a similar structure to the mammalian PVN in zebrafish. We will then review recent studies on the development of different cell types in the neurosecretory hypothalamus both in mouse and in fish. Lastly, we discuss stress-induced plasticity of the PVN mainly discussing the data obtained in rodents, but pointing out tools and approaches available in zebrafish for future studies. This review serves as a primer for the currently available information relevant for studying the development and plasticity of this important brain region using zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Nagpal
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herget
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. Mail Code 156-29, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Min K Choi
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Soojin Ryu
- German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Development of neuroendocrine neurons in the mammalian hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:23-39. [PMID: 29869716 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system consists of a heterogeneous collection of (mostly) neuropeptidergic neurons found in four hypothalamic nuclei and sharing the ability to secrete neurohormones (all of them neuropeptides except dopamine) into the bloodstream. There are, however, abundant hypothalamic non-neuroendocrine neuropeptidergic neurons developing in parallel with the neuroendocrine system, so that both cannot be entirely disentangled. This heterogeneity results from the workings of a network of transcription factors many of which are already known. Olig2 and Fezf2 expressed in the progenitors, acting through mantle-expressed Otp and Sim1, Sim2 and Pou3f2 (Brn2), regulate production of magnocellular and anterior parvocellular neurons. Nkx2-1, Rax, Ascl1, Neurog3 and Dbx1 expressed in the progenitors, acting through mantle-expressed Isl1, Dlx1, Gsx1, Bsx, Hmx2/3, Ikzf1, Nr5a2 (LH-1) and Nr5a1 (SF-1) are responsible for tuberal parvocellular (arcuate nucleus) and other neuropeptidergic neurons. The existence of multiple progenitor domains whose progeny undergoes intricate tangential migrations as one source of complexity in the neuropeptidergic hypothalamus is the focus of much attention. How neurosecretory cells target axons to the medial eminence and posterior hypophysis is gradually becoming clear and exciting progress has been made on the mechanisms underlying neurovascular interface formation. While rat neuroanatomy and targeted mutations in mice have yielded fundamental knowledge about the neuroendocrine system in mammals, experiments on chick and zebrafish are providing key information about cellular and molecular mechanisms. Looking forward, data from every source will be necessary to unravel the ways in which the environment affects neuroendocrine development with consequences for adult health and disease.
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21
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Malik V, Zimmer D, Jauch R. Diversity among POU transcription factors in chromatin recognition and cell fate reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1587-1612. [PMID: 29335749 PMCID: PMC11105716 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) protein family is an evolutionary ancient group of transcription factors (TFs) that bind specific DNA sequences to direct gene expression programs. The fundamental importance of POU TFs to orchestrate embryonic development and to direct cellular fate decisions is well established, but the molecular basis for this activity is insufficiently understood. POU TFs possess a bipartite 'two-in-one' DNA binding domain consisting of two independently folding structural units connected by a poorly conserved and flexible linker. Therefore, they represent a paradigmatic example to study the molecular basis for the functional versatility of TFs. Their modular architecture endows POU TFs with the capacity to accommodate alternative composite DNA sequences by adopting different quaternary structures. Moreover, associations with partner proteins crucially influence the selection of their DNA binding sites. The plentitude of DNA binding modes confers the ability to POU TFs to regulate distinct genes in the context of different cellular environments. Likewise, different binding modes of POU proteins to DNA could trigger alternative regulatory responses in the context of different genomic locations of the same cell. Prominent POU TFs such as Oct4, Brn2, Oct6 and Brn4 are not only essential regulators of development but have also been successfully employed to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency and neural lineages. Here we review biochemical, structural, genomic and cellular reprogramming studies to examine how the ability of POU TFs to select regulatory DNA, alone or with partner factors, is tied to their capacity to epigenetically remodel chromatin and drive specific regulatory programs that give cells their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Malik
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Dennis Zimmer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Ralf Jauch
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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22
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Abstract
Transcriptional control of oxytocinergic cell development influences social, sexual, and appetite related behaviors and is implicated in disorders such as autism and Prader-Willi syndrome. Mediator 12 (Med12) is a transcriptional coactivator required for multiple facets of brain development including subsets of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. We surveyed hormone gene expression within the hypothalamo-pituitary axis of med12 mutant zebrafish embryos with a focus on oxytocin (oxt) expression. Some transcripts, such as oxt, vasopressin (avp) and corticotrophin releasing hormone (crh) are undetectable in the med12 mutant, while others are upregulated or downregulated to varying degrees. In med12 mutants, the expression patterns of upstream transcriptional regulators of oxytocinergic cell development remain largely intact in the pre-optic area, suggesting a more direct influence of Med12 on oxt expression. We show that Med12 is required for Wnt signaling in zebrafish. However, oxt expression is unaffected in Wnt-inhibited embryos indicating independence of Wnt signaling. In fact, overactive Wnt signaling inhibits oxt expression, and we identify a Wnt-sensitive period starting at 24 h post fertilization (hpf). Thus, Med12 and repression of Wnt signaling display critical but unrelated roles in regulating oxt expression. Summary: Mediator 12, a transcriptional coactivator, greatly enhances Wnt signaling in the developing embryo. Separate from its role in Wnt signaling, Mediator 12 is required for oxytocin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Spikol
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Eric Glasgow
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Rd., Washington, DC 20057, USA
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23
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Lin YMJ, Hsin IL, Sun HS, Lin S, Lai YL, Chen HY, Chen TY, Chen YP, Shen YT, Wu HM. NTF3 Is a Novel Target Gene of the Transcription Factor POU3F2 and Is Required for Neuronal Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8403-8413. [PMID: 29549646 PMCID: PMC6153716 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
POU-homeodomain transcription factor POU3F2 is a critical transcription factor that participates in neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about its downstream mediators. Here genome-wide analyses of a human neuronal differentiation cell model, NT2D1, suggested neurotrophin-3 (NTF3), a key mediator of neuronal development during the early neurogenic period, as a putative regulatory target of POU3F2. Western blot, cDNA microarray, and real-time quantitative PCR analyses showed that POU3F2 and NTF3 were upregulated during neuronal differentiation. Next-generation-sequence-based POU3F2 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and genome-wide in silico prediction demonstrated that POU3F2 binds to the NTF3 promoter during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, unidirectional deletion or mutation of the binding site of POU3F2 in the NTF3 promoter decreased promoter-driven luciferase activity, indicating that POU3F2 is a positive regulator of NTF3 promoter activity. While NTF3 knockdown resulted in decreased viability and differentiation of NT2D1 cells, and POU3F2 knockdown downregulated NTF3 expression, recombinant NTF3 significantly rescued viable neuronal cells from NTF3- or POU3F2-knockdown cell cultures. Moreover, immunostaining showed colocalization of POU3F2 and NTF3 in developing mouse neurons. Thus, our data suggest that NTF3 is a novel target gene of POU3F2 and that the POU3F2/NTF3 pathway plays a role in the process of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mei J Lin
- Institute of Biomedical sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Lun Hsin
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shankung Lin
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Lai
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Shen
- Institute of Biomedical sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Wu
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
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24
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Ogawa K, Suga H, Ozone C, Sakakibara M, Yamada T, Kano M, Mitsumoto K, Kasai T, Kodani Y, Nagasaki H, Yamamoto N, Hagiwara D, Goto M, Banno R, Sugimura Y, Arima H. Vasopressin-secreting neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells through specific induction of dorsal hypothalamic progenitors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3615. [PMID: 29483626 PMCID: PMC5827757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) neurons exist in the hypothalamus, a major region of the diencephalon, and play an essential role in water balance. Here, we established the differentiation method for AVP-secreting neurons from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by recapitulating in vitro the in vivo embryonic developmental processes of AVP neurons. At first, the differentiation efficiency was improved. That was achieved through the optimization of the culture condition for obtaining dorsal hypothalamic progenitors. Secondly, the induced AVP neurons were identified by immunohistochemistry and these neurons secreted AVP after potassium chloride stimulation. Additionally, other hypothalamic neuropeptides were also detected, such as oxytocin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, pro-opiomelanocortin, agouti-related peptide, orexin, and melanin-concentrating hormone. This is the first report describing the generation of secretory AVP neurons derived from hESCs. This method will be applicable to research using disease models and, potentially, for regenerative medicine of the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomiko Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mitsumoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Histochemistry, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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25
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Kim DW, Kim KC, Kim KB, Dunn CT, Park KS. Transcriptional deregulation underlying the pathogenesis of small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29535909 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of recurrent alterations in genes encoding transcription regulators and chromatin modifiers is one of the most important recent developments in the study of the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) genome. With advances in models and analytical methods, the field of SCLC biology has seen remarkable progress in understanding the deregulated transcription networks linked to the tumor development and malignant progression. This review will discuss recent discoveries on the roles of RB and P53 family of tumor suppressors and MYC family of oncogenes in tumor initiation and development. It will also describe the roles of lineage-specific factors in neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation and homeostasis and the roles of epigenetic alterations driven by changes in NFIB and chromatin modifiers in malignant progression and chemoresistance. These recent findings have led to a model of transcriptional network in which multiple pathways converge on regulatory regions of crucial genes linked to tumor development. Validation of this model and characterization of target genes will provide critical insights into the biology of SCLC and novel strategies for tumor intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kee-Beom Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Colin T Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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26
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Althammer F, Grinevich V. Diversity of oxytocin neurons: beyond magno- and parvocellular cell types? J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 30. [PMID: 29024187 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OT), which is evolutionarily conserved among different species throughout the animal kingdom, is a key modulator of a variety of socio-emotional behaviors such as fear, trust and empathy. OT cells in the mammalian hypothalamus have been traditionally divided into two distinct types - magnocellular (magnOT) and parvocellular (parvOT) or preautonomic neurons. This distinction is based on OT cell sizes and shapes, projections, electrophysiological activity and functions. Indeed, while neuroendocrine magnOT neurons are known to primarily project their axons to the posterior pituitary and to a number of forebrain regions, non-neuroendocrine parvOT neurons have been seen as the main source of OT innervation of the brainstem and spinal cord to control autonomic functions and pain perception. However, very recent findings demonstrated distinct genetic profiles in OT neurons, allowing discrimination of at least four types of cells expressing OT. Furthermore, unexpected axonal projections of parvOT neurons to the forebrain and magnOT neurons to the midbrain have been newly reported. In this review, we focus on the detailed analysis of methods of distinction between OT cell types, in- and output sites, morphology as well as on the direct connectivity between OT neurons and its physiological significance. At the end, we propose a hypothesis that the central OT system is composed of more than just two OT cell types, which should be further verified by the application of available genetic and anatomical techniques. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Althammer
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence at the, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, 68159, Germany
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27
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Hashizume K, Yamanaka M, Ueda S. POU3F2 participates in cognitive function and adult hippocampal neurogenesis via mammalian-characteristic amino acid repeats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:118-125. [PMID: 28782255 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
POU3F2/BRN-2 is a transcription factor that is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in brain development. The transactivation domain of POU3F2 includes multiple mammalian-characteristic tandem amino acid repeats (homopolymeric amino acid repeats). We previously generated knock-in mice (Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice) in which all three homopolymeric amino acid repeats were deleted from the Pou3f2 transactivation domain and identified phenotypic impairments in maternal behavior and pup recognition. Yet, the exact biological implications of homopolymeric repeats are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated cognitive function and hippocampal neurogenesis in Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice. Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice exhibited cognitive impairment in object recognition and object location tests. Immunohistochemistry for doublecortin, a marker of immature neurons, showed a lower number of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of adult Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice compared with wild-type mice. Consistent with this observation, adult Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice had lower numbers of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and NeuN double-positive cells at 4 weeks after BrdU injection compared with control mice, indicating the decreased generation of mature granule cells in Pou3f2Δ/Δ mice. Taken together, these results suggest that POU3F2 is involved in cognitive function as well as adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and that homopolymeric amino acid repeats in this gene play a functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashizume
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Feng S, Xing C, Shen T, Qiao Y, Wang R, Chen J, Liao J, Lu Z, Yang X, Abd-Allah SM, Li J, Jing N, Tang K. Abnormal Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus and Growth Retardation Associated with Loss of Nuclear Receptor Gene COUP-TFII. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5282. [PMID: 28706241 PMCID: PMC5509697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus plays important roles in the regulation of energy balance and fetal growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its formation and function have not been clearly elucidated. Various mutations in the human COUP-TFII gene, which encodes a nuclear receptor, result in growth retardation, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital heart defects. Here, we show that COUP-TFII gene is expressed in the developing hypothalamus in mouse. The ventral forebrain-specific RXCre/+; COUP-TFIIF/F mutant mice display growth retardation. The development of the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus is compromised in the COUP-TFII mutant mainly because of increased apoptosis and mis-migration of the Brn2+ neurons. Moreover, hypoplastic anterior pituitary with blood cell clusters and shrunken posterior pituitary lacking AVP/OT neuron innervations are observed in the mutant, indicating the failure of formation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mechanistic studies show that the expression of Bdnf and Nrp1 genes is reduced in the mutant embryo, and that Bdnf is a direct downstream target of the COUP-TFII protein. Thus, our findings provide a novel functional validation that COUP-TFII gene promotes the expression of Bdnf and Nrp1 genes to ensure the appropriate morphogenesis of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, especially the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, and to prevent growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Feng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Can Xing
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Tingyu Shen
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaoyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhuo Lu
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China.
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29
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Banerjee P, Joy KP, Chaube R. Structural and functional diversity of nonapeptide hormones from an evolutionary perspective: A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 241:4-23. [PMID: 27133544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The article presents an overview of the comparative distribution, structure and functions of the nonapeptide hormones in chordates and non chordates. The review begins with a historical preview of the advent of the concept of neurosecretion and birth of neuroendocrine science, pioneered by the works of E. Scharrer and W. Bargmann. The sections which follow discuss different vertebrate nonapeptides, their distribution, comparison, precursor gene structures and processing, highlighting the major differences in these aspects amidst the conserved features across vertebrates. The vast literature on the anatomical characteristics of the nonapeptide secreting nuclei in the brain and their projections was briefly reviewed in a comparative framework. Recent knowledge on the nonapeptide hormone receptors and their intracellular signaling pathways is discussed and few grey areas which require deeper studies are identified. The sections on the functions and regulation of nonapeptides summarize the huge and ever increasing literature that is available in these areas. The nonapeptides emerge as key homeostatic molecules with complex regulation and several synergistic partners. Lastly, an update of the nonapeptides in non chordates with respect to distribution, site of synthesis, functions and receptors, dealt separately for each phylum, is presented. The non chordate nonapeptides share many similarities with their counterparts in vertebrates, pointing the system to have an ancient origin and to be an important substrate for changes during adaptive evolution. The article concludes projecting the nonapeptides as one of the very first common molecules of the primitive nervous and endocrine systems, which have been retained to maintain homeostatic functions in metazoans; some of which are conserved across the animal kingdom and some are specialized in a group/lineage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India.
| | - R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Oxytocin Signaling in the Early Life of Mammals: Link to Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with ASD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 35:239-268. [PMID: 28812269 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin plays a role in various functions including endocrine and immune functions but also parent-infant bonding and social interactions. It might be considered as a main neuropeptide involved in mediating the regulation of adaptive interactions between an individual and his/her environment. Recently, a critical role of oxytocin in early life has been revealed in sensory processing and multi-modal integration that are essential for normal postnatal neurodevelopment. An early alteration in the oxytocin-system may disturb its maturation and may have short-term and long-term pathological consequences such as autism spectrum disorders. Here, we will synthesize the existing literature on the development of the oxytocin system and its role in the early postnatal life of mammals (from birth to weaning) in a normal or pathological context. Oxytocin is required in critical windows of time that play a pivotal role and that should be considered for therapeutical interventions.
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31
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Gao Y, Sun T. Molecular regulation of hypothalamic development and physiological functions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4275-85. [PMID: 26223804 PMCID: PMC4733441 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is composed of many heterogeneous nuclei that control distinct physiological functions. Investigating molecular mechanisms that regulate the specification of these nuclei and specific neuronal subtypes, and their contribution to diverse hypothalamic functions, is an exciting research focus. Here, we begin by summarizing the hypothalamic functions of feeding regulation, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and circadian rhythm, and describing their anatomical bases. Next, we review the molecular regulation of formation of hypothalamic territories, specification of nuclei and subnuclei, and generation of specific neurons. Finally, we highlight physiological and behavioral consequences of altered hypothalamic development. Identifying molecules that regulate hypothalamic development and function will increase our understanding of hypothalamus-related disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, and aid in the development of therapies aimed specifically at their etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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32
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Bifsha P, Balsalobre A, Drouin J. Specificity of Pitx3-Dependent Gene Regulatory Networks in Subsets of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4921-4935. [PMID: 27514757 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons is involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pitx3 is expressed in mDA neuron subsets of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that are degeneration-sensitive in PD. The genetic network(s) and mode(s) of action of Pitx3 in these mDA neurons remain poorly characterized. We hypothesized that, given their distinct neuronal identities, Pitx3-expressing neurons of SNc and VTA should differ in their Pitx3-controlled gene expression networks and this may involve subset-specific co-regulators. Expression profiling of purified mDA neuronal subsets indicates that Pitx3 regulates different sets of genes in SNc and VTA, such as activating the expression of primary cilium gene products specifically in VTA neurons. Interaction network analysis pointed to the participation of differentially expressed Lhx/Lmo family members in the modulation of Pitx3 action in SNc and VTA mDA neurons. Conversely, global binding patterns of Pitx3 on genomic DNA of human dopaminergic cells revealed that Pitx3 is often co-recruited to regions that foster the formation of GATA-bHLH-BRN complexes, which usually involve Lmo co-regulatory proteins. We focused on Lmo3 for its preferential expression in SNc neurons and demonstrated that it functions as a transcriptional co-activator of Pitx3 by enhancing its activity on genomic regulatory elements. In summary, we defined the SN and VTA-specific programs of Pitx3-dependent gene expression and identified Lmo3 as a SN-specific co-regulator of Pitx3-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panojot Bifsha
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aurelio Balsalobre
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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33
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Theofanopoulou C. Implications of Oxytocin in Human Linguistic Cognition: From Genome to Phenome. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:271. [PMID: 27378840 PMCID: PMC4906233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohormone oxytocin (OXT) has been found to mediate the regulation of complex socioemotional cognition in multiple ways both in humans and other animals. Recent studies have investigated the effects of OXT in different levels of analysis (from genetic to behavioral) chiefly targeting its impact on the social component and only indirectly indicating its implications in other components of our socio-interactive abilities. This article aims at shedding light onto how OXT might be modulating the multimodality that characterizes our higher-order linguistic abilities (vocal-auditory-attentional-memory-social systems). Based on evidence coming from genetic, EEG, fMRI, and behavioral studies, I attempt to establish the promises of this perspective with the goal of stressing the need for neuropeptide treatments to enter clinical practice.
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Chen HY, Lee YH, Chen HY, Yeh CA, Chueh PJ, Lin YMJ. Capsaicin Inhibited Aggressive Phenotypes through Downregulation of Tumor-Associated NADH Oxidase (tNOX) by POU Domain Transcription Factor POU3F2. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060733. [PMID: 27271588 PMCID: PMC6273514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin has been reported to preferentially inhibit the activity of tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX), which belongs to a family of growth-related plasma membrane hydroquinone oxidases in cancer/transformed cells. The inhibitory effect of capsaicin on tNOX is associated with cell growth attenuation and apoptosis. However, no previous study has examined the transcriptional regulation of tNOX protein expression. Bioinformatic analysis has indicated that the tNOX promoter sequence harbors a binding motif for POU3F2, which is thought to play important roles in neuronal differentiation, melanocytes growth/differentiation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that capsaicin-mediated tNOX downregulation and cell migration inhibition were through POU3F2. The protein expression levels of POU3F2 and tNOX are positively correlated, and that overexpression of POU3F2 (and the corresponding upregulation of tNOX) enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion in AGS (human gastric carcinoma) cells. In contrast, knockdown of POU3F2 downregulates tNOX, and the cancer phenotypes are affected. These findings not only shed light on the molecular mechanism of the anticancer properties of capsaicin, but also the transcription regulation of tNOX expression that may potentially explain how POU3F2 is associated with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Yen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yi Hui Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Huei Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chia An Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Pin Ju Chueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Mei J Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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35
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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36
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Spikol ED, Laverriere CE, Robnett M, Carter G, Wolfe E, Glasgow E. Zebrafish Models of Prader-Willi Syndrome: Fast Track to Pharmacotherapeutics. Diseases 2016; 4. [PMID: 27857842 PMCID: PMC5110251 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by an insatiable appetite, leading to chronic overeating and obesity. Additional features include short stature, intellectual disability, behavioral problems and incomplete sexual development. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of PWS, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disorder remain poorly understood. Treatment for PWS consists mainly of palliative therapies; curative therapies are sorely needed. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, represent a promising way forward for elucidating physiological problems such as obesity and identifying new pharmacotherapeutic options for PWS. Over the last decade, an increased appreciation for the highly conserved biology among vertebrates and the ability to perform high-throughput drug screening has seen an explosion in the use of zebrafish for disease modeling and drug discovery. Here, we review recent advances in developing zebrafish models of human disease. Aspects of zebrafish genetics and physiology that are relevant to PWS will be discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of zebrafish models will be contrasted with current animal models for this syndrome. Finally, we will present a paradigm for drug screening in zebrafish that is potentially the fastest route for identifying and delivering curative pharmacotherapies to PWS patients.
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37
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Small 6q16.1 Deletions Encompassing POU3F2 Cause Susceptibility to Obesity and Variable Developmental Delay with Intellectual Disability. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:363-72. [PMID: 26833329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of intellectual disability and identification of monogenic causes of obesity in humans have made immense contribution toward the understanding of the brain and control of body mass. The leptin > melanocortin > SIM1 pathway is dysregulated in multiple monogenic human obesity syndromes but its downstream targets are still unknown. In ten individuals from six families, with overlapping 6q16.1 deletions, we describe a disorder of variable developmental delay, intellectual disability, and susceptibility to obesity and hyperphagia. The 6q16.1 deletions segregated with the phenotype in multiplex families and were shown to be de novo in four families, and there was dramatic phenotypic overlap among affected individuals who were independently ascertained without bias from clinical features. Analysis of the deletions revealed a ∼350 kb critical region on chromosome 6q16.1 that encompasses a gene for proneuronal transcription factor POU3F2, which is important for hypothalamic development and function. Using morpholino and mutant zebrafish models, we show that POU3F2 lies downstream of SIM1 and controls oxytocin expression in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine preoptic area. We show that this finding is consistent with the expression patterns of POU3F2 and related genes in the human brain. Our work helps to further delineate the neuro-endocrine control of energy balance/body mass and demonstrates that this molecular pathway is conserved across multiple species.
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38
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Wei Z, Angerer LM, Angerer RC. Neurogenic gene regulatory pathways in the sea urchin embryo. Development 2016; 143:298-305. [PMID: 26657764 PMCID: PMC4725339 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis the sea urchin early pluteus larva differentiates 40-50 neurons marked by expression of the pan-neural marker synaptotagmin B (SynB) that are distributed along the ciliary band, in the apical plate and pharyngeal endoderm, and 4-6 serotonergic neurons that are confined to the apical plate. Development of all neurons has been shown to depend on the function of Six3. Using a combination of molecular screens and tests of gene function by morpholino-mediated knockdown, we identified SoxC and Brn1/2/4, which function sequentially in the neurogenic regulatory pathway and are also required for the differentiation of all neurons. Misexpression of Brn1/2/4 at low dose caused an increase in the number of serotonin-expressing cells and at higher dose converted most of the embryo to a neurogenic epithelial sphere expressing the Hnf6 ciliary band marker. A third factor, Z167, was shown to work downstream of the Six3 and SoxC core factors and to define a branch specific for the differentiation of serotonergic neurons. These results provide a framework for building a gene regulatory network for neurogenesis in the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lynne M Angerer
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert C Angerer
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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Urban S, Kobi D, Ennen M, Langer D, Le Gras S, Ye T, Davidson I. A Brn2-Zic1 axis specifies the neuronal fate of retinoic-acid-treated embryonic stem cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2303-18. [PMID: 25991548 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.168849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) treated with all-trans retinoic acid differentiate into a homogenous population of glutamatergic neurons. Although differentiation is initiated through activation of target genes by the retinoic acid receptors, the downstream transcription factors specifying neuronal fate are less well characterised. Here, we show that the transcription factor Brn2 (also known as Pou3f2) is essential for the neuronal differentiation programme. By integrating results from RNA-seq following Brn2 silencing with results from Brn2 ChIP-seq, we identify a set of Brn2 target genes required for the neurogenic programme. Further integration of Brn2 ChIP-seq data from retinoic-acid-treated ESCs and P19 cells with data from ESCs differentiated into neuronal precursors by Fgf2 treatment and that from fibroblasts trans-differentiated into neurons by ectopic Brn2 expression showed that Brn2 occupied a distinct but overlapping set of genomic loci in these differing conditions. However, a set of common binding sites and target genes defined the core of the Brn2-regulated neuronal programme, among which was that encoding the transcription factor Zic1. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of Zic1 prevented ESCs from differentiating into neuronal precursors, thus defining a hierarchical Brn2-Zic1 axis that is essential to specify neural fate in retinoic-acid-treated ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Urban
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Dominique Kobi
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Marie Ennen
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Diana Langer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Gras
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France Equipe Labellisée of the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS/INSERM/UDS, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, Cédex 67404, France
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40
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Deleyrolle L, Sabourin JC, Rothhut B, Fujita H, Guichet PO, Teigell M, Ripoll C, Chauvet N, Perrin F, Mamaeva D, Noda T, Mori K, Yoshihara Y, Hugnot JP. OCAM regulates embryonic spinal cord stem cell proliferation by modulating ErbB2 receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122337. [PMID: 25875008 PMCID: PMC4395419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells are tightly controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Cell adhesion molecules are increasingly recognized as regulators of these processes. Here we report the expression of the olfactory cell adhesion molecule (OCAM/NCAM2/RNCAM) during mouse spinal cord development and in neural stem cells cultured as neurospheres. OCAM is also weakly expressed in the dormant adult stem cell niche around the central canal and is overexpressed after spinal cord injury. Both transmembrane (TM) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked isoforms are present in neurospheres. Electron microscopy and internalisation experiments revealed a dynamic trafficking of OCAM between the membrane and intracellular compartments. After differentiation, OCAM remains in neurons and oligodendrocytes whereas no expression is detected in astrocytes. Using OCAM knockout (KO) mice, we found that mutant spinal cord stem cells showed an increased proliferation and self-renewal rates although no effect on differentiation was observed. This effect was reversed by lentivirus-mediated re-introduction of OCAM. Mechanistically, we identified the ErbB2/Neu/HER2 protein as being implicated in the enhanced proliferation of mutant cells. ErbB2 protein expression and phosphorylation level were significantly increased in KO cells whereas no difference was observed at the mRNA level. Overexpression of ErbB2 in wild-type and mutant cells also increased their growth while reintroduction of OCAM in mutant cells reduced the level of phosphorylated ErbB2. These results indicate that OCAM exerts a posttranscriptional control on the ErbB2 signalling in spinal cord stem cells. This study adds further support for considering cell adhesion molecules as regulators of the ErbB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Bernard Rothhut
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Marisa Teigell
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Chauvet
- INSERM U661, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Perrin
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Daria Mamaeva
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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41
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Bedont JL, Newman EA, Blackshaw S. Patterning, specification, and differentiation in the developing hypothalamus. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:445-68. [PMID: 25820448 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its complex structure and highly diverse cell populations, the study of hypothalamic development has historically lagged behind that of other brain regions. However, in recent years, a greatly expanded understanding of hypothalamic gene expression during development has opened up new avenues of investigation. In this review, we synthesize existing work to present a holistic picture of hypothalamic development from early induction and patterning through nuclear specification and differentiation, with a particular emphasis on determination of cell fate. We will also touch on special topics in the field including the prosomere model, adult neurogenesis, and integration of migratory cells originating outside the hypothalamic neuroepithelium, and how these topics relate to our broader theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Newman
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,High-Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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42
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Fu SP, Liu BR, Wang JF, Xue WJ, Liu HM, Zeng YL, Huang BX, Li SN, Lv QK, Wang W, Liu JX. β-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:212-22. [PMID: 25580562 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has recently been shown to regulate hormone synthesis and secretion in the hypothalamus. However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion. In the present study, we examined the expression of the BHBA receptor GPR109A in primary hypothalamic cell cultures. We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals. Initial in vivo studies conducted in rats demonstrated that GHRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was strongly inversely correlated with BHBA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid during postnatal development (r = -0.89, P < 0.01). Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of BHBA acutely decreased GHRH mRNA expression in rats. Further in vitro studies revealed a decrease in GHRH synthesis and secretion in primary hypothalamic cells after treatment with BHBA; this effect was inhibited when hypothalamic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX). BHBA had no effect on GHRH synthesis and secretion in GT1-7 cells, which do not exhibit cell surface expression of GPR109A. Furthermore, BHBA acutely decreased the transcription of the homeobox gene for Gsh-1 in the hypothalamus in both in vivo and in vitro, and this effect was also inhibited by PTX in vitro. In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion. These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-P Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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43
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Yazawa T. Recent advances in histogenesis research of lung neuroendocrine cancers: Evidence obtained from functional analyses of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors. Pathol Int 2015; 65:277-85. [PMID: 25708144 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LENEC) are categorized as neuroendocrine cancers (NECs) of the lung and have extremely poor prognoses. The lack of an effective therapeutic strategy against SmCC and LCNEC is a serious issue. Because the regulation of the cellular phenotype is complicated by the actions of various transcription factors, investigations into the function of neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors are important for elucidating the cellular characteristics and histogenesis of SmCC and LCNEC and for establishing innovative therapeutic strategies against them. In this review, the functions of ASCL1, NeuroD1, REST, TTF1, and class III/IV POU, that are specifically and highly expressed in lung NECs, are introduced. These transcription factors transactivate and/or transrepress various genes and are involved in neural progenitor phenotyping, neuroendocrine and stem cell marker expression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Based on the evidence that certain carcinoids express ASCL1, NeuroD1, TTF1, and class III/IV POU and that lung NECs can develop from non-NE cells/non-NEC cells, the relationships among lung NECs, carcinoid tumors, and non-NECs are discussed. Finally, a model of the histogenesis of lung NECs in view of similarities in the expression of primitive neural/neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factors is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Grinevich V, Desarménien MG, Chini B, Tauber M, Muscatelli F. Ontogenesis of oxytocin pathways in the mammalian brain: late maturation and psychosocial disorders. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:164. [PMID: 25767437 PMCID: PMC4341354 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT), the main neuropeptide of sociality, is expressed in neurons exclusively localized in the hypothalamus. During the last decade, a plethora of neuroendocrine, metabolic, autonomic and behavioral effects of OT has been reported. In the urgency to find treatments to syndromes as invalidating as autism, many clinical trials have been launched in which OT is administered to patients, including adolescents and children. However, the impact of OT on the developing brain and in particular on the embryonic and early postnatal maturation of OT neurons, has been only poorly investigated. In the present review we summarize available (although limited) literature on general features of ontogenetic transformation of the OT system, including determination, migration and differentiation of OT neurons. Next, we discuss trajectories of OT receptors (OTR) in the perinatal period. Furthermore, we provide evidence that early alterations, from birth, in the central OT system lead to severe neurodevelopmental diseases such as feeding deficit in infancy and severe defects in social behavior in adulthood, as described in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Our review intends to propose a hypothesis about developmental dynamics of central OT pathways, which are essential for survival right after birth and for the acquisition of social skills later on. A better understanding of the embryonic and early postnatal maturation of the OT system may lead to better OT-based treatments in PWS or autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Grinevich
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides, German Cancer Research Center and CellNetwork Cluster of Excellence of the University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel G Desarménien
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier, France
| | - Bice Chini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience Milan, Italy
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Reference Centre for Prader-Willi Syndrome - Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital des Enfants Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse 330 Toulouse, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixe de Recherche 1043, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée Unité Mixe de Recherche U901, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Parc Scientifique de Luminy Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée Unité Mixe de Recherche 901 Marseille, France
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45
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Díaz C, Morales-Delgado N, Puelles L. Ontogenesis of peptidergic neurons within the genoarchitectonic map of the mouse hypothalamus. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:162. [PMID: 25628541 PMCID: PMC4290630 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, the hypothalamic primordium undergoes anteroposterior and dorsoventral regionalization into diverse progenitor domains, each characterized by a differential gene expression code. The types of neurons produced selectively in each of these distinct progenitor domains are still poorly understood. Recent analysis of the ontogeny of peptidergic neuronal populations expressing Sst, Ghrh, Crh and Trh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus showed that these cell types originate from particular dorsoventral domains, characterized by specific combinations of gene markers. Such analysis implies that the differentiation of diverse peptidergic cell populations depends on the molecular environment where they are born. Moreover, a number of these peptidergic neurons were observed to migrate radially and/or tangentially, invading different adult locations, often intermingled with other cell types. This suggests that a developmental approach is absolutely necessary for the understanding of their adult distribution. In this essay, we examine comparatively the ontogenetic hypothalamic topography of twelve additional peptidergic populations documented in the Allen Developmental Mouse Brain Atlas, and discuss shared vs. variant aspects in their apparent origins, migrations and final distribution, in the context of the respective genoarchitectonic backgrounds. This analysis should aid ulterior attempts to explain causally the development of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus, and contribute to our understanding of its topographic complexity in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, School of Medicine and IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria) Murcia, Spain
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Wang L, Meece K, Williams DJ, Lo KA, Zimmer M, Heinrich G, Martin Carli J, Leduc CA, Sun L, Zeltser LM, Freeby M, Goland R, Tsang SH, Wardlaw SL, Egli D, Leibel RL. Differentiation of hypothalamic-like neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:796-808. [PMID: 25555215 DOI: 10.1172/jci79220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the central regulator of systemic energy homeostasis, and its dysfunction can result in extreme body weight alterations. Insights into the complex cellular physiology of this region are critical to the understanding of obesity pathogenesis; however, human hypothalamic cells are largely inaccessible for direct study. Here, we developed a protocol for efficient generation of hypothalamic neurons from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) obtained from patients with monogenetic forms of obesity. Combined early activation of sonic hedgehog signaling followed by timed NOTCH inhibition in human ESCs/iPSCs resulted in efficient conversion into hypothalamic NKX2.1+ precursors. Application of a NOTCH inhibitor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) further directed the cells into arcuate nucleus hypothalamic-like neurons that express hypothalamic neuron markers proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AGRP), somatostatin, and dopamine. These hypothalamic-like neurons accounted for over 90% of differentiated cells and exhibited transcriptional profiles defined by a hypothalamic-specific gene expression signature that lacked pituitary markers. Importantly, these cells displayed hypothalamic neuron characteristics, including production and secretion of neuropeptides and increased p-AKT and p-STAT3 in response to insulin and leptin. Our results suggest that these hypothalamic-like neurons have potential for further investigation of the neurophysiology of body weight regulation and evaluation of therapeutic targets for obesity.
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Endo T, Yazawa T, Shishido-Hara Y, Fujiwara M, Shimoyamada H, Ishii J, Sato H, Tachibana K, Takei H, Kondo H, Goya T, Endo S, Kamma H. Expression of developing neural transcription factors in lung carcinoid tumors. Pathol Int 2014; 64:365-74. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Endo
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | | | - Masachika Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | | | - Jun Ishii
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Hanako Sato
- Department of Anatomy; St. Marianna University School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Keisei Tachibana
- Department of Surgery; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Hidefumi Takei
- Department of Surgery; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kondo
- Department of Surgery; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Goya
- Department of Surgery; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
| | - Shunsuke Endo
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology; Kyorin University School of Medicine; Mitaka Japan
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Chiang JH, Cheng WS, Hood L, Tian Q. An epigenetic biomarker panel for glioblastoma multiforme personalized medicine through DNA methylation analysis of human embryonic stem cell-like signature. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:310-23. [PMID: 24601786 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of DNA methylation occur during the course of both stem cell development and tumorigenesis. We present a novel strategy that can be used to stratify glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients through the epigenetic states of genes associated with human embryonic stem cell (hESC) identity in order to 1) assess linkages between the methylation signatures of these stem cell genes and survival of GBM patients, and 2) delineate putative mechanisms leading to poor prognosis in some patient subgroups. A DNA methylation signature was established for stratifying GBM patients into several hESC methylator subgroups. The hESC methylator-negative phenotype has demonstrated poor survival and upregulation of glioma stem cell (GSC) markers, and is enriched in one of the previously defined transcriptomic phenotypes-the mesenchymal phenotype. We further identified a refined signature of 36 genes as the gene panel, including SOX2, POU3F2, FGFR2, GAP43, NTRK2, NTRK3, and NKX2-2, which are highly enriched in the nervous system. Both signatures outperformed the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation test in predicting patient's outcome. These findings were also validated through an independent dataset of patients. Furthermore, through statistical analyses, both signatures were examined significantly. Hypomethylation of hESC-associated genes predicted poorer clinical outcome in GBM, supporting the idea that epigenetic activation of stem cell genes contributes to GBM aggression. The gene panel presented herein may be developed into clinical assays for patient stratification and future personalized medicine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hsien Chiang
- 1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City, Taiwan
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Zou Q, Yan Q, Zhong J, Wang K, Sun H, Yi X, Lai L. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into neuronal restricted progenitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5250-60. [PMID: 24385434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.516112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal restricted progenitors (NRPs) represent a type of transitional intermediate cells that lie between multipotent neural progenitors and terminal differentiated neurons during neurogenesis. These NRPs have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into neurons, but not into glial cells, which is considered an advantage for cellular therapy of human neurodegenerative diseases. However, difficulty in the extraction of highly purified NRPs from normal nervous tissue prevents further studies and applications. In this study, we report the conversion of human fetal fibroblasts into human induced NRPs (hiNRPs) in 11 days by using just three defined factors: Sox2, c-Myc, and either Brn2 or Brn4. The hiNRPs exhibited distinct neuronal characteristics, including cell morphology, multiple neuronal marker expression, self-renewal capacity, and a genome-wide transcriptional profile. Moreover, hiNRPs were able to differentiate into various terminal neurons with functional membrane properties but not glial cells. Direct generation of hiNRPs from somatic cells will provide a new source of cells for cellular replacement therapy of human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjian Zou
- From the Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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50
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Besch R, Berking C. POU transcription factors in melanocytes and melanoma. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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